1520:
1531:
99:, due to heart-related causes. These serious effects caused a substantial concern about the safety of clinical use of PSMF and VLCD. As a result, a review was published that highlighted the differences between these liquid protein diets, arguing that the fatal diets typically used hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) supplemented with the amino acid
65:
A PSMF attempts to spare the dieter the health risks of a complete fast by introducing the minimum amount of protein necessary to prevent muscle-wasting effects, while still eliminating fats and carbohydrates. Typically, depending on activity level, 0.8–1.2 g of protein per pound of lean body mass
87:
in the early 1970s as an intensive weight-loss diet designed to mitigate the harms associated with protein-calorie malnutrition and nitrogen losses induced by either acute illness or hypocaloric diets in patients with obesity, in order to adapt the patient's metabolism sufficiently to use
122:
Before an individual starts a PSMF diet, their doctor should order an electrocardiogram, to check for signs of heart disease and also will prescribe specific vitamins minerals and electrolytes to be taken daily as long as the diet persists.
95:
in 1976, motivates that the liquid protein diets of varying composition became widely popular. Three years later, in 1979, Isner published a report of 17 deaths associated with liquid protein
119:, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and/or tofu. PSMF is used as a treatment for highly motivated patients to achieve rapid weight loss and usually is administered for 6 – 16 weeks.
661:"Sudden, unexpected death in avid dieters using the liquid-protein-modified-fast diet. Observations in 17 patients and the role of the prolonged QT interval"
66:(not total body weight) is consumed. Protein beyond this minimum amount is also eliminated, as the body would use it for energy in a process called
1255:
281:
180:
Bal, Bikram S.; Finelli, Frederick C.; Koch, Timothy R. (19 April 2012), "Nutritional
Requirements of the Critically Ill Obese Patient",
840:
42:(<800 kcal per day) with a high proportion of protein calories and simultaneous restriction of carbohydrate and fat. It includes a
197:
448:"Effects of Resistance vs. Aerobic Training Combined With an 800 Calorie Liquid Diet on Lean Body Mass and Resting Metabolic Rate"
1240:
1560:
759:
577:"Protein sparing therapies in acute illness and obesity: a review of George Blackburn's contributions to nutrition science"
1367:
945:
868:
70:. Further lean body mass (muscle, organs, etc.) are spared through resistance training and limiting aerobic activity.
1272:
1121:
1337:
1235:
1166:
1066:
833:
1372:
1317:
1151:
1071:
107:; it further emphasized the importance of close medical monitoring during the fast and refeeding periods
1494:
1468:
1042:
154:
96:
39:
1534:
1377:
1332:
1312:
1292:
149:
104:
1171:
1027:
970:
84:
57:
PSMF diets can last for up to 6 months, followed by a gradual increase in calories over 6–8 weeks.
1565:
1523:
1463:
1428:
903:
826:
475:
250:
43:
575:
Thomas, Dylan D.; Istfan, Nawfal W.; Bistrian, Bruce R.; Apovian, Caroline M. (February 2018).
115:
Instead of hydrolyzed collagen, modern medically supervised PSMF diets include foods of higher
1489:
1458:
1433:
1357:
1287:
1081:
940:
893:
873:
804:
740:
732:
690:
682:
641:
624:
Engelman, Ralph (July 1989). "Joseph C. Goulden. Fit to Print: A.M. Rosenthal and His Times".
606:
554:
536:
515:
Blackburn, C. L.; Flatt, J. P.; Clowes, G. H. A.; Oʼdonnell, T. F.; Hensle, T. E. (May 1973).
467:
428:
377:
328:
277:
269:
242:
193:
1555:
1413:
1327:
1307:
1220:
1176:
1126:
1086:
1061:
990:
965:
955:
950:
925:
794:
786:
724:
672:
633:
596:
588:
544:
528:
459:
418:
408:
367:
359:
318:
310:
232:
185:
116:
221:"The protein-sparing modified fast for obese patients with type 2 diabetes: what to expect"
1423:
1403:
1382:
1245:
1161:
935:
88:
endogenous fat stores as well as to preserve the protein contained in the body cell mass.
67:
1438:
775:"The Effect of Starting the Protein-Sparing Modified Fast on Weight Change over 5 years"
1352:
1322:
1277:
1210:
1156:
1116:
1111:
1106:
975:
898:
878:
799:
774:
601:
576:
549:
516:
423:
396:
372:
347:
323:
298:
501:
1549:
1499:
1473:
1342:
1225:
1200:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1091:
985:
980:
930:
920:
863:
728:
532:
159:
47:
479:
447:
1448:
1443:
1387:
1192:
1056:
1017:
1010:
913:
883:
637:
463:
254:
51:
17:
709:
592:
1418:
1408:
1302:
1282:
1215:
1131:
1101:
1051:
1005:
1000:
888:
659:
Isner, J M; Sours, H E; Paris, A L; Ferrans, V J; Roberts, W C (December 1979).
132:
790:
189:
1453:
1362:
1297:
1076:
995:
138:
100:
736:
686:
677:
660:
645:
540:
314:
1230:
1181:
1022:
960:
517:"Protein Sparing Therapy during Periods of Starvation with Sepsis or Trauma"
808:
610:
471:
432:
381:
332:
246:
237:
220:
558:
413:
1504:
1267:
908:
849:
744:
694:
1347:
1259:
1096:
1032:
144:
83:
The concept of "protein-sparing modified fast" (PSMF) was described by
363:
1205:
822:
397:"Very-low-carbohydrate diets and preservation of muscle mass"
818:
760:"Study: PSMF Diet Shown To Provide Long-term Weight Loss"
773:
Center for Value-Based Care
Research (8 January 2020).
717:
JAMA: The
Journal of the American Medical Association
348:"Dietary protein and the blood glucose concentration"
91:
The "liquid protein" PSMF diet described in the book
1482:
1396:
1254:
1190:
1041:
856:
710:"Clinical Use of a Protein-Sparing Modified Fast"
162:: a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
141:: a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
297:Cleveland Clinic Foundation (22 January 2016).
103:for protein but that this omitted the other 8
834:
758:Cleveland Clinic Foundation (28 March 2018).
182:Critical Care Management of the Obese Patient
8:
452:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
841:
827:
819:
274:Diets and Dieting: A Cultural Encyclopedia
798:
676:
600:
548:
422:
412:
371:
322:
236:
299:"The Protein-Sparing Modified Fast Diet"
219:Chang, J; Kashyap, SR (September 2014).
214:
212:
210:
208:
708:Bistrian, Bruce R. (17 November 1978).
172:
500:praktischabnehmen (26 November 2021).
570:
568:
184:, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 186–194,
7:
1530:
779:Journal of General Internal Medicine
225:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
52:vitamin and mineral supplementation
25:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1241:The Good Carbohydrate Revolution
729:10.1001/jama.1978.03290210081040
533:10.1097/00000658-197305000-00012
638:10.1080/08821127.1989.10731199
502:"Protein-calorie malnutrition"
464:10.1080/07315724.1999.10718838
346:Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC (2013).
1:
1368:Protein-sparing modified fast
593:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.020
32:protein-sparing modified fast
946:Lamb chop and pineapple diet
869:Banana and skimmed milk diet
270:"Linn, Robert (1933–)"
1582:
1273:Activated charcoal cleanse
791:10.1007/s11606-019-05535-0
276:. Routledge. p. 160.
190:10.1002/9781119962083.ch21
1513:
135:: a low-carbohydrate diet
1122:Slimming for the Million
678:10.1161/01.CIR.60.6.1401
395:Manninen, Anssi (2006).
315:10.1177/2333794X15623245
1338:Time-restricted feeding
1236:Seed oil misinformation
1167:The Cruise Control Diet
303:Global Pediatric Health
1373:The Fast Way To Health
1318:Fasting mimicking diet
446:Bryner, Randy (1999).
238:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13128
1561:Proteins as nutrients
1495:List of food faddists
1469:Very-low-calorie diet
414:10.1186/1743-7075-3-9
155:Low-carbohydrate diet
105:essential amino acids
40:very-low-calorie diet
1378:The Last Chance Diet
1333:Intermittent fasting
1313:Enzyme-Catalyst Diet
1293:Chase Dietary Method
1191:High-carbohydrate /
1067:Calories Don't Count
309:: 2333794X15623245.
150:Intermittent fasting
93:The Last Chance Diet
79:The Last Chance Diet
1172:Wahls Protocol Diet
1072:Drinking Man's Diet
1028:Uric-acid free diet
971:Morning banana diet
857:Food-specific diets
626:American Journalism
18:Liquid protein diet
1464:The Cambridge Diet
1429:Hip and Thigh Diet
904:Beverly Hills Diet
268:Gilman SL (2007).
1543:
1542:
1490:List of fad diets
1459:Tongue Patch Diet
1434:Immune Power Diet
1358:No Breakfast Plan
1288:Celery juice diet
1082:Eat and Grow Thin
941:High-protein diet
894:Egg and wine diet
874:Cabbage soup diet
521:Annals of Surgery
401:Nutr Metab (Lond)
364:10.2337/db12-1829
283:978-1-135-87068-3
111:Modern PSMF diets
16:(Redirected from
1573:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1414:Cotton ball diet
1328:Hippocrates Diet
1308:Eliminating Diet
1221:Nutritarian diet
1177:Wheat Belly diet
1152:Strong Medicine
1127:South Beach Diet
1087:Hal Huggins diet
1062:Bulletproof diet
1045:/ high-fat diets
1043:Low-carbohydrate
991:Paleolithic diet
966:Monotrophic diet
956:Macrobiotic diet
951:Lectin-free diet
926:Gluten-free diet
843:
836:
829:
820:
813:
812:
802:
770:
764:
763:
755:
749:
748:
723:(21): 2299–302.
714:
705:
699:
698:
680:
671:(6): 1401–1412.
656:
650:
649:
621:
615:
614:
604:
572:
563:
562:
552:
512:
506:
505:
497:
491:
490:
488:
486:
443:
437:
436:
426:
416:
392:
386:
385:
375:
343:
337:
336:
326:
294:
288:
287:
265:
259:
258:
240:
216:
203:
202:
177:
117:biological value
85:George Blackburn
21:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1509:
1478:
1424:Hallelujah Diet
1404:Blood type diet
1392:
1383:Wheatgrass diet
1250:
1246:The Thrive Diet
1186:
1162:The 4-Hour Body
1037:
936:Grapefruit diet
852:
847:
817:
816:
772:
771:
767:
757:
756:
752:
712:
707:
706:
702:
658:
657:
653:
623:
622:
618:
574:
573:
566:
514:
513:
509:
499:
498:
494:
484:
482:
445:
444:
440:
394:
393:
389:
345:
344:
340:
296:
295:
291:
284:
267:
266:
262:
218:
217:
206:
200:
179:
178:
174:
169:
129:
113:
81:
76:
68:gluconeogenesis
63:
38:is a type of a
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Master Cleanse
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Fat Flush Plan
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Breatharianism
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1256:Detoxification
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:McDougall diet
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Sugar Busters!
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Scarsdale diet
1114:
1112:Salisbury diet
1109:
1107:Montignac diet
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
976:Mucusless Diet
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
899:Food combining
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Carnivore diet
876:
871:
866:
860:
858:
854:
853:
848:
846:
845:
838:
831:
823:
815:
814:
785:(3): 704–710.
765:
750:
700:
651:
632:(3): 202–204.
616:
564:
507:
492:
458:(2): 115–121.
438:
387:
338:
289:
282:
260:
204:
198:
171:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
128:
125:
112:
109:
80:
77:
75:
72:
62:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1578:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Pseudoscience
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:Werewolf diet
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Juice fasting
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Pritikin diet
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Engine 2 Diet
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1193:low-fat diets
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Stillman diet
1145:
1143:
1142:Rosedale diet
1140:
1138:
1137:Protein Power
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Hamptons Diet
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:No-Aging Diet
984:
982:
981:Mushroom diet
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Fruitarianism
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Alkaline diet
862:
861:
859:
855:
851:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
821:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
766:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
704:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
612:
608:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
569:
565:
560:
556:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:(5): 588–94.
526:
522:
518:
511:
508:
503:
496:
493:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
434:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
388:
383:
379:
374:
369:
365:
361:
358:(5): 1371–2.
357:
353:
349:
342:
339:
334:
330:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
290:
285:
279:
275:
271:
264:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
234:
231:(9): 557–65.
230:
226:
222:
215:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:9781119962083
195:
191:
187:
183:
176:
173:
166:
161:
160:Stillman diet
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
126:
124:
120:
118:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
78:
73:
71:
69:
60:
58:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1517:
1444:Seed cycling
1439:Maker's Diet
1388:Wigmore diet
1057:Banting diet
1018:Rhubarb diet
1011:Raw veganism
914:Fit for Life
884:Clean eating
782:
778:
768:
753:
720:
716:
703:
668:
664:
654:
629:
625:
619:
584:
580:
524:
520:
510:
504:(in German).
495:
483:. Retrieved
455:
451:
441:
404:
400:
390:
355:
351:
341:
306:
302:
292:
273:
263:
228:
224:
181:
175:
121:
114:
92:
90:
82:
64:
56:
35:
31:
29:
27:Type of diet
1419:Fletcherism
1409:Budwig diet
1303:Dubrow Diet
1283:Breuss diet
1216:Ornish diet
1132:Pioppi Diet
1102:Kordel diet
1052:Atkins diet
1006:Raw foodism
1001:Potato diet
889:Cookie diet
665:Circulation
133:Atkins diet
61:Description
46:component,
1550:Categories
1454:Swank diet
1449:Sensa diet
1363:Orthopathy
1298:Detox diet
1077:Dukan Diet
996:Pegan diet
931:Grape diet
581:Metabolism
167:References
139:Dukan Diet
101:tryptophan
1566:Fad diets
1231:Rice diet
1182:Zone diet
1023:Superfood
961:Milk diet
850:Fad diets
737:0098-7484
687:0009-7322
646:0882-1127
587:: 83–96.
541:0003-4932
36:PSMF diet
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480:25528612
472:10204826
433:16448570
382:23613553
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800:7080885
602:5809291
559:4634108
550:1355601
485:10 July
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429:PMID
378:PMID
329:PMID
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