231:. Fibrous strands ("crow's feet") extending from the thickened pleura into the lung parenchyma can be often detected on CT scan. Diffuse pleural thickening develops 20 to 40 years after first exposure. All types of asbestos can cause diffuse pleural thickening and a dose-related relationship has been described. It is thought that asbestos fibres that reach the pleura induce subpleural fibroblasts and mesothelial cells to produce scar tissue and collagen deposition, resulting in subpleural thickening. Pleural plaques often coexist with DPT although the latter is rare compared with pleural plaques. According to the Australian Surveillance of Australian Workplace Based Respiratory Events (SABRE) scheme, DPT accounted for 22% of all asbestos-related diseases. It usually begins with an inflammation of the pleura that is accompanied by a pleural effusion. Most patients complain of exertional breathlessness, however, chest pain has been also associated with this disorder. DPT has a significant impact on pulmonary function, causing a decrease in forced vital capacity, reducing total lung capacity and diffusing capacity. The restrictive impairment is a result of adhesions of the parietal with the visceral pleura as well as possible diaphragmatic involvement. Medical imaging is needed for diagnosis of diffuse pleural thickening. The appearance on a postero-anterior chest radiograph is of a continuous, irregular pleural shadowing. In accordance with the
235:(2000) classification, diffuse pleural thickening is considered to be present if there is obliteration of the costophrenic angle in continuity with ≥3 mm pleural thickening. CT scanning is more sensitive than chest radiography and can detect early pleural thickening (i.e. 1-2mm in thickness). The most commonly used classification system defines diffuse pleural thickening as a continuous sheet of pleural thickening more than 5 cm wide, more than 8 cm in craniocaudal extent, and more than 3 mm thick. Most patients are only mildly impaired by diffuse pleural thickening. Treatment options are limited but any new onset or severe pain should be investigated to exclude malignancy. In most compensation systems, patients are eligible for compensation which corresponds to the severity of disability.
262:(also known as Blesovsky's or folded lung syndrome) develops from infolding of thickened visceral pleura with collapse of the intervening lung parenchyma. It presents radiographically as a mass and may be mistaken for a tumour. On a CT scan of the chest it appears as a rounded mass like opacity in the peripheral lung adjacent to thickened pleura and with curvilinear opacities which are the bronchi and vessels (comet tail). Rounded atelectasis is the least common asbestos-related benign pleural disease. Exposure to asbestos is the most likely cause today but it can occur following other medical conditions. It is a chronic condition and usually asymptomatic.
105:
diseases can also occur as a result of non-occupational, environmental exposure. Asbestos was extensively used in many building materials, therefore large quantities of asbestos still remain in buildings that were built prior to the restriction of asbestos use that applies in many countries. The weathering and aging of such buildings may cause asbestos fragments to be released in the air and create a potential hazard. Anyone who disturbs the asbestos-containing material during home maintenance and renovation can be affected, although the exact risks are difficult to quantify.
314:(the lining of the abdominal cavity) and rarely elsewhere. Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of mesothelioma, representing about 75 percent of cases. Peritoneal mesothelioma is the second most common type, consisting of about 10 to 20 percent of cases. Mesothelioma appears from 20 to 50 years after the initial exposure to asbestos. The symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic chest pain, cough, and weight loss. Diagnosing mesothelioma is often difficult and can include physical examination, chest X-ray and lung function tests, followed by
250:(a buildup of fluid between the two pleural layers) following asbestos exposure. It is relatively uncommon and the earliest manifestation of disease following asbestos exposure, usually occurring within 10 years from exposure. Effusions may be asymptomatic but rarely, they can cause pain, fever, and breathlessness. Effusions usually last for 3–4 months and then resolve completely. They can also progress to diffuse pleural thickening. Diagnosis relies on a compatible history of asbestos exposure and exclusion of other probable causes.
364:). The latency period between exposure and development of lung cancer is 20 to 30 years. It is estimated that 3–8% of all lung cancers are related to asbestos. The risk of developing lung cancer depends on the level, duration, and frequency of asbestos exposure (cumulative exposure). Smoking and individual susceptibility are other contributing factors towards lung cancer. Smokers who have been exposed to asbestos are at far greater risk of lung cancer. Smoking and asbestos exposure have a multiplicative (
205:
pleural plaques and a restrictive impairment with diminished diffusing capacity on pulmonary function testing has been described. This has not been a consistent finding and it has been postulated that this might be related to undetected early fibrosis. The pathogenesis of pleural plaques remains uncertain. The most likely explanation is that asbestos fibres reach the parietal pleura by passage through lymphatic channels where they excite an inflammatory reaction. The chest
372:(coughing up blood), wheezing or hoarseness of the voice, weight loss and fatigue. Treatment involves surgical removal of the cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of these (multimodality treatment). Prognosis is generally poor unless the cancer is detected in its early stages. Out of all patients diagnosed with lung cancer, only 15% survive for five years after diagnosis.
40:
284:
after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos. Asbestos-related fibrosis is progressive because it continues to progress in the lung even if no further asbestos is inhaled. The scar tissue causes the alveolar walls to thicken, reducing the lung capacity which leads to the patient experiencing shortness of breath (
283:
lung disease caused by scarring of lung tissue, which results from prolonged exposure to asbestos. It is defined as diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis secondary to asbestos exposure. It initially affects the lung bases and usually manifests after 15 or more years from initial exposure. It occurs
204:
pleura. The number and size varies. Pleural plaques are typically asymptomatic, however, there is still some controversy on this topic. An association between pleural plaques and chest pain has been reported, but this has not been confirmed in more recent studies. Similarly, an association between
213:
is more sensitive and specific in this regard. Pleural plaques are evidence of past asbestos exposure and indicate an increased risk for the future development of other asbestos-related diseases. Pleural plaques in themselves are not pre-malignant. Individuals with pleural plaques are usually not
104:
People who worked in jobs with high asbestos dust exposure are at the highest risk of developing asbestos-related disease. However, exposure to asbestos may also occur in the worker's home due to dust that has accumulated on the worker's clothing (para-occupational exposure). Asbestos-related
125:, and can be retained in the lungs for many years. Amphibole fibers are not cleared as effectively as serpentines and therefore accumulate more readily in the distal lung parenchyma. Asbestos fibres are recognised by the lungs as foreign bodies and cause the activation of the lung's local
396:
or the benchmark for determining if a company acted within the bounds of negligent behavior. The following is a chronological list of some of the major pre-1950 scientific and medical articles relating to the knowledge of the medical and scientific communities regarding
322:. A biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Mesothelioma has a poor prognosis, with most patients dying within 1 year of diagnosis. The treatment strategies include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or multimodality treatment. Several tumour
222:
Diffuse pleural thickening (DPT) is non-circumscribed fibrous thickening of the visceral pleura with areas of adherence to the parietal pleura and obliteration of the pleural space. It often extends over the area of an entire lobe or lung, with fibrotic areas involving
182:
Pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of asbestos exposure, affecting up to 58% of asbestos-exposed workers. The prevalence among the general population exposed environmentally ranges from 0.53 to 8%. Pleural plaques are discrete circumscribed areas of
1458:
191:
that develop 20 to 40 years after first exposure. Over time, usually more than 30 years, they often become partly calcified. They consist of mature collagen fibers arranged in an open basket-weave pattern and are covered by flattened or cuboidal
47:
Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, pleura, and diaphragm in the body. Figure B shows lungs with asbestos-related diseases, including pleural plaque, lung cancer, asbestosis, plaque on the diaphragm, and
174:
appears to be more sensitive than the lung parenchyma to the effects of asbestos fibres. Thus asbestos-related pleural diseases can result from much lower doses than the fibrotic changes in the lung.
326:(soluble mesothelin-related protein (SMRP), osteopontin and fibulin3) have been evaluated for diagnostic purposes to allow early detection of this disease. Novel biomarkers such as
133:, cell and tissue damage. In the long term, this can lead to fibrosis, or rarely to malignancy. From the lungs, some asbestos fibres (mainly short fibres) can also migrate to
1521:
227:, apices, lung bases, and interlobar fissures. The thickness ranges from less than 1 mm up to 1 cm or more and may extend for a few millimeters into the
1532:
Park EK, Sandrini A, Yates DH, et al. (2008). "Soluble mesothelin-related protein in an asbestos-exposed population: the dust diseases board cohort study".
1468:
International Labor Office
International, Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization; 2011.
1334:
Yates D.H.; et al. (1996). ""Asbestos-related bilateral diffuse pleural thickening " natural history of radiographic and lung function abnormalities".
1048:
762:
Gardner, L.U. (1931). "Studies on
Experimental Pneumonoconiosis: VI. Inhalation of Asbestos Dust, Its Effect Upon Primary Tuberculosis Infection".
1240:
Mukherjee S, de Klerk N, Palmer LJ, et al. (2000). "Chest pain in asbestos-exposed individuals with benign pleural and parenchymal disease".
348:
that is identical to lung cancer from other causes. Exposure to asbestos is associated with all major histological types of lung carcinoma (
232:
1182:
Peacock, C., S.J. Copley, and D.M. Hansell, Asbestos-related benign pleural disease. Clinical
Radiology, 2000. 55(6): p. 422-32.
1138:
615:
Wood, W. Burton (May 1929). "Pulmonary asbestosis: Radiographic appearances in skiagrams of the chests of workers in asbestos".
1832:
1453:
Kee ST, Gamsu G, Blanc P. Causes of pulmonary impairment in asbestos- exposed individuals with diffuse pleural thickening"
1224:
Miles SE, Sandrini A, Johnson AR, Yates DH Clinical consequences of asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening: A review"
709:
Merewether, E.R.A. (May 1930). "The
Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis and Other Pulmonary Afflictions in Asbestos Workers".
196:
cells. They have a white or pale yellow shaggy appearance and are typically distributed on the posterolateral chest wall,
388:, particularly in the textile factories and mines of Great Britain. This body of knowledge is frequently referred to in
438:
749:
327:
1049:"Increasing incidence of malignant mesothelioma after exposure to asbestos during home maintenance and renovation"
1183:
1469:
1229:
551:
475:
353:
1202:
American
Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and Initial Management of Nonmalignant Diseases Related to Asbestos"
307:
1089:
17:
385:
118:
310:
is an aggressive and incurable tumour caused by asbestos arising from mesothelial cells of the pleura,
361:
357:
1482:"Conventional and high resolution computed tomography in the diagnosis of asbestos-related diseases"
934:
Fleischer, W.F. (1946). "Health Survey of Pipe
Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels".
380:
Thousands of scientific and medical articles have chronicled human understanding of the hazards of
224:
641:
Correspondence, Foreign
Letters (June 28, 1930). "Compensation Act to be Extended to Asbestosis".
368:) effect on the risk of lung cancer. Symptoms include chronic cough, chest pain, breathlessness,
280:
197:
122:
1568:
1315:
Oliver LC, Eisen EA, Greene R, Sprince NL. Asbestos-related pleural plaques and lung function"
1827:
1778:
1729:
1680:
1639:
1590:
1549:
1503:
1436:
1395:
1351:
1298:
1257:
1160:
1119:
1070:
1019:
943:
502:
114:
53:
1520:
Batra, P., et al., Rounded atelectasis. Journal of
Thoracic Imaging, 1996. 11(3): p. 187-97.
1768:
1760:
1719:
1711:
1670:
1629:
1621:
1580:
1541:
1493:
1426:
1385:
1343:
1288:
1249:
1150:
1109:
1101:
1060:
1009:
1001:
899:
807:
692:
652:
624:
598:
568:
560:
528:
492:
484:
393:
247:
86:
1415:"Surveillance of Australian workplace Based Respiratory Events (SABRE) in New South Wales"
228:
188:
856:
Holleb, H.B. (1942). "Bronchiogenic
Carcinoma in Association with Pulmonary Asbestosis".
746:
Encyclopedia of
Hygiene, Pathology and Social Welfare: Occupation and Health, Vol. I, A-H
423:
1773:
1748:
1724:
1699:
1634:
1609:
1207:
1114:
1014:
989:
890:
643:
573:
546:
497:
470:
349:
288:). Those affected are at an increased risk for heart failure and certain malignancies.
1498:
1481:
811:
628:
602:
117:
when asbestos is released into the air. Some of the inhaled fibers are cleared by the
1821:
1374:"The presentation and natural history of asbestos-induced diffuse pleural thickening"
903:
696:
656:
532:
126:
1413:
Hannaford-Turner K, Elder D, Sim MR, Abramson MJ, Johnson AR, Yates DH (Aug 2010).
302:
130:
98:
85:(pulmonary fibrosis due to asbestos), diffuse pleural thickening, pleural plaques,
1585:
1347:
1253:
1700:"Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality"
369:
365:
345:
339:
259:
201:
193:
94:
90:
58:
1105:
824:
Dreesen (August 1938). "A Study of Asbestos in the Asbestos Textile Industry".
1675:
1658:
1545:
589:
389:
323:
311:
276:
271:
138:
82:
39:
1431:
1414:
1390:
1373:
1293:
1276:
1155:
1005:
244:
1733:
1684:
1643:
1594:
1553:
1440:
1399:
1302:
1261:
1164:
1123:
1074:
1023:
947:
564:
506:
488:
459:. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. pp. 35–47, 163–181.
439:"Effect of Asbestos Dust on Workers Health in Asbestos Mines and Factories"
1782:
1625:
1507:
1355:
81:
fibres. Asbestos-related diseases include non-malignant disorders such as
1715:
398:
381:
78:
1807:
1065:
962:
Asbestosis IV: Analysis of Forty Necropsied Cases, Diseases of the Chest
425:
Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops, Part II
121:
mechanism but long thin asbestos fibers may reach the lower airways and
402:
315:
285:
210:
187:
fibrosis (patches of thickening) of the parietal pleura and rarely the
184:
150:
1764:
1610:"Fibulin-3 as a blood and effusion biomarker for pleural mesothelioma"
838:
Dublin (1941). "Occupational Hazards and Diagnostic Signs, Bulletin".
457:
Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in Dusty Trades (Inorganic Dusts)
171:
134:
74:
1659:"A breath test for malignant mesothelioma using an electronic nose"
206:
1139:"Apoptosis and asbestos-induced disease: Is there a connection?"
384:
to human life. This understanding paralleled the growth of the
70:
471:"Fibrosis of the Lungs due to the Inhalation of Asbestos Dust"
319:
870:
Wedler, H.W. (1944). "Asbestosis and Pulmonmary Carcinoma".
683:
Editorial (1930). "Current Comment, Pulmonary Asbestosis".
209:
is the usual tool for diagnosing pleural plaques but chest
1534:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1455:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1336:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1242:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1204:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
976:
Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1947
916:
Hutchinson (1944). "Dust as an Industrial Health Hazard".
798:
Woods, W.B.; Gloyne, S.R. (1934). "Pulmonary Asbestosis".
727:"Health and Industrial Hygiene - Pulmonary Asbestosis".
888:
Editorial (November 25, 1944). "Environmental Cancer".
153:
abnormalities encompass four types of pleural changes:
1569:"Osteopontin levels in an asbestos-exposed population"
1797:
1657:
Chapman EA, Thomas PS, Stone E, et al. (2012).
1801:
1277:"Chest pain in asbestos and silica-exposed workers"
1047:Olsen NJ, Franklin PJ, Reid A, et al. (2011).
52:
32:
1608:Pass HI, Levin SM, Harbut MR, et al. (2012).
1275:Park EK, Thomas PS, Wilson D, et al. (2011).
113:Inhaled asbestos fibres enter the upper and lower
1567:Park EK, Thomas PS, Johnson AR, Yates DH (2009).
669:Mills, R.G. (June 28, 1930). "Report of a Case".
428:, H.M. Stationery Office, 1898, pp. 171–172
1226:Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology
1143:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
780:Gordon, B (June 1931). "Pulmonary Asbestosis".
330:measured in exhaled breath are also promising.
145:Non-malignant asbestos-related pleural diseases
978:, London: H.M. Stationary Ofc., pp. 79–81
587:Haddow, A.C. (August 3, 1929). "Asbestosis".
8:
936:Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
840:U.S. Dept. Of Labor, Div. Of Labor Standards
1749:"Epidemiology of asbestos-related diseases"
1090:"Asbestos-induced lung diseases: an update"
826:U.S. Treasury Dept., Public Health Bulletin
1798:
519:Editorial (1928). "Pulmonary Asbestosis".
407:
214:compensated in most compensation systems.
38:
29:
1772:
1723:
1674:
1633:
1584:
1497:
1430:
1389:
1367:
1365:
1292:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1154:
1113:
1064:
1013:
572:
496:
18:List of asbestos disease medical articles
1480:Lynch, DA; Gamsu, G; Aberle, DR (1989).
1329:
1327:
1325:
1317:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1039:
243:Benign asbestos pleural effusion is an
547:"Pulmonary Asbestosis in South Africa"
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
7:
1747:Lemen, Richard; Dement (Feb 1980).
1614:The New England Journal of Medicine
292:Malignant asbestos-related diseases
1698:McCormack V.; et al. (2012).
25:
1499:10.1148/radiographics.9.3.2727359
233:International Labour Organization
166:Rounded atelectasis (folded lung)
163:Benign asbestos pleural effusions
1663:The European Respiratory Journal
904:10.1001/jama.1944.02850480036012
697:10.1001/jama.1930.02720190042014
657:10.1001/jama.1930.02710520044016
533:10.1001/jama.1928.02690290049014
239:Benign asbestos pleural effusion
1:
1586:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0360
1372:Jeebun V, Stenton SC (2012).
858:American Journal of Pathology
812:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)43332-5
629:10.1016/S0041-3879(29)80024-4
603:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)04102-2
469:Cooke, W.E. (July 26, 1924).
1348:10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542134
1254:10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.9912012
1053:Medical Journal of Australia
994:Postgraduate Medical Journal
334:Asbestos-related lung cancer
77:caused by the inhalation of
1849:
1106:10.1016/j.trsl.2009.01.004
750:International Labor Office
337:
328:volatile organic compounds
300:
269:
218:Diffuse pleural thickening
160:Diffuse pleural thickening
1704:British Journal of Cancer
1676:10.1183/09031936.00040911
1546:10.1164/rccm.200802-258oc
752:. 1930. pp. 189–181.
93:and malignancies such as
67:Asbestos-related diseases
46:
37:
1753:Environ. Health Perspect
1573:Clinical Cancer Research
1137:Broaddus VC (May 2001).
149:Benign asbestos-related
33:Asbestos-related disease
1156:10.1067/mlc.2001.115172
1006:10.1136/pgmj.25.290.631
918:Heating and Ventilating
552:British Medical Journal
476:British Medical Journal
354:squamous cell carcinoma
1094:Translational Research
565:10.1136/bmj.1.3516.885
545:Simpson, F.W. (1929).
489:10.1136/bmj.2.3317.147
455:Hoffman, F.L. (1918).
308:Malignant mesothelioma
297:Malignant mesothelioma
1833:Occupational diseases
1626:10.1056/nejmoa1115050
1432:10.1093/occmed/kqq011
1419:Occupational Medicine
1391:10.1093/occmed/kqs028
1378:Occupational Medicine
1294:10.1093/occmed/kqr011
1281:Occupational Medicine
386:Industrial Revolution
119:mucociliary clearance
69:are disorders of the
1716:10.1038/bjc.2011.563
960:Lynch, K.M. (1948),
729:Monthly Labor Review
362:small-cell carcinoma
358:large-cell carcinoma
141:(abdominal) spaces.
1066:10.5694/mja11.10125
974:Merewether (1949),
872:Bulletin of Hygiene
846:: II, IV, V and 25.
806:(5808): 1383–1385.
483:(3317): 147–140.2.
344:Asbestos can cause
254:Rounded atelectasis
225:costophrenic angles
1088:Kamp D.W. (2009).
671:Minnesota Medicine
443:The Labour Gazette
115:respiratory tracts
1815:
1814:
1765:10.1289/ehp.80341
1620:(15): 1417–1427.
1457:1996;154:789–793
1206:2004;170:691-715
1031:
1030:
559:(3516): 885–887.
64:
63:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1840:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1579:(4): 1362–1366.
1564:
1558:
1557:
1529:
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1511:
1501:
1477:
1471:
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1320:
1319:1988;14:649–656.
1313:
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1266:
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1248:(5): 1807–1811.
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1000:(290): 631–638.
979:
965:
964:, pp. 79–81
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510:
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445:: 761–762. 1912.
429:
408:
394:state of the art
248:pleural effusion
87:pleural effusion
42:
30:
21:
1848:
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1371:
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987:
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959:
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229:lung parenchyma
220:
189:visceral pleura
180:
178:Pleural plaques
157:Pleural plaques
147:
111:
109:Pathophysiology
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1846:
1844:
1836:
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1802:Classification
1795:
1794:External links
1792:
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1600:
1559:
1540:(8): 832–837.
1524:
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1384:(4): 266–268.
1361:
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1287:(3): 178–183.
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1080:
1059:(5): 271–274.
1038:
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988:Wyers (1949).
985:
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735:: 74–76. 1930.
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701:
680:
676:
675:
666:
662:
661:
638:
634:
633:
623:(8): 353–363.
612:
608:
607:
584:
580:
579:
542:
538:
537:
527:(2): 119–120.
516:
512:
511:
466:
462:
461:
452:
448:
447:
435:
431:
430:
420:
416:
415:
412:
377:
374:
350:adenocarcinoma
338:Main article:
335:
332:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
293:
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270:Main article:
267:
264:
255:
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240:
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219:
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146:
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110:
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97:and malignant
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1758:
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1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:(3): 575–84.
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:(2): 448–54.
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
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1500:
1495:
1492:(3): 523–51.
1491:
1487:
1486:Radiographics
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
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1433:
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1425:(5): 376–82.
1424:
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1397:
1392:
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1379:
1375:
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1148:
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1125:
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1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:(4): 143–52.
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
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132:
128:
127:immune system
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
57:
55:
51:
48:mesothelioma.
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1516:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1381:
1377:
1342:(1): 301–6.
1339:
1335:
1316:
1311:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1203:
1149:(5): 314–5.
1146:
1142:
1132:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1056:
1052:
1042:
997:
993:
990:"Asbestosis"
975:
961:
939:
935:
921:
917:
895:
889:
875:
871:
857:
843:
839:
825:
803:
799:
785:
781:
767:
763:
745:
732:
728:
714:
710:
691:(19): 1431.
688:
684:
670:
651:(26): 2078.
648:
642:
620:
616:
594:
588:
556:
550:
524:
520:
480:
474:
456:
442:
424:
414:Publication
379:
343:
306:
303:Mesothelioma
275:
257:
242:
221:
181:
169:
148:
131:inflammation
112:
103:
99:mesothelioma
66:
65:
924:(6): 57–61.
898:(13): 836.
764:J. Ind. Hyg
711:J. Ind. Hyg
405:in humans:
370:haemoptysis
366:synergistic
346:lung cancer
340:Lung cancer
260:atelectasis
202:mediastinal
194:mesothelial
129:leading to
95:lung cancer
91:atelectasis
59:Respirology
1822:Categories
1228:2008;3:20
1034:References
860:: 123–131.
788:: 637–639.
782:Penn.Med.J
748:. Geneva:
717:: 198–257.
673:: 495–499.
590:The Lancet
390:litigation
324:biomarkers
312:peritoneum
277:Asbestosis
272:Asbestosis
266:Asbestosis
139:peritoneal
89:, rounded
83:asbestosis
770:: 65–114.
245:exudative
198:diaphragm
54:Specialty
1828:Asbestos
1759:: 1–11.
1734:22233924
1685:22183490
1644:23050525
1595:19174489
1554:18583574
1441:20308261
1400:22539640
1303:21406408
1262:11069817
1165:11329527
1124:19304273
1075:21895596
1024:15396262
948:21016030
942:: 9–16.
828:: 1–126.
617:Tubercle
507:20771679
399:asbestos
382:asbestos
258:Rounded
79:asbestos
1783:6993197
1774:1568524
1725:3273352
1635:3761217
1508:2727359
1356:8542134
1115:3544481
1015:2530167
597:: 231.
574:2455583
498:2304688
403:disease
392:as the
376:History
316:CT scan
286:dyspnea
281:chronic
211:CT scan
185:hyaline
151:pleural
135:pleural
123:alveoli
1781:
1771:
1732:
1722:
1683:
1642:
1632:
1593:
1552:
1506:
1439:
1398:
1354:
1301:
1260:
1163:
1122:
1112:
1073:
1022:
1012:
946:
878:: 362.
800:Lancet
571:
505:
495:
200:, and
172:pleura
75:pleura
766:. 2.
713:. 5.
279:is a
207:X-ray
1779:PMID
1730:PMID
1681:PMID
1640:PMID
1591:PMID
1550:PMID
1504:PMID
1437:PMID
1396:PMID
1352:PMID
1299:PMID
1258:PMID
1161:PMID
1120:PMID
1071:PMID
1020:PMID
984:1949
970:1949
956:1948
944:PMID
930:1946
912:1944
891:JAMA
884:1944
866:1944
852:1942
834:1941
820:1938
794:1934
776:1930
758:1930
741:1930
723:1930
705:1930
685:JAMA
679:1930
665:1930
644:JAMA
637:1930
611:1929
583:1929
541:1928
521:JAMA
515:1928
503:PMID
465:1924
451:1918
434:1912
419:1898
411:Year
401:and
360:and
318:and
170:The
137:and
73:and
71:lung
1769:PMC
1761:doi
1720:PMC
1712:doi
1708:106
1671:doi
1630:PMC
1622:doi
1618:367
1581:doi
1542:doi
1538:178
1494:doi
1427:doi
1386:doi
1344:doi
1340:153
1289:doi
1250:doi
1246:162
1151:doi
1147:137
1110:PMC
1102:doi
1098:153
1061:doi
1057:195
1010:PMC
1002:doi
900:doi
896:126
808:doi
693:doi
653:doi
625:doi
599:doi
595:214
569:PMC
561:doi
529:doi
493:PMC
485:doi
320:MRI
1824::
1777:.
1767:.
1757:34
1755:.
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1702:.
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1667:40
1665:.
1661:.
1638:.
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1575:.
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1548:.
1536:.
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1488:.
1484:.
1435:.
1423:60
1421:.
1417:.
1394:.
1382:62
1380:.
1376:.
1364:^
1350:.
1338:.
1324:^
1297:.
1285:61
1283:.
1279:.
1256:.
1244:.
1213:^
1189:^
1173:^
1159:.
1145:.
1141:.
1118:.
1108:.
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1069:.
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1018:.
1008:.
998:25
996:.
992:.
938:.
922:41
920:.
894:.
876:19
874:.
844:41
842:.
802:.
786:35
784:.
768:13
733:31
731:.
715:12
689:95
687:.
649:94
647:.
621:10
619:.
593:.
567:.
555:.
549:.
525:90
523:.
501:.
491:.
479:.
473:.
441:.
356:,
352:,
101:.
1808:D
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1763::
1736:.
1714::
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1510:.
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1358:.
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1291::
1264:.
1252::
1167:.
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1126:.
1104::
1077:.
1063::
1026:.
1004::
950:.
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902::
814:.
810::
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655::
631:.
627::
605:.
601::
577:.
563::
557:1
535:.
531::
509:.
487::
481:2
20:)
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