616:
fiber length (relative to the total fiber length) act as poor reinforcement fibers, meaning that most stresses are still loaded on the matrix. Materials with small critical fiber lengths (relative to the total fiber length) act as effective reinforcement fibers that are able to transfer stresses on the matrix to themselves. Goethite nanofibers express a critical fiber length of around 420 to 800 nm, which is several orders of magnitude away from their estimated fiber length of 3.1 μm. This suggests that the goethite nanofibers serve as effective reinforcement for the collagen matrix and significantly contribute to the load-bearing capabilities of limpet teeth. This is further supported by the large mineral volume fraction of elongated goethite nanofibers within limpet teeth, around 0.81.
987:
673:. Existing in multiple morphologies, prisms with rhomb-shaped sections are the most frequent". The goethite crystals are stable and well formed for a biogenic crystal. The transport of the mineral to create the crystal structures has been suggested to be a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism as of 2011. Limpet tooth structure is dependent upon the living depth of the specimen. While deep water limpets have been shown to have the same elemental composition as shallow water limpets, deep water limpets do not show crystalline phases of goethite.
308:(sometimes two) in this nuchal chamber instead of the circumpallial gills as a means for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the surrounding water or air (many limpets can breathe air during periods of low tide, but those limpet species which never leave the water do not have this ability and will suffocate if deprived of water). Blood moves from the atrium into the ventricle and into the aorta where it is then pumped out to the various lacunar blood spaces / sinuses in the
370:
415:. The most primitive group have one pair of gills, in others only a single gill remains, the lepetids do not have any gills at all, while the patellids have evolved secondary gills as they have lost the original pair. However, because the adaptive feature of a simple conical shell has repeatedly arisen independently in gastropod evolution, limpets from many different evolutionary lineages occur in widely different environments. Some saltwater limpets such as
36:
146:
343:
be located near the head. Used food would quickly foul the nuchal cavity unless it was firmly compacted prior to being excreted. The torted condition of the limpets remains even though they no longer have a shell into which they can withdraw and even though the evolutionary advantages of torsion appear to therefore be negligible (some species of gastropod have subsequently
167:
657:
561:
997:
Limpets wander over the surface of the rocks during high tide and tend to return to their favourite spot by following a trail of mucus left whilst grazing. Over a period of time the edges of the limpet's shell wear a shallow hollow in the rock called a homescar. The homescar helps the limpet to stay
726:
Limpets from different locations were shown to have different elemental ratios within their teeth. Iron is consistently most abundant however other metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and copper were all shown to be present to varying degrees. The relative percentages of the elements have also
635:
of around 140 GPa. Traveling down the anterior edge toward the anterior cusp of the teeth however, the elastic modulus decreases ending around 50 GPa at the edge of the teeth. The orientation of the goethite fibers can be correlated to this decrease in elastic modulus, as towards the tip of the tooth
516:
style, where teeth start growing at the back of the radula, and move toward the front of this structure as they mature. The growth rate of the limpet's teeth is around 47 hours per row. Fully mature teeth are located in the scraping zone, the very front of the radula. The scraping zone is in contact
342:
located in the nuchal cavity. The anus of most molluscs and indeed many animals is located far from the head. In limpets and most gastropods, however, the evolutionary torsion which took place and allowed the gastropods to have a shell into which they could completely withdraw has caused the anus to
1067:
is about a patriotic but weak
American who desperately clings to the idea of joining the U.S. military to serve his country; by the end of the film, having been transformed into a fish, he is able to use his new body to save U.S. naval vessels from disaster. Although he does not become a snail but a
1011:
from Oct 2000 estimate from the amount of calcium carbonate deposits in faeces of captive limpets, that an adult limpet will ingest around 4.9 g of chalk per year. Suggesting that limpets are on average responsible for 12% of the chalk platform erosion in areas that they frequent, potentially rising
627:
The structure, composition, and morphological shape of the teeth of the limpet allow for an even distribution of stress throughout the tooth. The teeth have a self-sharpening mechanism which allows for the teeth to be more highly functional for longer periods of time. Stress wears preferentially on
639:
Critical length of the goethite fibers is the reason the structural chitin matrix has extreme support. The critical length of goethite fibers has been estimated to be around 420 to 800 nm and when compared with the actual length of the fibers found in the teeth, around 3.1 um, shows that
615:
The second factor is the small critical fiber length of the goethite fibers in limpet teeth. Critical fiber length is a parameter defining the fiber length that a material must be to transfer stresses from the matrix to the fibers themselves during external loading. Materials with a large critical
260:
or nerve collar. Other nerves in the head/ snout are the optic nerves which connect to the two eye spots located at the base of the cerebral tentacles (these eyespots, when present, are only able to sense light and darkness and do not provide any imagery), as well as the labial and buccal ganglia
681:
The initial event that takes place when the limpet creates a new row of teeth is the creation of the main macromolecular α-chitin component. The resulting organic matrix serves as framework for the crystallization of the teeth themselves. The first mineral to be deposited is goethite (α-FeOOH), a
648:
The overall structure of the limpet teeth is relatively stable within most natural conditions given the limpet's ability to produce new teeth at a similar rate to the degradation. Individual teeth are subjected to shear stresses as the tooth is dragged along the rock. Goethite as a mineral is a
686:. The crystals arrange in various shapes and thicknesses throughout the chitin matrix. The varying formation of the chitin matrix has profound effects on the formation of the goethite crystals. The space in between the crystals and the chitin matrix is filled with amorphous hydrated silica (SiO
572:
fibers, with only a few nanometers between adjacent fibers. The lack of space leads to the absence of pre-formed compartments within the matrix that control goethite crystal size and shape. Because of this, the main factor influencing goethite crystal growth is the chitin fibers of the matrix.
438:
403:
instead of being permanently attached to a single spot. However, when they need to resist strong wave action or other disturbances, limpets cling extremely firmly to the surfaces on which they live, using their muscular foot to apply suction combined with the effect of adhesive
521:
533:
The exact mechanism behind the biomineralization of limpet teeth is unknown. However, it is suggested that limpet teeth biomineralize using a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism. Specifically, this mechanism is associated with the dissolution of iron stored in
1712:
Chicot, D.; Mendoza, J.; Zaoui, A.; Louis, G.; Lepingle, V.; Roudet, F.; Lesage, J. (October 2011). "Mechanical properties of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (α-Fe2O3) and goethite (α-FeO·OH) by instrumented indentation and molecular dynamics analysis".
611:
in limpet teeth; at this length scale, materials become insensitive to flaws that would otherwise decrease failure strength. As a result, goethite nanofibers are able to maintain substantial failure strength despite the presence of defects.
517:
with the substrate that the limpet feeds off of. As a result, the fully mature teeth are subsequently worn down until they are discarded – at a rate equal to the growth rate. To counter this degradation, a new row of teeth begin to grow.
702:. Goethite has the chemical formula FeO(OH) and belongs to a group known as oxy-hydroxides. There exists amorphous silica between the goethite crystals; surrounding the goethite is a matrix of chitin. Chitin has a chemical formula of C
1869:
640:
the teeth have fibers much larger than the critical length. This paired with orientation of the fibers leads to effective stress distribution onto the goethite fibers and not onto the weaker chitin matrix in the limpet teeth.
1006:
Limpets are known to cause bio-erosion on sedimentary rocks by the formation of homescars and by ingesting tiny particles of rock through the action of feeding. C.Andrews & R.B.G. Williams in their research paper titled
320:
and in most limpets is barely functional. The right kidney, however, has taken over the majority of blood filtration and often extends over and around the entire mantle of the animal in a thin, almost-invisible layer.
269:(a kind of tongue) that scrapes algae off the surrounding rock for nutrition. Behind these ganglia lie the pedal nerve cords which control the movement of the foot, and the visceral ganglion which in limpets has been
599:
has a tensile strength only up to 4.5 GPa, limpet teeth outperforms spider silk to be the strongest biological material. These considerably high values exhibited by limpet teeth are due to the following factors:
325:
The digestive system is extensive and takes up a large part of the animal's body. Food (algae) is collected by the radula and odontophore and enters via the downward-facing mouth. It then moves through the
947:). And although the name "limpet" is given on the basis of a limpet-like or patelliform shell, the several groups of snails that have a shell of this type are not at all closely related to one another.
631:
There is evidence that different regions of the limpet teeth show different mechanical strengths. Measurements taken from the tip of the anterior edge of the tooth show that the teeth can exhibit an
649:
relatively soft iron based material, which increases the chance of physical damage to the structure. Limpet teeth and the radula have also been shown to experience greater levels of damage in CO
500:
matrix. Upon being fully mineralized, the teeth reposition themselves within the radula, allowing limpets to scrape off algae from rock surfaces. As limpet teeth wear out, they are subsequently
940:, which means the shell is shaped more or less like the shell of most true limpets. The term "false limpets" is used for some (but not all) of these other groups that have a conical shell.
1873:
727:
been shown to differ from one geographic location to another. This demonstrates an environmental dependency of some kind; however the specific variables are currently undetermined.
1440:
Sone, Eli D.; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (1 November 2005). "Morphology of
Goethite Crystals in Developing Limpet Teeth: Assessing Biological Control over Mineral Formation".
1775:
Mann, S.; Perry, C. C.; Webb, J.; Luke, B.; Williams, R. J. P. (22 March 1986). "Structure, Morphology, Composition and
Organization of Biogenic Minerals in Limpet Teeth".
2048:
1546:
Sone, Eli D.; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (1 June 2007). "Biomineralization of limpet teeth: A cryo-TEM study of the organic matrix and the onset of mineral deposition".
1058:. Near the end of their four-month stay on the island, as their stocks of seal and penguin meat dwindled, they derived a major portion of their sustenance from limpets.
1177:
300:. Blood enters the atrium via the circumpallial vein (after being oxygenated by the ring of gills located around the edge of the shell) and through a series of small
1826:
Davies, Mark S.; Proudlock, Donna J.; Mistry, A. (May 2005). "Metal
Concentrations in the Radula of the Common Limpet, Patella vulgata L., from 10 Sites in the UK".
1141:
573:
Specifically, goethite crystals nucleate on these chitin fibers and push aside or engulf the chitin fibers as they grow, influencing their resulting orientation.
1740:
Cruz, R.; Farina, M. (4 March 2005). "Mineralization of major lateral teeth in the radula of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent limpet (Gastropoda:Neolepetopsidae)".
619:
Applications of limpet teeth involve structural designs requiring high strength and hardness, such as biomaterials used in next-generation dental restorations.
964:
relationship with several other beings. Clathromorphum, a type of algae, provides food to limpets, which clean the algae's surface and allow its persistence.
714:
N. Other metals have been shown to be present with the relative percent compositions varying on geographic locations. The goethite has been reported to have a
1033:
wrote "Cheer up, as the limpet said to the weeping willow" in one of his letters. Simon
Grindle wrote the 1964 illustrated children's book of nonsense poetry
943:
Thus, the name limpet is used to describe various extremely diverse groups of gastropods that have independently evolved a shell of the same basic shape (see
189:
shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class
660:
SEM and TEM images of the morphologies of goethite in limpet teeth. Different goethite morphologies result from limiting growth in certain crystal planes.
1230:
Faivre, Damien; Godec, Tina Ukmar (13 April 2015). "From
Bacteria to Mollusks: The Principles Underlying the Biomineralization of Iron Oxide Materials".
429:
serving as a lung. In these small freshwater limpets, that "lung" underwent secondary adaptation to allow the absorption of dissolved oxygen from water.
2075:
669:
Goethite crystals form at the start of the tooth production cycle and remain as a fundamental part of the tooth with intercrystal space filled with
504:(occurring anywhere between 12 and 48 hours) and replaced with new teeth. Different limpet species exhibit different overall shapes of their teeth.
347:
and now have their anus located once again at the posterior end of the body; these groups no longer have a visceral twist to their nervous systems).
277:
and oshradial ganglion (an organ believed used to sense the time to produce gametes) is controlled by its right pleural ganglion and vice versa.
358:
into the right kidney which then releases them into the surrounding water on a regular schedule. Fertilized eggs hatch and the floating
1484:
1530:
1100:
553:, the rate of which can be altered via changing the pH at the site of nucleation. After one to two days, these ions are converted to
1151:
119:
492:. Although limpets contain over 100 rows of teeth, only the outermost 10 are used in feeding. These teeth form via matrix-mediated
1520:
2039:
1964:
936:, and either is not spirally coiled, or appears not to be coiled in the adult snail. In other words, the shell of all limpets is
301:
208:
family in particular often referred to as "true limpets". Examples of other clades commonly referred to as limpets include the
2015:
57:
304:
that deliver more oxygenated blood from the nuchal cavity (the area above the head and neck). Many limpets still retain a
3015:
2068:
924:). Thus the common name "limpet" has very little taxonomic significance in and of itself; the name is applied not only to
898:(and in some cases again adapted to absorb oxygen from water). All these kinds of snail are only very distantly related.
3025:
399:(which are bivalve molluscs that cement themselves to a substrate for their entire adult lives), limpets are capable of
986:
257:
100:
2871:
354:
of a limpet is located beneath its digestive system just above its foot. It swells and eventually bursts, sending
72:
46:
3020:
2660:
2635:
1063:
1026:
are a type of naval mine attached to a target by magnets. They are named after the tenacious grip of the limpet.
2996:
2692:
2448:
2061:
486:
79:
2953:
2856:
2531:
2442:
2254:
2196:
2107:
53:
1979:
564:
SEM images displaying the different orientations of goethite fibers (black) due to the chitin matrix (gray)
316:
The two kidneys are very different in size and location. This is a result of torsion. The left kidney is
2946:
2592:
2559:
2159:
2906:
2882:
2866:
2437:
2425:
2312:
1943:
Andrews, C.; Williams, R. B. G. (2000). "Limpet erosion of chalk shore platforms in southeast
England".
628:
the front surface of the cusp of the teeth, allowing the back surface to stay sharp and more effective.
588:
86:
682:
soft iron oxide which forms crystals parallel to the chitin fibers. The goethite, however, has varying
437:
419:
breathe air, and some freshwater limpets are descendants of air-breathing land snails (e.g. the genus
2587:
2490:
2415:
2287:
2249:
2186:
2122:
1952:
1784:
1493:
944:
2901:
2687:
961:
524:
Schematic displaying the growth and development of limpet teeth, as well as their feeding mechanism
305:
270:
68:
886:
Some species of limpet live in fresh water, but these are the exception. Most marine limpets have
2607:
2510:
2500:
2485:
2480:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2244:
2164:
2154:
2112:
1998:
1851:
1808:
1757:
1205:
408:. It often is very difficult to remove a true limpet from a rock without injuring or killing it.
281:
2939:
2916:
2833:
2719:
2676:
2670:
2641:
2630:
2366:
2361:
2297:
2292:
2149:
1843:
1800:
1694:
1676:
1622:
1604:
1563:
1526:
1457:
1411:
1362:
1321:
1303:
1255:
1247:
1197:
1147:
1096:
929:
838:
740:
735:
Gastropods that have limpet-like or patelliform shells are found in several different clades:
493:
400:
369:
293:
201:
1482:
Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia (4 August 2011). "Crystallization
Pathways in Biomineralization".
2828:
2780:
2730:
2724:
2665:
2602:
2495:
2431:
2231:
2138:
1960:
1835:
1792:
1749:
1722:
1684:
1668:
1612:
1594:
1555:
1501:
1449:
1401:
1393:
1352:
1311:
1295:
1239:
1189:
911:
891:
778:
670:
592:
535:
426:
906:
The common name "limpet" also is applied to a number of not very closely related groups of
636:
the fibers are more aligned with each other, correlating to a high modulus and vice versa.
2612:
2597:
2582:
2577:
2181:
2170:
2043:
1051:
933:
846:
792:
715:
632:
583:
388:
375:
365:
are free-swimming for a period before settling to the bottom and becoming an adult animal.
334:. The large digestive gland helps break down the microscopic plant material, and the long
186:
155:
1505:
1020:
Many species of limpet have historically been used, or are still used, by pigs for food.
1956:
1788:
1581:
Gao, Huajian; Ji, Baohua; Jäger, Ingomar L.; Arzt, Eduard; Fratzl, Peter (13 May 2003).
1497:
273:
during the course of evolution. This means, among other things, that the limpet's left
2970:
2911:
2861:
2851:
2755:
2526:
2505:
2420:
2356:
2336:
1689:
1656:
1406:
1381:
1316:
1283:
1089:
1055:
915:
803:
788:
763:
755:
568:
The unmineralized matrix consists of relatively well-ordered, densely packed arrays of
520:
501:
289:
209:
2033:
1726:
1617:
1582:
3009:
2975:
2876:
2769:
2762:
2682:
2554:
2549:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2307:
2259:
2239:
1380:
Ukmar-Godec, Tina; Kapun, Gregor; Zaslansky, Paul; Faivre, Damien (1 December 2015).
1176:
Shaw, Jeremy A.; Macey, David J.; Brooker, Lesley R.; Clode, Peta L. (1 April 2010).
1124:
1084:
1038:
991:
842:
819:
811:
767:
759:
683:
513:
416:
312:. The odontophore may play a large role in assisting with blood circulation as well.
217:
213:
1855:
1812:
1761:
1357:
1341:"Nacellidae limpets of the southern end of South America: taxonomy and distribution"
1340:
1209:
496:, a cyclic process involving the delivery of iron minerals to reinforce a polymeric
93:
2622:
2144:
1895:
1046:
925:
858:
774:
656:
546:
539:
194:
133:
232:
The basic anatomy of a limpet consists of the usual molluscan organs and systems:
1922:
Limpet fights off a starfish - The Secret Life of Rock Pools - Preview - BBC Four
1050:, Sir Ernest Shackleton relates the stories of his twenty-two men left behind on
441:
SEM images of the different shapes of teeth in the following limpet species: (A)
2788:
2515:
2395:
2371:
2302:
2282:
2264:
2201:
2176:
1030:
1023:
796:
748:
596:
412:
262:
221:
150:
137:
35:
216:("keyhole limpet"), which use a siphon to pump water over their gills, and the
2980:
2820:
2746:
2463:
2132:
1920:
1839:
1753:
1559:
1397:
744:
608:
560:
550:
384:
331:
317:
274:
205:
190:
145:
1804:
1680:
1608:
1461:
1366:
1307:
1251:
2793:
2736:
2711:
2317:
2206:
2127:
1599:
918:
907:
880:
865:
807:
604:
327:
253:
17:
1847:
1796:
1698:
1672:
1626:
1567:
1415:
1382:"The giant keyhole limpet radular teeth: A naturally-grown harvest machine"
1325:
1299:
1259:
1243:
1201:
166:
1193:
978:
which bites predatory starfish to discourage them from eating the limpet.
2985:
2090:
1583:"Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: Lessons from nature"
853:
815:
699:
554:
392:
309:
249:
549:
to the tooth surface. The build-up of enough ferrihydrite ions leads to
2843:
2811:
2520:
2472:
2407:
2220:
2117:
1012:
to 35% + in areas where the limpet population has reached its maximum.
972:
921:
698:
The most prominent metal by percent composition is iron in the form of
421:
359:
355:
245:
1965:
10.1002/1096-9837(200011)25:12<1371::AID-ESP144>3.0.CO;2-#
1453:
2930:
2328:
2274:
2191:
782:
569:
497:
478:
396:
362:
335:
266:
395:(which are not molluscs but may resemble limpets in appearance) and
197:
group (its members descending from different immediate ancestors).
2893:
2702:
2652:
2541:
2212:
2053:
1178:"Tooth use and wear in three iron-biomineralizing mollusc species"
985:
519:
489:
405:
368:
351:
297:
285:
237:
182:
165:
160:
144:
1777:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
998:
attached to the rock and not to dry out during low tide periods.
890:, whereas all freshwater limpets and a few marine limpets have a
132:
This article is about the snails. For the wave power device, see
2099:
895:
887:
542:
482:
339:
241:
2057:
261:
which are associated with feeding and controlling the animal's
224:
for breathing air like the majority of terrestrial
Gastropoda.
932:), but also to all snails that have a simple, broadly conical
29:
751:, all marine, in five living families and two fossil families
477:
In order to obtain food, limpets rely on an organ called the
1009:
Limpet erosion of chalk shore platforms in southeast England
1339:
Valdovinos, Claudio; Rüth, Maximillian (1 September 2005).
1123:
James Richard Ainsworth Davis; Herbert John Fleure (1903).
1054:
harvesting limpets from the icy waters on the shore of the
338:
helps compact used food which is then excreted through the
1519:
Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K. O. (2008).
1282:
Barber, Asa H.; Lu, Dun; Pugno, Nicola M. (6 April 2015).
1657:"Optimized nanoscale composite behaviour in limpet teeth"
1898:. The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1037:
said to be "in the great tradition of Edward Lear and
869:
species, which are sometimes known as slipper limpets
284:
is based around a single triangular three-chambered
265:, the muscular cushion used to support the limpet's
2963:
2929:
2892:
2842:
2819:
2810:
2779:
2745:
2710:
2701:
2651:
2621:
2568:
2540:
2471:
2462:
2406:
2327:
2273:
2230:
2098:
2089:
2020:. Illustrated by Alan Todd. Newcastle: Oriel Press.
252:. These ganglia create a ring around the limpet's
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1896:"Identifying British freshwater snails: Ancylidae"
1088:
591:values are between 268 and 646 kg⋅m⋅s, while
545:. These ferrihydrite ions are transported through
1140:Trueman, E. R.; Clarke, M. R. (22 October 2013).
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
894:cavity adapted to breathe air and function as a
1587:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
799:, the umbrella slugs with a limpet-shaped shell
2069:
1522:Biomineralization: From Nature to Application
1068:fish, his name limpet hints at his tenacity.
8:
236:A nervous system centered around the paired
2037:: taxonomy, facts, life cycle, bibliography
1284:"Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth"
1091:A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms
136:. For the underwater explosive device, see
2816:
2707:
2468:
2095:
2076:
2062:
2054:
1035:The Loving Limpet and Other Peculiarities,
2017:The Loving Limpet and Other Peculiarities
1688:
1616:
1598:
1405:
1356:
1315:
595:values range between 3.0 and 6.5 GPa. As
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
655:
559:
436:
1915:
1913:
1655:Lu, Dun; Barber, Asa H. (7 June 2012).
1232:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1076:
879:The pulmonate river and lake limpets –
2049:Acmaeidae at the NCBI taxonomy website
1661:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1288:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
512:Development of limpet teeth occurs in
1945:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
7:
1506:10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-095803
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1978:Gray, William (18 September 2013).
1872:. Landcare Research. Archived from
1485:Annual Review of Materials Research
1345:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
330:and into the numerous loops of the
25:
1727:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.05.056
220:("false limpets"), which have a
34:
2003:. T. Fisher Unwin. p. 165.
1980:"Escape to the Isles of Scilly"
1715:Materials Chemistry and Physics
1358:10.4067/S0716-078X2005000300011
644:Causes of structure degradation
45:needs additional citations for
1061:The light-hearted comedy film
1:
1548:Journal of Structural Biology
1386:Journal of Structural Biology
990:Limpet homescar found at the
581:Looking into limpet teeth of
387:live on hard surfaces in the
971:) is host to the scale worm
1442:Crystal Growth & Design
1095:. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
822:, all air-breathing limpets
781:, small limpets related to
623:Role in distributing stress
383:True limpets in the family
258:circumesophageal nerve ring
3042:
1126:Patella, the Common Limpet
967:The rough keyhole limpet (
694:Characterizing composition
131:
2994:
2578:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
1840:10.1007/s10646-004-1351-8
1754:10.1007/s00227-004-1536-y
1560:10.1016/j.jsb.2007.01.001
1525:. John Wiley & Sons.
1398:10.1016/j.jsb.2015.09.021
1156:– via Google Books.
1129:. Williams & Norgate.
1064:The Incredible Mr. Limpet
770:, small deepwater limpets
607:length scale of goethite
2449:Placopecten magellanicus
2293:New Zealand green-lipped
603:The first factor is the
538:of the radula to create
425:) whose ancestors had a
2954:Acanthopleura granulata
2523:(group of four species)
2014:Grindle, Simon (1964).
1600:10.1073/pnas.0631609100
1182:The Biological Bulletin
766:and slit limpets), and
677:Crystallization process
411:All "true" limpets are
181:are a group of aquatic
2947:Acanthopleura echinata
2857:Atlantic white-spotted
2308:Asian/Philippine green
2000:Letters of Edward Lear
1797:10.1098/rspb.1986.0018
1673:10.1098/rsif.2011.0688
1300:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326
1244:10.1002/anie.201408900
1085:Jaeger, Edmund Carroll
994:
718:of approximately 80%.
661:
565:
525:
508:Growth and development
473:Function and formation
469:
380:
280:For most limpets, the
204:are limpets, with the
175:
163:
2883:Amphioctopus fangsiao
2527:South African abalone
2399:("true oyster" genus)
2165:California butterclam
1997:Lear, Edward (1907).
1194:10.1086/bblv218n2p132
989:
659:
563:
523:
440:
372:
169:
159:on a rock surface in
148:
3016:Mollusc common names
2608:Ribbed Mediterranean
2123:Grooved carpet shell
2042:27 June 2009 at the
1870:"Luminescent limpet"
1029:The humorous author
945:convergent evolution
373:Detailed anatomy of
54:improve this article
3026:Polyphyletic groups
2603:Rayed Mediterranean
2197:Japanese littleneck
1957:2000ESPL...25.1371A
1876:on 21 February 2015
1789:1986RSPSB.227..179M
1498:2011AnRMS..41...21W
976:Anthessius nortoni,
722:Regional dependency
2976:Land snail farming
2390:Gillardeau oysters
2108:Atlantic jackknife
1146:. Academic Press.
995:
851:The hoof snails –
662:
566:
526:
470:
381:
282:circulatory system
176:
164:
3003:
3002:
2981:Gastropod anatomy
2940:Chiton magnificus
2925:
2924:
2902:New Zealand arrow
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2677:Kelletia lischkei
2642:Littorina sitkana
2588:Yellow-foot opihi
2458:
2457:
2352:Colchester native
1951:(12): 1371–1381.
1593:(10): 5597–5600.
1454:10.1021/cg050171l
1294:(105): 20141326.
1238:(16): 4728–4747.
930:Patellogastropoda
912:freshwater snails
863:Slipper snails –
839:hydrothermal vent
741:Patellogastropoda
665:Crystal structure
529:Biomineralization
494:biomineralization
481:, which contains
443:Nacella mytilina;
379:, a common limpet
288:consisting of an
202:Patellogastropoda
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3033:
3021:Hawaiian cuisine
2817:
2731:Chorus giganteus
2708:
2469:
2432:Pecten jacobaeus
2139:Mactra stultorum
2096:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1783:(1247): 179–90.
1772:
1766:
1765:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1652:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1448:(6): 2131–2138.
1437:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1279:
1264:
1263:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1081:
779:Phenacolepadidae
671:amorphous silica
653:acidified water.
593:tensile strength
589:Vickers hardness
536:epithelial cells
459:N. delicatissima
296:, and a bulbous
193:, limpets are a
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2990:
2986:Bivalve anatomy
2959:
2921:
2907:Japanese flying
2888:
2838:
2798:
2775:
2741:
2697:
2647:
2617:
2598:Common European
2564:
2536:
2454:
2438:Peruvian calico
2402:
2323:
2320:(mussel family)
2269:
2226:
2171:Senilia senilis
2085:
2084:Edible mollusks
2082:
2044:Wayback Machine
2035:Lottia gigantea
2030:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1925:, 12 April 2013
1919:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1667:(71): 1318–24.
1654:
1653:
1634:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1052:Elephant Island
1018:
1004:
984:
960:Limpets have a
958:
953:
904:
876:
847:Lepetodriloidea
834:
829:
793:Opisthobranchia
764:keyhole limpets
733:
724:
716:volume fraction
713:
709:
705:
696:
689:
679:
667:
652:
646:
633:elastic modulus
625:
584:Patella vulgata
579:
531:
510:
475:
435:
389:intertidal zone
376:Patella vulgata
230:
200:All species of
185:with a conical
172:Patella vulgata
170:Underside of a
156:Patella vulgata
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
27:Group of snails
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Oyster farming
2967:
2965:
2964:Related topics
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2756:Cornu aspersum
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2265:Giant Atlantic
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Triangle shell
2184:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2029:
2028:External links
2026:
2024:
2023:
2006:
1989:
1970:
1935:
1909:
1887:
1861:
1818:
1767:
1742:Marine Biology
1732:
1704:
1632:
1573:
1538:
1532:978-0470986318
1531:
1511:
1467:
1421:
1392:(3): 392–402.
1372:
1351:(3): 497–517.
1331:
1265:
1215:
1159:
1152:
1132:
1108:
1102:978-0398061791
1101:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1056:Southern Ocean
1017:
1014:
1003:
1000:
983:
980:
969:Diodora aspera
957:
954:
952:
949:
903:
900:
884:
883:
875:
872:
871:
870:
861:
849:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
804:Heterobranchia
800:
789:Heterobranchia
785:
771:
756:Vetigastropoda
752:
732:
729:
723:
720:
711:
707:
703:
695:
692:
687:
684:crystal habits
678:
675:
666:
663:
650:
645:
642:
624:
621:
578:
575:
530:
527:
509:
506:
474:
471:
463:N. magellanica
434:
431:
427:pallial cavity
367:
366:
348:
314:
313:
278:
229:
226:
210:Vetigastropoda
128:
127:
110:September 2024
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Pacific giant
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2770:Helix pomatia
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:Helix lucorum
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2383:Ostra chilena
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Mediterranean
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:(razor genus)
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Pacific razor
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Atlantic surf
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:(4): 465–75.
1833:
1829:
1828:Ecotoxicology
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:(1): 163–68.
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:(3): 862–70.
1720:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:(3): 428–44.
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:(2): 132–44.
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:9781483289366
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1039:Lewis Carroll
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1001:
999:
993:
992:Bay of Skaill
988:
981:
979:
977:
974:
970:
965:
963:
955:
950:
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
913:
909:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
882:
878:
877:
873:
868:
867:
862:
860:
856:
855:
850:
848:
844:
843:Neomphaloidea
840:
836:
835:
831:
827:Other limpets
826:
821:
820:Trimusculidae
817:
813:
812:Siphonariidae
809:
805:
801:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
768:Lepetelloidea
765:
761:
760:Fissurellidae
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
736:
730:
728:
721:
719:
717:
701:
693:
691:
685:
676:
674:
672:
664:
658:
654:
643:
641:
637:
634:
629:
622:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:
576:
574:
571:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
528:
522:
518:
515:
514:conveyor belt
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:N. chiloensis
448:
444:
439:
432:
430:
428:
424:
423:
418:
417:Trimusculidae
414:
409:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
377:
371:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
323:
322:
319:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
233:
227:
225:
223:
219:
218:Siphonariidae
215:
214:Fissurellidae
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
173:
168:
162:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2881:
2872:Southern red
2768:
2761:
2754:
2729:
2703:Other snails
2675:
2640:
2569:
2447:
2430:
2416:Atlantic bay
2394:
2382:
2347:Southern mud
2219:
2211:
2169:
2150:Ocean quahog
2137:
2034:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1973:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1927:, retrieved
1921:
1900:. Retrieved
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1864:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1664:
1660:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1492:(1): 21–40.
1489:
1483:
1445:
1441:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1291:
1287:
1235:
1231:
1185:
1181:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1090:
1079:
1062:
1060:
1045:
1044:In his book
1043:
1034:
1028:
1024:Limpet mines
1022:
1019:
1008:
1005:
996:
975:
968:
966:
959:
942:
937:
926:true limpets
905:
885:
864:
859:Hipponicidae
852:
775:Neritimorpha
749:true limpets
734:
725:
697:
680:
668:
647:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
602:
582:
580:
567:
547:ion channels
540:ferrihydrite
532:
511:
476:
466:
462:
458:
455:N. deaurata;
454:
450:
447:N. clypeater
446:
442:
420:
410:
382:
374:
344:
315:
231:
199:
195:polyphyletic
178:
177:
171:
154:
142:
134:Islay LIMPET
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Limpet teeth
2917:Neon flying
2623:Periwinkles
2583:Turtle/talc
2516:Green ormer
2426:New Zealand
2396:Crassostrea
2377:Sydney rock
2255:New Zealand
2177:Smooth clam
2145:Blunt gaper
1902:21 February
1880:21 February
1031:Edward Lear
1002:Bio-erosion
962:mutualistic
938:patelliform
841:limpets –
810:, examples
797:Tylodinidae
758:, examples
597:spider silk
487:mineralized
263:odontophore
228:Description
222:pneumostome
151:true limpet
138:Limpet mine
3010:Categories
2834:Bottletail
2821:Cuttlefish
2781:Freshwater
2725:Korean mud
2688:Pear whelk
2464:Gastropods
2421:Great/king
2367:Windowpane
2362:Portuguese
2298:California
2202:Razor clam
2182:Soft-shell
1984:Wanderlust
1929:20 October
1072:References
1016:In culture
908:sea snails
874:Freshwater
857:and other
795:, example
777:, example
745:Patellidae
743:, example
609:nanofibers
557:crystals.
551:nucleation
401:locomotion
385:Patellidae
332:intestines
318:diminutive
275:osphradium
206:Patellidae
191:Gastropoda
80:newspapers
2829:Spineless
2693:Lightning
2661:Channeled
2318:Mytilidae
2207:Pod razor
2128:Hard clam
1805:0962-8452
1681:1742-5689
1609:0027-8424
1462:1528-7483
1367:0716-078X
1308:1742-5689
1252:1521-3773
1143:Evolution
982:Homescars
956:Symbiosis
919:gastropod
881:Ancylidae
866:Crepidula
808:Pulmonata
605:nanometer
467:N. venosa
393:barnacles
391:. Unlike
345:de-torted
328:esophagus
306:ctenidium
294:ventricle
256:called a
254:esophagus
2997:Category
2912:Humboldt
2862:Big blue
2720:Mud-flat
2671:Kellet's
2511:Greenlip
2506:Blacklip
2408:Scallops
2091:Bivalves
2040:Archived
1856:25235604
1848:16385740
1813:89570130
1762:84563618
1699:22158842
1627:12732735
1568:17306563
1416:26433029
1326:25694539
1260:25851816
1210:35442787
1202:20413790
1087:(1959).
922:mollusks
854:Hipponix
816:Latiidae
806:, group
791:, group
731:Taxonomy
700:goethite
577:Strength
555:goethite
502:degraded
310:hemocoel
302:vesicles
248:sets of
238:cerebral
174:specimen
153:species
69:"Limpet"
2931:Chitons
2844:Octopus
2812:Inkfish
2794:Nerites
2683:Knobbed
2570:Limpets
2555:Elegant
2542:Conches
2532:Chilean
2473:Abalone
2357:Pacific
2342:Olympia
2337:Eastern
2329:Oysters
2275:Mussels
2232:Cockles
2221:Paphies
2118:Geoduck
1953:Bibcode
1785:Bibcode
1690:3350734
1494:Bibcode
1407:4658332
1317:4387522
973:copepod
951:Ecology
916:aquatic
783:nerites
762:, (the
422:Ancylus
397:mussels
360:veliger
356:gametes
250:ganglia
246:pleural
212:family
179:Limpets
94:scholar
2852:Common
2737:Bailer
2666:Common
2653:Whelks
2636:Banded
2631:Common
2613:Rustic
2385:/Bluff
2260:Sydney
2250:Goolwa
2240:Common
2192:Tuatua
1854:
1846:
1811:
1803:
1760:
1697:
1687:
1679:
1625:
1618:156246
1615:
1607:
1566:
1529:
1460:
1414:
1404:
1365:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1258:
1250:
1208:
1200:
1150:
1099:
902:Naming
892:mantle
832:Marine
802:Clade
787:Clade
773:Clade
754:Clade
747:, the
739:Clade
570:chitin
498:chitin
479:radula
465:; (G)
461:; (F)
453:; (D)
449:; (C)
413:marine
363:larvae
336:rectum
290:atrium
271:torted
267:radula
244:, and
183:snails
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2894:Squid
2877:Mimic
2789:Apple
2593:China
2550:Queen
2496:Green
2491:Black
2481:White
2443:Yesso
2303:Brown
2245:Blood
2213:Ensis
2160:Venus
2133:Horse
2100:Clams
1852:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1758:S2CID
1206:S2CID
1047:South
934:shell
928:(the
888:gills
490:teeth
433:Teeth
406:mucus
352:gonad
298:aorta
286:heart
242:pedal
187:shell
161:Wales
101:JSTOR
87:books
2747:Land
2521:Pāua
2501:Pink
2372:Rock
2313:Date
2283:Blue
1931:2022
1904:2015
1882:2015
1844:PMID
1801:ISSN
1695:PMID
1677:ISSN
1623:PMID
1605:ISSN
1564:PMID
1527:ISBN
1458:ISSN
1412:PMID
1363:ISSN
1322:PMID
1304:ISSN
1256:PMID
1248:ISSN
1198:PMID
1148:ISBN
1097:ISBN
910:and
896:lung
845:and
837:The
543:ions
483:iron
457:(E)
445:(B)
350:The
340:anus
292:, a
149:The
73:news
2712:Sea
2560:Dog
2486:Red
1961:doi
1836:doi
1793:doi
1781:227
1750:doi
1746:147
1723:doi
1719:129
1685:PMC
1669:doi
1613:PMC
1595:doi
1591:100
1556:doi
1552:158
1502:doi
1450:doi
1402:PMC
1394:doi
1390:192
1353:doi
1312:PMC
1296:doi
1240:doi
1190:doi
1186:218
1041:".
690:).
56:by
3012::
1982:.
1959:.
1949:25
1947:.
1912:^
1850:.
1842:.
1832:14
1830:.
1807:.
1799:.
1791:.
1779:.
1756:.
1744:.
1717:.
1693:.
1683:.
1675:.
1663:.
1659:.
1635:^
1621:.
1611:.
1603:.
1589:.
1585:.
1562:.
1550:.
1500:.
1490:41
1488:.
1470:^
1456:.
1444:.
1424:^
1410:.
1400:.
1388:.
1384:.
1361:.
1349:78
1347:.
1343:.
1320:.
1310:.
1302:.
1292:12
1290:.
1286:.
1268:^
1254:.
1246:.
1236:54
1234:.
1218:^
1204:.
1196:.
1184:.
1180:.
1162:^
1111:^
818:,
814:,
708:13
587:,
240:,
2077:e
2070:t
2063:v
1986:.
1967:.
1963::
1955::
1906:.
1884:.
1858:.
1838::
1815:.
1795::
1787::
1764:.
1752::
1729:.
1725::
1701:.
1671::
1665:9
1629:.
1597::
1570:.
1558::
1535:.
1508:.
1504::
1496::
1464:.
1452::
1446:5
1418:.
1396::
1369:.
1355::
1328:.
1298::
1262:.
1242::
1212:.
1192::
1105:.
914:(
712:5
710:O
706:H
704:8
688:2
651:2
485:-
140:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
