742:
430:
2367:
1188:
147:
606:
1095:
3926:
1291:
122:
597:. The forearm itself is also unusually short compared to other dicynodonts since the elbow is now positioned further down directly below the body and closer to the ground. The musculature of the forelimb has also been rearranged to facilitate its upright posture and gait, now functioning to draw the limb forwards and backwards and losing the ability to rotate the upper arm as it would in a sprawling stride.
3565:
1413:
3136:
3141:
2379:
1027:
3560:
931:
672:
1124:
2749:
757:
Jerzy Dzik, Tomasz Sulej and
Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, who initially mistook them for the bones of a sauropodomorph dinosaur due to their massive size. They later recognised the fossils as those of a giant dicynodont in 2008, by then known from a partially articulated skeleton and various isolated bones
637:
modelled around the skeleton, with an overall average weight of 5.9 metric tons (6.5 short tons), and a lowermost estimate with minimal body fat and other tissues at 4.9 metric tons (5.4 short tons) and a maximum of 7 metric tons (7.7 short tons) at its bulkiest. This range is comparable to those of
621:
was a very large animal, larger than any other dicynodont. From comparing its bones to other dicynodonts, its body length was estimated to be around 4.5 metres (15 ft) long and with a hip height of 2.6 metres (8.5 ft). Its body weight was initially calculated to be approximately 9.3 metric
1360:
showed no such signs of slowing their growth. The possibility that the bones belonged to juveniles with an even larger adult body size than estimated was ruled out partly on the basis of their already massive size, but also because the bones were well ossified and developmentally mature. Instead,
1248:
was driven by increasing body size in predators, or as a metabolic adaptation for getting more nutrition out of their food by increasing the size of their gut. It also highlights that dicynodont evolution in the Late
Triassic is still poorly understood. Previously considered to be geographically
737:
to determine the maximum age of deposition for the fossil beds. The youngest zircon grain recorded an age of approximately 211 ± 3 million years old in the late Norian, however due to the discrepancy between the formation of the zircon crystals and deposition as sediment it is likely that Lipie
1365:
grew very rapidly without any interruptions until reaching their adult body size, as there were no clear lines of arrested growth (LAGs) that otherwise indicate periods of slower, reduced growth. LAGs may have been truly absent, or were possibly erased by extensive remodelling of the bone into
1282:. However, some coprolites contain large portions of woody material, a trait observed in some other dicynodont coprolites. This has been suggested to represent seasonal variation in its diet, possibly when their preferred diet of soft vegetation was out of season.
1210:
demonstrates that gigantism also evolved in dicynodonts, and analysis of their body size as they evolved over the course of the Late
Triassic demonstrates that, like sauropodomorphs, Triassic dicynodonts were also increasing in body size, culminating in
561:
are held completely erect under the body, with an elbow joint that is directed backwards and so only allows the forearm to swing forwards and backwards in a parasagittal gait. This arrangement is found in the hindlimbs of various other large
Triassic
1933:
Kowal-Linka, M.; Krzemińska, E.; Czupyt, Z. (2019). "The youngest detrital zircons from the Upper
Triassic Lipie Śląskie (Lisowice) continental deposits (Poland): Implications for the maximum depositional age of the Lisowice bone-bearing horizon".
1206:, the evolution of giant body sizes in Triassic sauropodomorphs was thought to be an exclusive trait of dinosaurs, as other large herbivores—including the dicynodonts—were not thought to have achieved similar sizes. The elephantine size of
464:
were large, and the back of the skull was drawn into a high crest between them, providing extensive jaw muscle attachment at the back of the skull. The snout was relatively elongate like in other stahleckeriids, and had a toothless
1235:
at similar time periods suggests that ecological factors may have allowed and encouraged both lineages to grow to giant sizes, as opposed to specific traits inherent to sauropodomorph dinosaurs as had previously been suggested.
622:
tons (10.3 short tons) from the circumference of its femur and humerus—a proxy for estimating how much weight the limbs needed to support. However, the shafts of these bones are disproportionately robust and thick in
2335:
Wawrzyniak, Z. (2010). "What could eat dicynodonts (Dicynodontia, Therapsida) from Lipie Śląskie? (Upper
Silesia, Poland) – preliminary results of research of the Late Triassic macroflora". In Nowakowski, D. (ed.).
401:, but unlike the sprawling and semi-erect postures typical of all other dicynodonts (and indeed all other non-mammalian synapsids), and shares many independently evolved features of its limbs with large mammals.
1239:
The evolution of gigantism in dicynodonts was a gradual process, occurring over approximately 20 million years, and acquired major restructuring the musculo-skeletal system to achieve the size and posture of
1269:
was a herbivore, like most other dicynodonts, using its relatively long beak to crop and chew, although its large size implies it was feeding on higher levels of vegetation than was typical for the group.
1355:
showed features characteristic of a rapid growth rate as juveniles, similar to other large dicynodonts. However, while the growth rate of other dicynodonts slowed down as they grew, the studied bones of
375:
synapsid, reaching about 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, standing up to 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) tall at the hips and weighing around 5–7 metric tons (5.5–7.7 short tons), comparable in size to modern
2282:
Jewuła, K.; Matysik, M.; Paszkowski, M.; Szulc, J. (2019). "The late
Triassic development of playa, gilgai floodplain, and fluvial environments from Upper Silesia, southern Poland".
1253:
demonstrates that dicynodonts were both still geographically widespread and continuing to diversify in the Late
Triassic, particularly evolving traits to support massive body sizes.
538:
is 80 centimetres (31 in) long), but are otherwise similar to those of other stahleckeriids. Like other stahleckeriids, the hind legs were also held upright beneath the body.
421:
may have evolved its large size in response to the absence of sauropodomorphs in its ecosystem in southern Poland, or alternatively may have acted as a direct competitor to them.
1583:
The absence of any large sauropodomorph herbivores is curious, as they are present in many other Late
Triassic ecosystems, including in nearby localities in Europe, such as
453:
from North
America. It was a heavily built quadruped with a rotund, barrel-shaped body, a large head with beaked jaws and a short neck, stocky limbs, and a very short tail.
510:
of the neck are notable for having unusual hollows excavated into their sides. This is similar to the holes in some dinosaur vertebrae that are associated with a system of
629:
Its body weight was later more reliably estimated by modelling its mass from the estimated total volume of its body. These estimates varied depending on the girth of its
2065:
1936:
711:
one of the youngest dicynodonts in the world. However, palaeontologists Grzegorz Racki and Spencer Lucas have claimed the site to be older and dated to the middle
397:
is unique amongst dicynodonts for its erect posture, with all four limbs held upright directly under its body. This is similar to the limbs of living mammals and
1423:
coexisted with a broad variety of Late Triassic animals in Lipie Śląskie. The majority of these animals were archosaurs, including the large predatory archosaur
460:
is incomplete and known only from various isolated individual pieces, but they are enough to determine that it had a similar skull to other stahleckeriids. The
1985:
4233:
1896:
Racki, G.; Lucas, S.G. (2018). "Timing of dicynodont extinction in light of an unusual Late Triassic Polish fauna and Cuvier's approach to extinction".
1382:
have been discovered in abundant accumulations in areas believed to have been around standing water. These assemblages are similar to discoveries in
4187:
1400:
may have performed a similar behaviour. Communal latrines are documented in modern gregarious mammals, and support the idea that dicynodonts like
4253:
772:
until January of 2019, although the name and the description were released online in November 2018 prior to the official publication date. The
2411:
1597:
grew to its massive size to fill the ecological role of large browsing herbivores otherwise occupied by sauropodomorphs in other ecosystems.
2103:
Niedźwiedzki, G.; Gorzelak, P.; Sulej, T. (2011). "Bite traces on dicynodont bones and the early evolution of large terrestrial predators".
1760:
2221:
Fiorelli, L.E.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Hechenleitner, E.M.; Argañaraz, E; Taborda, J.R.A.; Trotteyn, M.J.; von Baczko, M.B.; Desojo, J.B. (2013).
741:
1844:
Romano, Marco; Rubidge, Bruce (2019). "First 3D reconstruction and volumetric body mass estimate of the tapinocephalid dinocephalian
417:, dicynodonts were suggested to have been outcompeted by sauropodomorphs and were incapable of achieving similarly large body sizes.
413:, which otherwise occupied the role of large high-browsing herbivores in most Late Triassic ecosystems. Prior to the discovery of
726:
was not significantly younger than other dicynodonts and was similar in age to the last known genera elsewhere in the world.
684:
2284:
1699:
730:
534:
and hind limb are very robust compared to other dicynodonts due to the massive size of the animal (e.g. the largest known
1732:
523:
863:. A simplified cladogram from one of the analysis focused on the relationships of Stahleckeriidae is reproduced below:
4228:
1307:
Numerous bite marks have been found on the bones of juvenile dicynodonts from the same locality where the dicynodont
379:. It was also one of the last dicynodonts, living shortly before their extinction at the end of the Triassic period.
1593:
competed directly with sauropodomorphs, however, it was also possible that their absence was unrelated, and instead
4243:
3691:
2357:
2063:
Bajdek, P.; Owocki, K.; Niedźwiedzk, G (2014). "Putative dicynodont coprolites from the Upper Triassic of Poland".
811:
146:
646:
the largest known non-mammalian synapsid and the biggest synapsid prior to the appearance of large mammals in the
2404:
550:
are very distinctive amongst dicynodonts. Indeed, their construction is unique to not only the group, but to non-
4248:
4205:
2029:
499:
had a broad skull that was roughly 43 centimetres (17 in) wide between each quadrate at the jaw joints.
3925:
784:
777:
581:
had to undergo several prominent anatomical changes compared to the normal condition in dicynodonts. On the
3564:
3140:
429:
4238:
4140:
1570:. By contrast, neighbouring environments may have been dry and arid, suggested by remains of the possibly
617:
Although the skeleton is incomplete, the massive size of various elements of its skeleton indicates that
589:
of sprawling dicynodonts, and so the humerus is held upright beneath the shoulder and directly above the
1986:"A giant in the time of dinosaurs: Ancient mammal cousin looked like cross between a rhino and a turtle"
1340:
might have attacked the snout of a living individual or disarticulate the snout first from the carcass.
837:
303:
477:
typical of most dicynodonts. Instead, it had a pair of short and thick triangular projections from the
829:
is a kannemeyeriiform, the group to which most Triassic dicynodonts belong to, and is a member of the
4076:
4055:
3740:
3135:
2397:
2293:
2236:
2150:
2074:
1945:
1644:
815:
715:
692:
280:
4069:
3985:
1566:
4062:
4006:
3415:
2371:
1404:
lived in herds and even suggest that they had complex social behaviours like modern large mammals.
799:
4048:
4034:
1560:
3992:
3595:
3582:
3559:
3527:
2493:
2317:
2227:
2194:
Sulej, T. (2024). "Osteology and relationships of the Late Triassic giant dicynodont Lisowicia".
2141:
2034:
2003:
1961:
1915:
1898:
1875:
1850:
1826:
1801:
1770:
734:
563:
515:
141:
1187:
566:, but they all retain sprawling forelimbs with elbows bowed outwards and joints that allow the
3971:
3754:
3340:
2889:
2341:
2309:
2264:
2176:
1990:
1867:
1818:
1799:: volumetric body mass estimate and 3D reconstruction of the giant Late Triassic dicynodont".
1670:
1662:
1635:
1535:
507:
461:
2223:"The oldest known communal latrines provide evidence of gregarism in Triassic megaherbivores"
3768:
3747:
3712:
3349:
3315:
3247:
3240:
3060:
2748:
2704:
2588:
2301:
2254:
2244:
2203:
2166:
2158:
2114:
2082:
1995:
1953:
1907:
1859:
1810:
1733:"During the Triassic, This Elephant-Sized Relative of Mammals Lived Alongside the Dinosaurs"
1708:
1652:
1425:
1320:
were found, indicating that juvenile dicynodonts were preferentially and actively hunted by
1316:
1295:
830:
700:
639:
433:
364:
605:
3867:
3858:
3803:
3779:
3682:
3641:
3623:
3616:
3485:
3367:
3356:
3051:
3026:
2839:
1464:
1430:
1392:
1094:
980:
880:
870:
833:
754:
745:
Outdated skeletal reconstruction based on the original 2008 interpretation of the skeleton
444:
410:
246:
4178:
738:Śląskie is younger than this, corroborating the late Norian to early Rhaetian estimates.
557:
as a whole and shares features with the limbs of mammals and dinosaurs. The forelimbs of
405:
was the largest animal in its environment, and was comparable in size and ecology to the
2297:
2240:
2154:
2078:
1949:
1648:
699:. The age of the Lipie Śląskie clay pit has been difficult to determine, with different
3874:
3671:
3468:
3436:
3306:
3274:
3185:
2880:
2814:
2793:
2615:
2259:
2222:
2171:
2136:
1482:
1452:
1387:
1290:
924:
776:
is named after the village Lisowice where the original specimens were found, while the
483:
703:
methods of dating providing varying results. The site has typically been dated to the
481:
jaw bone behind the beak called caniniform processes, similar to those of the related
4222:
4083:
3812:
3515:
3501:
3394:
3387:
3206:
3074:
3067:
3040:
2914:
2597:
2383:
2321:
2118:
2007:
1965:
1879:
1830:
1765:
1477:
1299:(far left) with prey animals, including the dicynodont (far right), as inferred from
788:
659:
655:
488:
361:
72:
30:
1919:
1324:. Dicynodont bone fragments have also been identified in the proposed coprolites of
121:
4109:
4027:
3964:
3954:
3902:
3895:
3847:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3705:
3698:
3609:
3508:
3457:
3329:
3088:
2999:
2800:
2779:
2766:
2716:
2697:
2663:
1585:
1551:
1504:
1493:
1485:
1468:
1412:
1348:
1021:
894:
803:
233:
1911:
1863:
1814:
1522:
The environment at Lipie Śląskie was wet and swampy, comparable to the modern-day
585:, the shoulder joint and the elbow are parallel to each other, unlike the rotated
526:) for air sacs and the interior of the vertebra is solid. This trait is unique to
4163:
2305:
2207:
2086:
1957:
836:, the last remaining lineage of dicynodonts in the Late Triassic. In particular,
4172:
4115:
4013:
3999:
3978:
3888:
3833:
3826:
3761:
3657:
3408:
3380:
3295:
3281:
3192:
3081:
3017:
2990:
2943:
2923:
2896:
2862:
2828:
2807:
2631:
2604:
2576:
2555:
2542:
2505:
2420:
1576:
1531:
1456:
1444:
1439:
1215:. In fact, dicynodonts were consistently larger than sauropodomorphs during the
1140:
1075:
1004:
859:
663:
was similarly estimated to weigh only 892 kilograms (1,967 lb) on average.
651:
634:
406:
259:
217:
47:
2162:
1580:
and charcoal fragments from fires being transported by rivers to the locality.
4090:
4020:
3881:
3650:
3630:
3450:
3171:
3158:
3103:
2963:
2951:
2676:
2652:
2569:
2462:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1500:
1460:
1434:
1026:
947:
795:
342:
204:
92:
57:
2345:
2313:
1871:
1822:
1666:
4101:
3840:
3792:
3493:
3477:
3443:
3429:
3401:
3322:
3265:
3033:
3006:
2972:
2936:
2903:
2848:
2821:
2478:
2453:
1999:
1657:
1630:
1496:
1488:
closely related to modern mammals and many orders of magnitude smaller than
1448:
1312:
1300:
1271:
1118:
930:
851:
846:
791:
688:
449:
191:
158:
97:
2268:
2180:
1674:
671:
1713:
1694:
1123:
840:
by Sulej & Niedźwiedzki (2019) using two separate datasets both found
4192:
4157:
3664:
3422:
3254:
3231:
3213:
3199:
2869:
2855:
2624:
2444:
1538:
1508:
1279:
1224:
704:
696:
630:
554:
466:
398:
376:
357:
345:
178:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
41:
4200:
2979:
2690:
2683:
2645:
2638:
2105:
1737:
1527:
1216:
1192:
855:
586:
582:
511:
478:
388:
380:
335:
130:
102:
77:
2249:
2030:"An Elephant-Size Relative of Mammals That Grazed Alongside Dinosaurs"
758:
from at least two individuals. Between 2007—2014, over 1,000 bones of
626:, even for its size, and so its body weight was likely overestimated.
4041:
3288:
2438:
1556:
1383:
1220:
712:
647:
590:
567:
551:
531:
487:
and other stahleckeriids. Likewise, comparing the proportions of the
372:
353:
349:
168:
37:
4134:
2135:
Qvarnström, Martin; Ahlberg, Per E.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2019).
1695:"A Dicynodont-Theropod Association in the Latest Triassic of Poland"
810:
are held in the collections of the Institute of Paleobiology at the
1366:
adulthood, both of which would support permanently rapid growth in
695:. The fossil bearing beds of Lipie Śląskie consist mostly of green
530:
amongst dicynodonts, and its function is unclear. The bones of the
3220:
1411:
1289:
1186:
773:
769:
740:
670:
604:
535:
457:
428:
338:
134:
1416:
Drawing of the vertebrate faunal assemblage of the Lisowice site
594:
571:
474:
4138:
3941:
3580:
3156:
2764:
2540:
2431:
2393:
469:-like beak at the front. Like some other Triassic dicynodonts,
2389:
503:
844:
to be closely related to the well-known North American genus
383:
of a giant dicynodont were known from Poland since 2008, but
1332:
were a major component in the predator's diet. The snout of
371:
is the largest known dicynodont, as well as the largest non-
1693:
Dzik, Jerzy; Sulej, Tomasz; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2008).
1631:"An elephant-sized Late Triassic synapsid with erect limbs"
1231:. The evolution of gigantism in both sauropodomorphs and
718:
based on biostratigraphy of large vertebrates, including
1795:
Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio (14 June 2019). "Resizing
1629:
Sulej, Tomasz; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (4 January 2019).
814:
and the Department of Paleobiology and Evolution at the
2137:"Tyrannosaurid-like osteophagy by a Triassic archosaur"
1219:
stage, and both achieved similar gigantic sizes in the
1589:
in Germany. It's possible that giant dicynodonts like
683:
have been discovered in the Lipie Śląskie clay pit in
2355:
768:
would not be officially named and published as a new
4147:
4100:
3952:
3857:
3802:
3778:
3681:
3640:
3593:
3526:
3467:
3366:
3339:
3305:
3264:
3230:
3169:
3102:
3050:
3016:
2989:
2962:
2922:
2913:
2879:
2838:
2777:
2715:
2662:
2614:
2587:
2553:
2504:
2477:
1336:may have been structurally weak, so predators like
1534:, surrounded by abundant vegetation that included
574:to rotate during each step in a sprawled posture.
2130:
2128:
2066:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1937:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2338:Morphology and Systematics of Fossil Vertebrates
1471:. The only other synapsid known to coexist with
1278:indicate that it mostly ate soft vegetation and
687:, a village in southern Poland near the town of
387:was not named and officially described as a new
2405:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1726:
1724:
473:was completely toothless and lacked even the
8:
1507:) as well as an abundance of fish including
1492:. The wet, freshwater environment supported
2340:. DN Publisher, Wrocław. pp. 118–124.
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
4135:
3949:
3938:
3784:
3601:
3590:
3577:
3372:
3177:
3166:
3153:
2928:
2919:
2785:
2774:
2761:
2668:
2561:
2550:
2537:
2483:
2474:
2428:
2412:
2398:
2390:
1891:
1889:
577:To achieve this posture, the forelimbs of
506:are typical for dicynodonts, however, the
120:
20:
2258:
2248:
2196:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2170:
1712:
1656:
1370:, similar to mammals and some dinosaurs.
1979:
1977:
1975:
1790:
1788:
2362:
2098:
2096:
1606:
443:still closely resembles other Triassic
2028:St. Fleur, Nicholas (4 January 2019).
439:Although very large for a dicynodont,
1761:"Gigantic mammal 'cousin' discovered"
1688:
1686:
1684:
491:at the back of the skull to those of
7:
4206:A6CC8C89-65FE-4EEA-AB9C-3617DC660C2E
1731:Dvorsky, George (22 November 2018).
733:from the Lipie Śląskie clay pit was
1984:Gretchen Vogel (22 November 2018).
1244:. It's possible that gigantism in
1110:
1081:
996:
972:
917:
910:
886:
876:
866:
367:, about 210–205 million years ago.
16:Genus of giant dicynodont therapsid
1459:). Other small reptiles include a
1303:contents and bones with bite marks
1183:Dicynodont gigantism and evolution
762:were collected from the clay pit.
14:
4234:Late Triassic synapsids of Europe
1328:, implying that dicynodonts like
753:were first discovered in 2006 by
522:lacks openings in its vertebrae (
3924:
3563:
3558:
3139:
3134:
2747:
2377:
2365:
2119:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00227.x
1122:
1093:
1025:
929:
145:
1351:studies from the limb bones of
854:Placeriinae, together with the
322:Sulej & Niedźwiedzki, 2019
1:
4254:Fossil taxa described in 2019
1912:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499734
1864:10.1080/08912963.2019.1640219
1815:10.1080/08912963.2019.1631819
1700:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1455:(previously believed to be a
447:, such as its close relative
2306:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.11.005
2087:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.013
1958:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.11.012
654:). By comparison, the large
518:. However, unlike dinosaurs
1249:restricted and in decline,
798:who did pioneering work in
4270:
2208:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085
2163:10.1038/s41598-018-37540-4
1848:(Synapsida: Therapsida)".
1759:Staff (23 November 2018).
1202:Prior to the discovery of
812:Polish Academy of Sciences
348:that lived in what is now
279:Sulej & Niedźwiedzki,
3948:
3937:
3922:
3787:
3604:
3589:
3576:
3556:
3375:
3180:
3165:
3152:
3132:
2931:
2788:
2773:
2760:
2745:
2671:
2564:
2549:
2536:
2486:
2473:
2427:
1396:, and it's possible that
1378:Coprolites attributed to
1137:
1115:
1108:
1086:
1079:
1018:
1001:
994:
977:
970:
944:
922:
915:
908:
891:
884:
874:
722:. They instead suggested
309:
302:
142:Scientific classification
140:
128:
119:
23:
675:Map of the Lisowice site
2000:10.1126/science.aaw1183
1658:10.1126/science.aal4853
1390:made by the dicynodont
806:. The known fossils of
785:Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus
1417:
1386:believed to represent
1361:it's more likely that
1304:
1199:
746:
676:
614:
436:
1846:Tapinocaninus pamelae
1714:10.4202/app.2008.0415
1415:
1293:
1190:
838:phylogenetic analyses
744:
735:radiometrically dated
674:
642:, comfortably making
608:
432:
3741:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
816:University of Warsaw
667:History of discovery
4102:Paraphyletic groups
2298:2019SedG..379...25J
2285:Sedimentary Geology
2241:2013NatSR...3E3348F
2155:2019NatSR...9..925Q
2079:2014PPP...411....1B
1950:2019PPP...514..487K
1649:2019Sci...363...78S
1526:, with slow-moving
1463:, an indeterminate
800:comparative anatomy
707:, which would make
609:Size comparison of
4229:Kannemeyeriiformes
3596:Kannemeyeriiformes
3583:Kannemeyeriiformes
3528:Kannemeyeriiformes
2228:Scientific Reports
2142:Scientific Reports
2035:The New York Times
1899:Historical Biology
1851:Historical Biology
1802:Historical Biology
1418:
1311:and the predatory
1305:
1200:
747:
677:
633:and the amount of
615:
516:respiratory system
508:cervical vertebrae
437:
4244:Fossils of Poland
4216:
4215:
4141:Taxon identifiers
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3755:Uralokannemeyeria
3572:
3571:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3341:Rhachiocephalidae
3148:
3147:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3098:
3097:
2756:
2755:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2250:10.1038/srep03348
1773:on 22 August 2022
1536:Cheirolepidiaceae
1388:communal latrines
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
959:
958:
640:African elephants
564:kannemeyeriiforms
546:The forelimbs of
502:Its backbone and
462:temporal fenestra
391:until late 2018.
327:
326:
283:
4261:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4136:
3950:
3939:
3928:
3785:
3769:Xiyukannemeyeria
3748:Sinokannemeyeria
3713:Parakannemeyeria
3602:
3591:
3578:
3567:
3562:
3373:
3350:Kitchinganomodon
3316:Australobarbarus
3248:Interpresosaurus
3178:
3167:
3154:
3143:
3138:
3061:Cistecephaloides
2929:
2920:
2786:
2775:
2762:
2751:
2705:Anomocephaloidea
2669:
2589:Anomocephaloidea
2562:
2551:
2538:
2484:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2429:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2060:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1797:Lisowicia bojani
1792:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1626:
1262:Feeding and diet
1126:
1111:
1097:
1082:
1029:
997:
973:
933:
918:
911:
887:
877:
867:
755:palaeontologists
731:detrital zircons
701:biostratigraphic
514:and a bird-like
434:Life restoration
352:during the late
318:
316:Lisowicia bojani
314:
278:
271:
258:
245:
232:
216:
150:
149:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4249:Rhaetian genera
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4143:
4133:
4120:
4096:
4077:Platypodosaurus
4056:Opisthoctenodon
3944:
3929:
3908:
3868:Eubrachiosaurus
3859:Stahleckeriinae
3853:
3798:
3780:Stahleckeriidae
3774:
3683:Kannemeyeriidae
3677:
3642:Shansiodontidae
3636:
3624:Elephantosaurus
3617:Dinodontosaurus
3598:
3585:
3568:
3542:
3522:
3486:Euptychognathus
3463:
3368:Dicynodontoidea
3362:
3357:Rhachiocephalus
3335:
3301:
3260:
3226:
3174:
3161:
3144:
3118:
3094:
3052:Cistecephalidae
3046:
3027:Dicynodontoides
3012:
2985:
2958:
2909:
2875:
2840:Pylaecephalidae
2834:
2782:
2769:
2752:
2731:
2711:
2658:
2610:
2583:
2558:
2545:
2520:
2500:
2469:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1643:(6422): 78–80.
1628:
1627:
1608:
1603:
1467:and a possible
1465:archosauromorph
1431:dinosauromorphs
1410:
1393:Dinodontosaurus
1376:
1346:
1288:
1264:
1259:
1191:Mounted fossil
1185:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
981:Eubrachiosaurus
960:
934:
881:Stahleckeriinae
871:Stahleckeriidae
834:Stahleckeriidae
824:
787:(1776–1827), a
669:
603:
544:
427:
411:sauropodomorphs
323:
320:
312:
311:
298:
277:
269:
256:
247:Stahleckeriidae
243:
230:
214:
144:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
35:
34:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4197:
4184:
4169:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4070:Planitorostris
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3986:Chelyoposaurus
3982:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3958:
3946:
3945:
3943:Other articles
3942:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3875:Ischigualastia
3871:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3672:Rhinodicynodon
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3473:
3471:
3469:Lystrosauridae
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3437:Repelinosaurus
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3307:Oudenodontidae
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3275:Aulacephalodon
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3186:Daqingshanodon
3181:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2883:
2881:Endothiodontia
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2815:Lanthanostegus
2811:
2804:
2797:
2794:Brachyprosopus
2789:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2616:Venyukovioidea
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2352:
2351:
2327:
2274:
2235:(3348): 3348.
2213:
2202:(1). zlae085.
2186:
2124:
2092:
2048:
2020:
1971:
1925:
1885:
1858:(4): 498–505.
1836:
1809:(4): 474–479.
1784:
1751:
1720:
1707:(4): 733–738.
1680:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1453:crocodylomorph
1451:, and a small
1409:
1406:
1375:
1372:
1345:
1342:
1287:
1284:
1274:attributed to
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1000:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
976:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
952:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
928:
925:Ischigualastia
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
890:
885:
883:
875:
873:
865:
823:
822:Classification
820:
668:
665:
602:
599:
543:
540:
495:suggests that
493:Ischigualastia
484:Ischigualastia
445:stahleckeriids
426:
423:
409:"prosauropod"
325:
324:
321:
307:
306:
300:
299:
295:L. bojani
291:
289:
285:
284:
267:
263:
262:
254:
250:
249:
241:
237:
236:
228:
221:
220:
212:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4266:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Norian genera
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:Putillosaurus
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:Parvobestiola
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:Dicranozygoma
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3927:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:Argodicynodon
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3561:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3517:
3516:Sintocephalus
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:Kwazulusaurus
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:Delectosaurus
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:Daptocephalus
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:Odontocyclops
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:Kawingasaurus
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:Cistecephalus
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3041:Thliptosaurus
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Therochelonia
2912:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:Anomocephalus
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:Science Daily
1762:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:morganucodont
1480:
1479:
1478:Hallautherium
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1408:Palaeoecology
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1257:Palaeobiology
1256:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
982:
975:
974:
968:
967:
964:
963:
955:
954:
951:
950:
949:
942:
941:
938:
937:
932:
927:
926:
920:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
896:
889:
888:
882:
879:
878:
872:
869:
868:
864:
862:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:specific name
775:
771:
767:
763:
761:
756:
752:
743:
739:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
673:
666:
664:
662:
661:
660:Tapinocaninus
657:
656:dinocephalian
653:
650:(such as the
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
627:
625:
620:
612:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:quadrate bone
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:
446:
442:
435:
431:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
362:Late Triassic
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
337:
333:
332:
319:
317:
308:
305:
304:Binomial name
301:
297:
296:
290:
287:
286:
282:
276:
275:
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
39:
32:
31:Late Triassic
26:
22:
19:
4148:
4110:Cryptodontia
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:Nasoplanites
4047:
4040:
4035:Keirognathus
4033:
4028:Haughtoniana
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3965:Azarifeneria
3963:
3955:Nomina dubia
3953:
3903:Ufudocyclops
3901:
3896:Stahleckeria
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3848:Zambiasaurus
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3791:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3734:Rhadiodromus
3732:
3727:Rechnisaurus
3725:
3720:Rabidosaurus
3718:
3711:
3706:Kannemeyeria
3704:
3699:Dolichuranus
3697:
3692:Acratophorus
3690:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3610:Angonisaurus
3608:
3514:
3509:Lystrosaurus
3507:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3458:Vivaxosaurus
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3355:
3348:
3330:Tropidostoma
3328:
3321:
3314:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3089:Sauroscaptor
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3005:
3000:Myosauroides
2998:
2978:
2971:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:Colobodectes
2799:
2792:
2780:Dicynodontia
2767:Dicynodontia
2717:Dicynodontia
2703:
2698:Patranomodon
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2664:Chainosauria
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2603:
2596:
2575:
2568:
2458:
2449:
2372:Paleontology
2337:
2330:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2146:
2140:
2113:(1): 87–92.
2110:
2104:
2070:
2064:
2039:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1989:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1903:
1897:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1777:10 September
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1764:
1754:
1744:10 September
1742:. Retrieved
1736:
1704:
1698:
1640:
1634:
1594:
1590:
1586:Plateosaurus
1584:
1582:
1575:
1565:
1561:Androstrobus
1559:
1552:Lepidopteris
1550:
1521:
1505:plagiosaurid
1503:and smaller
1494:temnospondyl
1489:
1486:mammaliaform
1476:
1472:
1469:choristodere
1438:
1433:including a
1424:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1349:Histological
1347:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1294:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1139:
1138:
1117:
1116:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1022:Stahleckeria
1020:
1019:
1003:
1002:
979:
978:
946:
945:
923:
895:Zambiasaurus
893:
892:
858:
845:
841:
826:
825:
807:
804:paleontology
780:
765:
764:
759:
750:
748:
729:A sample of
728:
723:
719:
708:
680:
678:
658:
652:brontotheres
643:
628:
623:
618:
616:
613:with a human
610:
578:
576:
558:
547:
545:
527:
519:
501:
496:
492:
482:
470:
455:
448:
440:
438:
418:
414:
402:
394:
393:
384:
368:
358:Rhaetian age
356:or earliest
330:
329:
328:
315:
310:
294:
293:
273:
272:
234:Dicynodontia
224:
198:
185:
24:
18:
4173:Wikispecies
4116:Dromasauria
4014:Elatosaurus
4000:Diaelurodon
3993:Cristonasus
3979:Calleonasus
3889:Sangusaurus
3834:Pentasaurus
3827:Moghreberia
3804:Placeriinae
3762:Wadiasaurus
3658:Tetragonias
3409:Dinanomodon
3381:Counillonia
3296:Pelanomodon
3282:Bulbasaurus
3193:Idelesaurus
3082:Kembawacela
3018:Kingoriidae
2991:Myosauridae
2944:Emydorhinus
2924:Emydopoidea
2897:Endothiodon
2863:Prosictodon
2829:Pristerodon
2808:Eodicynodon
2632:Parasuminia
2605:Tiarajudens
2577:Novocynodon
2556:Anomodontia
2543:Anomodontia
2506:Anomodontia
2421:Anomodontia
2013:22 December
1944:: 487–501.
1906:(4): 1–11.
1577:Hirmeriella
1532:oxbow lakes
1530:rivers and
1513:coelacanths
1457:poposauroid
1445:neotheropod
1440:Coelophysis
1141:Moghreberia
1076:Placeriinae
1005:Sangusaurus
860:Moghreberia
749:Remains of
679:Remains of
635:soft tissue
524:pleurocoels
425:Description
407:herbivorous
260:Placeriinae
253:Subfamily:
218:Anomodontia
4223:Categories
4091:Taognathus
4021:Eurycarpus
3882:Jachaleria
3651:Shansiodon
3631:Woznikella
3537:see below↓
3451:Turfanodon
3172:Bidentalia
3159:Bidentalia
3113:see below↓
3104:Bidentalia
2964:Emydopidae
2952:Palemydops
2726:see below↓
2677:Galechirus
2653:Venyukovia
2570:Biseridens
2515:see below↓
2463:Therapsida
2149:(1): 925.
1601:References
1572:xerophytic
1547:seed ferns
1543:ginkgoales
1528:meandering
1524:everglades
1517:hybodontid
1501:capitosaur
1497:amphibians
1481:, a small
1461:sphenodont
1449:pterosaurs
1435:silesaurid
1272:Coprolites
948:Jachaleria
818:, Poland.
796:naturalist
343:dicynodont
211:Suborder:
205:Therapsida
4193:157315424
4179:Lisowicia
4164:Q59122796
4149:Lisowicia
3841:Placerias
3820:Lisowicia
3793:Sungeodon
3494:Jimusaria
3478:Basilodon
3444:Taoheodon
3430:Peramodon
3402:Dicynodon
3323:Oudenodon
3266:Geikiidae
3034:Kombuisia
3007:Myosaurus
2973:Compsodon
2937:Digalodon
2904:Niassodon
2849:Diictodon
2822:Nyaphulia
2494:Synapsida
2479:Synapsida
2454:Synapsida
2437:Kingdom:
2346:751467953
2322:133862052
2314:0037-0738
2292:: 25–45.
2041:6 January
2008:135360687
1966:134592379
1880:203881268
1872:1029-2381
1831:196679837
1823:0891-2963
1667:0036-8075
1595:Lisowicia
1591:Lisowicia
1490:Lisowicia
1473:Lisowicia
1421:Lisowicia
1402:Lisowicia
1398:Lisowicia
1380:Lisowicia
1368:Lisowicia
1363:Lisowicia
1358:Lisowicia
1353:Lisowicia
1334:Lisowicia
1330:Lisowicia
1313:archosaur
1309:Lisowicia
1301:coprolite
1286:Predation
1276:Lisowicia
1267:Lisowicia
1251:Lisowicia
1246:Lisowicia
1242:Lisowicia
1233:Lisowicia
1229:Lisowicia
1213:Lisowicia
1208:Lisowicia
1204:Lisowicia
1197:Lisowicia
1119:Placerias
1090:Lisowicia
852:subfamily
847:Placerias
842:Lisowicia
827:Lisowicia
808:Lisowicia
792:physician
766:Lisowicia
760:Lisowicia
751:Lisowicia
724:Lisowicia
720:Lisowicia
709:Lisowicia
697:mudstones
689:Lubliniec
681:Lisowicia
644:Lisowicia
624:Lisowicia
619:Lisowicia
611:Lisowicia
579:Lisowicia
559:Lisowicia
555:synapsids
552:mammalian
548:Lisowicia
542:Forelimbs
528:Lisowicia
520:Lisowicia
497:Lisowicia
479:maxillary
471:Lisowicia
450:Placerias
441:Lisowicia
419:Lisowicia
415:Lisowicia
403:Lisowicia
399:dinosaurs
395:Lisowicia
385:Lisowicia
377:elephants
373:mammalian
369:Lisowicia
341:of giant
331:Lisowicia
288:Species:
274:Lisowicia
192:Synapsida
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
25:Lisowicia
4158:Wikidata
3972:Baiopsis
3665:Vinceria
3423:Kunpania
3416:Gordonia
3255:Katumbia
3232:Elphidae
3214:Rastodon
3200:Keyseria
2890:Abajudon
2870:Robertia
2856:Eosimops
2625:Otsheria
2445:Chordata
2443:Phylum:
2439:Animalia
2269:24287957
2181:30700743
2073:: 1–17.
1920:91926999
1675:30467179
1574:conifer
1555:and the
1549:such as
1539:conifers
1519:sharks.
1509:lungfish
1429:, small
1374:Latrines
1280:conifers
1225:Rhaetian
856:Moroccan
783:honours
705:Rhaetian
685:Lisowice
631:rib cage
593:and the
512:air sacs
467:tortoise
346:synapsid
240:Family:
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
42:Rhaetian
4201:ZooBank
2980:Emydops
2691:Galepus
2684:Galeops
2646:Ulemica
2639:Suminia
2358:Portals
2294:Bibcode
2260:3842779
2237:Bibcode
2172:6353991
2151:Bibcode
2106:Lethaia
2075:Bibcode
1991:Science
1946:Bibcode
1738:Gizmodo
1645:Bibcode
1636:Science
1223:to the
1217:Carnian
1193:humerus
850:in the
693:Silesia
638:modern
587:humerus
583:humerus
389:species
381:Fossils
360:of the
336:extinct
313:†
292:†
266:Genus:
131:humerus
109:↓
4042:Koupia
3289:Geikia
2384:Poland
2344:
2320:
2312:
2267:
2257:
2179:
2169:
2006:
1964:
1918:
1878:
1870:
1829:
1821:
1673:
1665:
1567:Beania
1557:cycads
1443:-like
1437:and a
1384:Brazil
1344:Growth
1221:Norian
831:family
789:German
781:bojani
713:Norian
648:Eocene
591:radius
568:radius
532:pelvis
365:Period
354:Norian
350:Poland
334:is an
38:Norian
3221:Syops
2459:Clade
2450:Clade
2318:S2CID
2004:S2CID
1962:S2CID
1916:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1827:S2CID
1227:with
774:genus
770:taxon
716:stage
536:femur
475:tusks
458:skull
339:genus
225:Clade
199:Clade
186:Clade
135:femur
129:Left
36:Late
4188:GBIF
3241:Elph
2492:see
2342:OCLC
2310:ISSN
2265:PMID
2177:PMID
2043:2019
2015:2019
1868:ISSN
1819:ISSN
1779:2022
1746:2022
1671:PMID
1663:ISSN
1564:and
1541:and
1515:and
1475:was
1426:Smok
1338:Smok
1326:Smok
1322:Smok
1317:Smok
1296:Smok
802:and
794:and
601:Size
595:ulna
572:ulna
570:and
504:ribs
456:The
281:2019
133:and
48:PreꞒ
2302:doi
2290:379
2255:PMC
2245:doi
2204:doi
2200:202
2167:PMC
2159:doi
2115:doi
2083:doi
2071:411
1996:doi
1954:doi
1942:514
1908:doi
1860:doi
1811:doi
1709:doi
1653:doi
1641:363
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1195:of
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98:Pg
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270:†
257:†
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231:†
215:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
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