424:, volunteered. Emperor Gaozu therefore sent him. Meanwhile, Liu's forces became bogged down while sieging Tang's Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan as well), and when Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji arrived, Liu's forces ran out of food supplies and collapsed. Liu was able to flee, but in spring 623, as his flight, with only about 100 guards, took him to Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern Hengshui), his prefect of Rao Prefecture, Zhuge Dewei, welcomed him into the city and held a feast for him. In the middle of the feast, however, Zhuge ambushed him and his guards, capturing them and delivering them to Li Jiancheng. Li Jiancheng had Liu Heita and his brother Liu Shishan (
296:), who refused (and was then killed by them). They instead offered the leadership to Liu Heita, who was then retired and tending to his garden, and he accepted. In fall 621, they officially rose and captured Zhangnan. The former Xia soldiers gradually came out of retirement and joined him, and Liu offered sacrifices to Dou's spirit, declaring that the Xia forces had risen to avenge him. His uprising was echoed by another agrarian leader,
273:
408:) the Prince of Huaiyang, to attack Liu, along with Li Yuanji. However, Liu's army won battle after battle, and in winter 622, Liu engaged Li Daoxuan at Xiabo (下博, in modern Hengshui), defeating and killing Li Daoxuan. Within half a month, Liu again recovered all of former Xia territory. Li Yuanji feared his power and hesitated at engaging him.
415:
the Crown Prince, was by now in an intense rivalry with Li Shimin, as he feared that Li Shimin had the intent to seize the throne for himself rather than yielding to Li
Jiancheng as the older brother. When Emperor Gaozu considered sending Li Shimin again, Li Jiancheng, at the suggestion of his staff
241:
general who had been forced to submit to and serve Dou's state of Xia. Dou made Liu a general and created him the Duke of
Handong. He often had Liu command guerilla forces to make surprise attacks, and sometimes covertly entering enemy territory for intelligence purposes. It was said that Liu won
341:
the Prince of Qi, to attack Liu. Meanwhile, in spring 622, Liu claimed the title of Prince of
Handong. He organized his government in the same manner Dou did, retaining most of former Xia officials and generals. Historians commented that he was even more fierce and resolute in military actions
200:—and was said to be brave and quick in reaction from his youth. He was also said to favor drinking and gambling, much to his father's and brothers' dismay. He became friendly with Dou, and whenever he lacked money, Dou would support him. He eventually joined agrarian rebels rising against
383:
for more than 60 days. Both sides tried to attack each other, without success. Meanwhile, Li Shimin set up a dam upstream on the Ming River. When Liu attacked, Li Shimin had the dam destroyed, and much of the
Handong army was drowned. Liu was able to flee with his general Wang Xiaohu
284:(Li Shimin's father). The former Xia generals and officials, who had returned to civilian life but who had been often harassed by Tang officials and worried that they would also be executed, gathered secretly and considered rising against Tang rule. After they, led by Gao Yaxian (
254:
the Prince of Qin (the eventual
Emperor Taizong) and in desperate straits, Dou Jiande believed that if Zheng were destroyed by Tang, his own Xia state would be cornered. He therefore launched his army, seeking to save Zheng's capital
401:
In summer 622, Liu, with
Turkish reinforcements, tried to return to the region. Li Yi was unable to stop him. With Li Shimin having already returned to Chang'an at that point, Emperor Gaozu sent another son of a cousin, Li Daoxuan
1199:
333:). Around the new year 622, Liu defeated Li Xiaochang (李孝常, the son of a cousin of Emperor Gaozu) and Li Shiji as well and recovered all of former Xia territory—the region north of the
1234:
218:, then a Sui general, in 618, as Wang knew of Liu's ferocity, he made Liu a cavalry officer, but he thought little of Wang's actions, and often secretly laughed at Wang.
711:
515:
day of the 1st month of that year, which corresponds to 7 Feb 623 in the Julian calendar (春，正月，己卯，刘黑闼所署饶州刺史诸葛德威执黑闼，举城降。). Emperor Gaozu's biography in
263:, and Dou was captured. Wang then surrendered. The Xia forces considered continuing to resist, but under the leadership of the official Qi Shanxing (
321:). Liu then defeated Li Yi as well, and Liu's fame spread through the region. He also entered into an alliance with another agrarian leader,
1219:
290:), were informed by fortunetellers that their leader should be someone named Liu, they first offered their leadership to the general Liu Ya (
1239:
1229:
972:
704:
641:
1224:
107:
565:
541:
152:
in 621 and his territory was taken by Tang, Liu rose to avenge Dou, and briefly recaptured Dou's territory, north of the
1204:
697:
188:
Little is known about Liu Heita's background, and it is not known when he was born. He was from
Zhangnan (漳南, in modern
590:
1194:
720:
742:
623:
417:
376:) and, when Luo refused to join the rebels, had him executed. The other wing of his forces were defeated by Li Yi.
221:
In 619, Liu was serving in the army of Wang's newly established state of Zheng (as Wang had the final Sui emperor,
987:
1209:
391:
326:
781:
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160:
1168:
977:
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358:. Li Yi was coming from the north and the two Tang generals planned to capture the northern road from the
1042:
776:
681:
431:
363:
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337:. Emperor Gaozu, now realizing that Liu was a major threat, decided to send Li Shimin and another son,
281:
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137:
1087:
811:
633:
64:
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I was tending my garden. It was those people led by Gao Yaxian who brought me to this point.
119:
527:
era, corresponding to 19 Jan 623 in the Julian calendar.(十二月...庚申，至自宜州。皇太子破刘黑闼于魏州，斩之，山东平。)
1173:
1158:
457:
The account that Liu was captured by Li Shiji is contained in the original edition of the
260:
52:
507:, vol.01; the month corresponds to 7 Mar to 5 Apr 623 in the Julian calendar. Vol.190 of
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indicate that Liu was not captured by Li Shiji, but had fled to Dou on his own account.
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the Prince of Yan. Liu defeated Li
Shentong, however, at Raoyang (饒陽, in modern
297:
225:, yield the throne to him earlier that year), defending Xinxiang (新鄉, in modern
201:
123:
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In 621, with Wang
Shichong's state of Zheng under attack by the Tang general
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1082:
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276:
Map showing major uprisings and rebellions in the last years of Sui dynasty.
222:
309:) the Prince of Huai'an against Liu, in conjunction with the Tang official
366:
to Yuzhou (Beijing), combining their forces and isolating the rebels from
1027:
1012:
914:
747:
314:
234:
226:
300:, who had submitted to Tang but by now was nominally submitting to him.
1067:
909:
629:
Son of Heaven: A Biography of Li Shih-Min, Founder of the T'ang
Dynasty
256:
92:
929:
894:
310:
189:
670:
318:
230:
193:
174:
In 623, Liu was captured by his one-time subordinate Zhuge Dewei (
693:
379:
Eventually, the Tang and Handong forces stalemated across the
184:
Service under Hao Xiaode, Li Mi, Wang Shichong, and Dou Jiande
57:
390:), but Handong defenses otherwise collapsed. Liu fled to the
303:
Tang's emperor Gaozu initially sent his cousin Li Shentong (
163:(the eventual Emperor Taizong) and then Li Shimin's brother
370:. Liu split his forces. He was able to capture Luo Shixin (
354:
Li Shimin arrived from the south as Liu was besieging
130:, who initially successively served under Hao Xiaode (
214:'s forces, served under Li. After Li was defeated by
430:) executed in the marketplace of his former capital
1200:
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation
1151:
963:
825:
766:
727:
346:(now Guangfu), the same location as Dou's capital.
91:
77:
43:
31:
23:
18:
398:), and Handong territory fell into Tang hands.
118:March 623) was an agrarian rebel leader during
705:
523:day of the 12th month of the 5th year of the
463:which was then adopted by, among others, the
425:
403:
385:
371:
304:
291:
285:
264:
205:
175:
131:
8:
204:rule, and he initially followed Hao Xiaode (
280:However, subsequently, Dou was executed by
269:), they surrendered Xia territory to Tang.
148:the Prince of Xia. After Dou was killed by
1235:7th-century executions by the Tang dynasty
712:
698:
690:
650:
607:
159:Liu was then defeated by the Tang general
15:
434:. Before his death, Liu Heita lamented:
271:
496:
450:
411:Meanwhile, Emperor Gaozu's oldest son,
40:
83:Tiānzao (天造) of Handong: 622–623
7:
475:. However, the annotations to the
325:the Prince of Yan, as well as the
14:
342:than Dou. He set his capital at
259:. Li Shimin engaged him at the
636:: Cambridge University Press,
426:
372:
292:
265:
122:'s transition period from the
111:
1:
519:dated Liu's execution to the
210:), and then after Hao joined
115:
1220:7th-century Chinese monarchs
1240:Transition from Sui to Tang
721:Transition from Sui to Tang
624:Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick
511:dated Liu's capture to the
233:), when he was captured by
1256:
1230:Executed people from Hebei
242:many victories under Dou.
678:
667:
658:
653:
404:
386:
305:
286:
206:
176:
144:. He eventually followed
132:
82:
48:
39:
1225:Politicians from Handan
78:Era name and dates
277:
97:Sui and Tang dynasties
682:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
282:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
275:
246:Uprising against Tang
196:)—the same county as
150:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
368:their Turkish allies
1205:Generals from Hebei
1195:Sui dynasty people
610:, pp. 97–105.
567:New Book of Tang,
543:Old Book of Tang,
278:
1182:
1181:
802:Princess Pingyang
688:
687:
679:Succeeded by
608:Fitzgerald (1933)
101:
100:
87:
86:
1247:
714:
707:
700:
691:
669:Ruler of China (
659:Preceded by
651:
646:
611:
605:
599:
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591:Zizhi Tongjian,
586:
580:
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573:, archived from
562:
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549:, archived from
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517:Old Book of Tang
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477:Old Book of Tang
466:New Book of Tang
460:Old Book of Tang
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350:Defeat and death
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593:Vol. CLXXXVIII
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509:Zizhi Tongjian
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1113:Shan Xiongxin
1111:
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1021:
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885:Wang Shichong
883:
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777:Emperor Gaozu
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643:9781001287973
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631:
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577:on 2008-02-10
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553:on 2007-10-11
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392:Eastern Turks
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327:Eastern Turks
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216:Wang Shichong
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142:Wang Shichong
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1169:Qianshuiyuan
1088:Wei Wensheng
1008:Cheng Yaojin
925:Yang Xuangan
869:
787:Li Jiancheng
743:Empress Xiao
738:Emperor Yang
668:
628:
617:Bibliography
603:
592:
589:
584:
575:the original
570:
566:
560:
551:the original
546:
542:
536:
529:Jiu Tang Shu
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:Xin Tang Shu
504:
503:(二月，刘黑闼伏诛。)
499:
476:
470:
464:
458:
453:
438:
413:Li Jiancheng
410:
400:
395:
378:
360:Yellow River
353:
335:Yellow River
330:
302:
279:
249:
239:Tang dynasty
220:
187:
173:
169:Crown Prince
165:Li Jiancheng
158:
154:Yellow River
128:Tang dynasty
103:
102:
1128:Yin Kaishan
1118:Pei Xingyan
1108:Wang Bodang
1098:Zhang Xutuo
1078:Gao Shilian
1048:Yuwen Shiji
1038:Liu Wenjing
988:Yang Yichen
983:Li Xiaogong
973:Empress Cao
966:key figures
940:Wagang Army
905:Yuwen Huaji
890:Xu Yuanlang
880:Shen Faxing
865:Lin Shihong
860:Liang Shidu
826:Independent
812:Li Shentong
807:Li Xiaogong
569:Vol. LXXXVI
298:Xu Yuanlang
202:Sui dynasty
124:Sui dynasty
53:Family name
1215:623 deaths
1189:Categories
1138:Luo Shixin
1133:Chen Shuda
1123:Liu Hongji
1053:Chen Shuda
1003:Yuchi Gong
998:Qin Shubao
955:Lu Mingyue
920:Fu Gongshi
900:Xue Rengao
875:Liu Wuzhou
845:Gao Kaidao
840:Fu Gongshi
835:Dou Jiande
828:contenders
817:Li Daozong
662:Dou Jiande
487:References
381:Ming River
323:Gao Kaidao
198:Dou Jiande
146:Dou Jiande
69:Hēità (黑闥)
65:Given name
1143:Yu Shinan
1103:Qutu Tong
1093:Lai Hu'er
1083:Tang Jian
1063:Hou Junji
1058:Feng Deyi
1033:Wei Zheng
1018:Chai Shao
993:Yuwen Shu
950:Zhai Rang
935:Xiao Xian
870:Liu Heita
855:Li Zitong
797:Li Yuanji
792:Li Xuanba
782:Li Shimin
753:Yang Tong
634:Cambridge
531:, vol.01.
492:Citations
422:Wei Zheng
396:Dongtujue
339:Li Yuanji
331:Dongtujue
252:Li Shimin
223:Yang Tong
161:Li Shimin
104:Liu Heita
44:Full name
19:Liu Heita
1028:Du Ruhui
1013:Xu Shiji
915:Du Fuwei
758:Yang Hao
748:Yang You
676:621–623
626:(1933),
521:gengshen
469:and the
432:Mingzhou
418:Wang Gui
416:members
364:Mingzhou
362:through
344:Mingzhou
315:Hengshui
235:Li Shiji
227:Xinxiang
114:) (died
1152:Battles
1068:Xiao Yu
978:Li Jing
910:Zhu Can
770:royalty
731:royalty
545:Vol. LV
257:Luoyang
126:to the
108:Chinese
93:Dynasty
27:622–623
1164:Yanshi
1043:Pei Ji
930:Luo Yi
895:Xue Ju
850:Li Gui
640:
513:ji'mao
356:Quzhou
190:Handan
167:, the
140:, and
110::
1174:Hulao
1159:Huoyi
964:Other
945:Li Mi
671:Hebei
525:Wu'de
445:Notes
319:Hebei
311:Li Yi
231:Henan
212:Li Mi
194:Hebei
138:Li Mi
120:China
24:Reign
768:Tang
638:ISBN
420:and
237:, a
177:諸葛德威
32:Died
729:Sui
427:劉十善
405:李道玄
387:王小胡
373:羅士信
306:李神通
287:高雅賢
266:齊善行
207:郝孝德
136:),
133:郝孝德
112:劉黑闥
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