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171:, allowed reuse of spliced tape in certain circumstances as long as it conformed to strict criteria about the number of splices in a given duration, usually a maximum of five splices for every half hour. The process required great skill and often resulted in edits that would roll (lose sync), and each edit required several minutes to perform, although this was also initially true of the electronic editing that came later.
163:
were several inches apart, it was not possible to make a physical edit that would function correctly in both video and audio. The cut was made for video, and a portion of the audio was then re-copied into the correct relationship, using the same technique as for editing 16mm film with a combined magnetic audio track.
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For more than a decade, computer-controlled Quad editing systems were the standard post-production tool for television. Quad tape involved expensive hardware, time-consuming setup, relatively long rollback times for each edit and showed misalignment as disagreeable "banding" in the video. However, it
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This process is "linear", rather than non-linear editing, as the nature of the tape-to-tape copying requires that all shots be laid out in the final edited order. Once a shot is on tape, nothing can be placed ahead of it without overwriting whatever is already there. (Such a replacement is sometimes
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and medium-sized production facilities that haven't made the capital investment in newer technologies. News departments often still use linear editing because they can start editing tape and feeds from the field as soon as they are received since no additional time is spent capturing material as is
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A system for editing Quad tape "by hand" was developed in the 1960s. It was really just a means of synchronizing the playback of two machines so that the signal of the new shot could be "punched in" with a reasonable chance at success. One problem with this and early computer-controlled systems was
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so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task. The tracks had to be cut during a vertical retrace without disturbing the odd-field/even-field ordering. The cut also had to be at the same angle that the video tracks were laid down on the tape. Since the video and audio read heads
53:
has replaced linear editing. In the past, film editing was done in a linear fashion, where film reels were literally cut into long strips divided by takes and scenes and then glued or taped back together to create a logical sequence of film. Linear video editing is more time-consuming, and highly
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The first widely accepted video tape in the United States was two-inch quadruplex videotape, which traveled at 15 inches per second. To gain enough head-to-tape speed, four video recording and playback heads were spun on a head wheel across most of the two-inch width of the tape. (Audio and
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The disadvantages of physically editing tapes were many. Some broadcasters decreed that edited tapes could not be reused, in an era when the relatively high cost of the machines and tapes was balanced by the savings involved in being able to wipe and reuse the media. Others, such as the
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Jack
Calaway of Calaway Engineering was the first to produce a lower-cost, PC-based, "CMX-style" linear editing system, which greatly expanded the use of linear editing systems throughout the post-production industry. Following suit, other companies, including EMC and
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The primary motivation for the development of video tape was as a short- or long-term archival medium. Only after a series of technical advances spanning decades did video tape editing finally become a viable production tool, up to par with film editing.
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that the audio track was prone to suffer artifacts (i.e., a short buzzing sound) because the video of the newly recorded shot would record into the side of the audio track. A commercial solution known as "Buzz Off" was used to minimize this effect.
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The bulk of linear editing is done simply, with two machines and an edit controller device to control them. Many video tape machines are capable of controlling a second machine, eliminating the need for an external editing control device.
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is still essentially produced in the same manner as it was in the 1950s, although it has been transformed by modern technical advances. Before videotape, the only way to air the same shows again was by filming shows using a
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If video editors learn linear editing skills, it increases their knowledge as well as their versatility. According to many professional editors who learn linear editing skills first, they tend to become proficient all-round
256:(EDL), they were deprived of the opportunity to voice their opinions at a time when those opinions could be easily acted upon. Thus, particularly in documentary television, video was resisted for quite a long time.
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The resulting video tracks were slightly less than a ninety-degree angle (considering the vector addition of high-speed spinning heads tracing across the 15-inches-per-second forward motion of the tape).
154:. This was an arduous process that should be avoided where possible. When it was used, the two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of extremely fine iron filings suspended in
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should be mentioned that Quad tape has a better bandwidth than any smaller-format analog tape, and properly handled, it could produce a picture indistinguishable from that of a live camera.
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to artifacts in contrast and loss of detail. Kinescopes had to be processed and printed in a film laboratory, making them unreliable for broadcasts delayed for different time zones.
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necessary in non-linear editing systems, and systems that are able to digitally record and edit simultaneously have only recently become affordable for small operations.
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video recorders became the standard, it was no longer possible to physically cut and splice the tape. At this point, video editing became a process of using two
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Mandatory for some jobs: for example, if only two sections of video clips are to be joined together in sequence, it is often the quickest and easiest way.
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synchronization tracks were recorded along the sides of the tape with stationary heads.) This system was known as "quad" (for "quadruplex") recording.
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process of selecting, arranging, and modifying images and sound in a predetermined, ordered sequence. Regardless of whether it was captured by a
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252:. Since Executive Producers are never familiar enough with the material to be able to visualize the finished product from an inspection of an
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by copying the edited content onto another tape; however, as each copy generation degrades the image cumulatively, this is not desirable.
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paired with a movie camera. However, kinescopes (the films of television shows) suffered from various sorts of picture degradation, from
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Video editing reached its full potential in the late 1970s when computer-controlled minicomputer edit controllers along with
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158:, a toxic and carcinogenic compound. This "developed" the magnetic tracks, making them visible when viewed through a
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229:") from one machine, and copying just the portions desired onto a second tape (the "edit master").
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344:, industrial, and consumer video industries, linear video tape editing is still commonplace in
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One drawback of early video editing techniques was that it was impractical to produce a
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specialized, and tedious work. Still, it is relevant today because of these reasons:
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were the only TV shows to make extensive use of splice editing of videotape.
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to synchronize multiple tape machines and auxiliary devices using a
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Originally, video was edited by visualizing the recorded track with
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called an "insert edit".) If absolutely necessary, material can be
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76:(NLE) in the early 1990s, linear video editing was simply called
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were developed, which could orchestrate an edit based on an
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414:"Video editing Linear editing system Editing technique"
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336:has been adopted throughout most of the
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58:The method is simple and inexpensive.
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386:"Definition of:linear video editing"
225:, playing back the source tape (or "
188:Introduction of computerized systems
69:Until the advent of computer-based
174:In the United States, the 1961-62
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201:Further advancement in technology
332:While computer-based non-linear
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181:Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
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384:PC Magazine; Encyclopedia,
146:cutter, and splicing with
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74:non-linear editing systems
42:(VTR) the content must be
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322:Strassner Editing Systems
315:Strassner Editing Systems
150:, in a manner similar to
266:communications protocols
412:University of Florida,
248:for presentation to an
918:Video editing software
892:Post-classical editing
351:for the production of
334:video editing software
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51:video editing software
887:Soviet montage theory
423:accessed July 8, 2014
388:accessed July 8, 2014
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44:accessed sequentially
907:Linear video editing
438:www.mediacollege.com
302:character generators
156:carbon tetrachloride
138:, cutting it with a
122:Quadruplex videotape
17:Linear video editing
544:Attentional control
398:Bheel, Shankarlal.
223:video tape machines
49:For the most part,
40:video tape recorder
34:, or recorded in a
912:Non-linear editing
882:Continuity editing
419:2014-07-14 at the
346:television station
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288:and the venerable
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250:executive producer
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32:tapeless camcorder
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372:References
338:commercial
260:Peak usage
160:microscope
148:video tape
144:guillotine
136:ferrofluid
106:scan lines
839:Long take
775:Cross cut
770:Smash cut
750:Flashback
662:Axial cut
631:Long shot
626:Match cut
614:Insertion
563:Technique
349:newsrooms
246:rough cut
94:kinescope
955:Category
715:Supercut
674:Dissolve
657:Jump cut
621:Dialogue
417:Archived
360:See also
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272:, using
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575:Cutaway
527:Concept
400:Shankar
84:History
859:B-roll
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684:Prelap
636:Insert
239:dubbed
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693:Other
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217:When
38:on a
19:is a
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669:Wipe
342:film
300:and
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142:or
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