Livestock - Knowledge

1393: 896: 38: 1445:. Livestock can serve as insurance against risk and is an economic buffer (of income and food supply) in some regions and some economies (e.g., during some African droughts). However, its use as a buffer may sometimes be limited where alternatives are present, which may reflect strategic maintenance of insurance in addition to a desire to retain productive assets. Even for some farmers in Western nations, livestock can serve as a kind of insurance. Some crop growers may produce livestock as a strategy for diversification of their income sources, to reduce risks related to weather, markets and other factors. 443: 6963: 1787: 816: 7386: 996: 198: 741: 1753:. The IPCC has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010. Cattle produce some 79 million tons of methane per day. Livestock enteric methane account 30% of the overall methane emissions of the planet. Livestock are responsible for 34% of all human-related emissions of 1779: 1096:; pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors; poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of the year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed and other inputs are bought onto the farm from outside. 543: 4811: 1425:

as fertilizer. Livestock manure helps maintain the fertility of grazing lands. Manure is commonly collected from barns and feeding areas to fertilize cropland. In some places, animal manure is used as fuel, either directly (as in some non-Western countries), or indirectly (as a source of methane for heating or for generating electricity). In regions where machine power is limited, some classes of livestock are used as draft stock, not only for

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Livestock provide a variety of food and non-food products; the latter include leather, wool, pharmaceuticals, bone products, industrial protein, and fats. For many abattoirs, very little animal biomass may be wasted at slaughter. Even intestinal contents removed at slaughter may be recovered for use

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Chessa, B.; Pereira, F.; Arnaud, F.; Amorim, A.; Goyache, F.; Mainland, I.; Kao, R. R.; Pemberton, J. M.; Beraldi, D.; Stear, M. J.; Alberti, A.; Pittau, M.; Iannuzzi, L.; Banabazi, M. H.; Kazwala, R. R.; Zhang, Y.-p.; Arranz, J. J.; Ali, B. A.; Wang, Z.; Uzun, M.; Dione, M. M.; Olsaker, I.; Holm,

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needs, yet is still a minority of supply at 39%, with crops providing the rest. Consequently, plans for limiting global warming to lower levels like 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) or 2 °C (3.6 °F) assume animal-derived food will play a lower role in the global diets relative to now. As such,

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Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. It is responsible for somewhere between 20 and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world, and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production is a contributing

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In the US, profit tends to rank low among motivations for involvement in livestock ranching. Instead, family, tradition and a desired way of life tend to be major motivators for ranch purchase, and ranchers "historically have been willing to accept low returns from livestock production".

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Social values in developed countries can also be considerable. For example, in a study of livestock ranching permitted on national forest land in New Mexico, US, it was concluded that "ranching maintains traditional values and connects families to ancestral lands and

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way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible their products, such as wool, eggs, milk and

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and other on-farm use, but also for transport of people and goods. In 1997, livestock provided energy for between an estimated 25 and 64% of cultivation energy in the world's irrigated systems, and that 300 million draft animals were used globally in

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Schauberger, Günther; Mikovits, Christian; Zollitsch, Werner; Hörtenhuber, Stefan J.; Baumgartner, Johannes; Niebuhr, Knut; Piringer, Martin; Knauder, Werner; Anders, Ivonne; Andre, Konrad; Hennig-Pauka, Isabel; Schönhart, Martin (22 January 2019).

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Proposed adaptations to climate change in livestock production include improved cooling at animal shelters and changes to animal feed, though they are often costly or have only limited effects. At the same time, livestock produces the majority of

1730:. Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction in various ways. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal grazing (for example, animal husbandry is responsible for up to 91% of the 1076:. In the uplands of the United Kingdom, sheep are turned out on the fells in spring and graze the abundant mountain grasses untended, being brought to lower altitudes late in the year, with supplementary feeding being provided in winter. 1051:

involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands. Similar cattle stations are found in South America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. Ranching systems have been used for

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The value of global livestock production in 2013 has been estimated at 883 billion dollars, (constant 2005–2006 dollars). However, economic implications of livestock production extend further: to downstream industry (saleyards,

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can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week. At the other extreme, in the more Western parts of the world,

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While some areas which currently support livestock animals are expected to avoid "extreme heat stress" even with high warming at the end of the century, others may stop being suitable as early as midcentury. In general,

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Larson, Greger; Liu, Ranran; Zhao, Xingbo; Yuan, Jing; Fuller, Dorian; Barton, Loukas; Dobney, Keith; Fan, Qipeng; Gu, Zhiliang; Liu, Xiao-Hui; Luo, Yunbing; Lv, Peng; Andersson, Leif; Li, Ning (19 April 2010).

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transition plans now involve limits on total livestock headcounts (including reductions of already disproportionately large stocks in countries like Ireland), and there have been calls for phasing out

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Many studies have found evidence of the social, as well as economic, importance of livestock in non-Western countries and in regions of rural poverty, and such evidence is not confined to pastoral and

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At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this is now considered poor practice in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to

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are the main contributors to animal health on farms, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with

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Zhang, Jintao; You, Qinglong; Ren, Guoyu; Ullah, Safi; Normatov, Inom; Chen, Deliang (24 January 2023). "Inequality of Global Thermal Comfort Conditions Changes in a Warmer World".

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shocks caused by the impacts of climate change on their livestock, as over 180 million people across those nations are expected to see significant declines in suitability of their

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around midcentury. On the other hand, Japan, the United States and nations in Europe are considered the least vulnerable. This is as much a product of pre-existing differences in

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are also spreading further than they had before, and the data indicating this is frequently of superior quality to one used to estimate impacts on the spread of human pathogens.

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The term "livestock" is indistinct and may be defined narrowly or broadly. Broadly, livestock refers to any population of animals kept by humans for a useful, commercial purpose.

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McSweeney, A. M and C. Raish. 2012. Social, cultural and economic aspects of livestock ranching on the Santa Fe and Carson National Forests. USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR 276.

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L.-E.; Saarma, U.; Ahmad, S.; Marzanov, N.; Eythorsdottir, E.; Holland, M. J.; Ajmone-Marsan, P.; Bruford, M. W.; Kantanen, J.; Spencer, T. E.; Palmarini, M. (24 April 2009).

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lifestyles. Animal husbandry practices have varied widely across cultures and time periods. It continues to play a major economic and cultural role in numerous communities.

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Animals can be kept extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from

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is defined in contradistinction to livestock as "animals that have died before slaughter, sometimes from illness or disease". It is illegal in many countries, such as

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dates to around 4,000 BC. Cattle have been domesticated since approximately 10,500 years ago. Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7,000 BC.

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Although livestock production serves as a source of income, it can provide additional economic values for rural families, often serving as a major contributor to

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In non-Western countries, providing access to markets has encouraged farmers to invest in livestock, with the result being improved livelihoods. For example, the

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Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:

6869: 6132: 1973: 5939: 1734:), while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted and hunted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits. The newest report released by the 7139: 1473: 3869: 4071: 7179: 3290:

Swanepoel, F., A. Stroebel and S. Moyo. (eds.) 2010. The role of livestock in developing communities: Enhancing multifunctionality. African Sun Media.

1897: 1807: 1735: 1250: 1208:. In the European Union, when farmers treat the animals, they are required to follow the guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given. 228: 186: 6749: 6693: 1310:, 2,000 workers process 4,500 cattle per day, or more than one-third of Canada's capacity. It closed when some of its workers became infected with 227:

federal legislation defines the term to make specified agricultural commodities eligible or ineligible for a program or activity. For example, the

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Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere".

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are common predators, with an additional threat from domestic dogs who may kill in response to a hunting instinct, leaving the carcass uneaten.

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lifestyles. Animals are domesticated when their breeding and living conditions are controlled by humans. Over time, the collective behaviour,

7099: 5751: 4048: 3853: 2844: 2721: 2694: 2632: 4509:"Global warming impact on confined livestock in buildings: efficacy of adaptation measures to reduce heat stress for growing-fattening pigs" 7054: 5756: 2746: 4004: 3534:

Bettencourt, Elisa Maria Varela; Tilman, Mário; Henriques, Pedro Damião de Sousa; Narciso, Vanda; Carvalho, Maria Leonor da Silva (2013),

3817: 2878: 1814:. As an outright end to human consumption of meat and/or animal products is not currently considered a realistic goal, any comprehensive 1246:

are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland. Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.

6651: 4690: 2998: 6681: 101:. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals who are raised for consumption, and sometimes used to refer solely to farmed 6836: 4184: 3793: 3696: 3117: 364: 2251: 1092:; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density 141:

are not included in the category. The latter is likely due to the fact that fish products are not governed by the USDA, but by the

37: 7049: 7024: 6862: 6125: 4562: 1963: 1520: 1413:, tanneries, etc.), upstream industry (feed producers, feed transport, farm and ranch supply companies, equipment manufacturers, 3173: 6729: 6714: 6709: 6486: 3143: 3113: 1968: 1939: 2282: 2100: 7109: 6776: 6771: 6719: 6466: 4724: 2649: 1984: 1242:. Animals living under intensive conditions are particularly prone to internal and external parasites; increasing numbers of 342: 1227:

animals. Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on the movement of livestock,

7172: 7104: 7087: 7059: 6451: 6162: 4337:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 3160: 278: 7409: 7064: 6982: 6471: 6446: 6038: 4373:

Rasmussen, Laura Vang; Hall, Charlotte; Vansant, Emilie C.; Braber, Bowie den; Olesen, Rasmus Skov (17 September 2021).

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Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".

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Map of countries considered most and least vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change on their grazing livestock.

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represent fully three-quarters of the Canadian beef supply. In other areas, livestock may be bought and sold in a

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Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".

1819: 1815: 1791: 178: 7165: 7132: 6744: 6330: 6243: 6228: 6183: 5944: 5876: 5766: 5309: 4174: 4149: 4088: 3144:"Worker dies, hundreds sick as Cargill temporarily closes meat-processing plant at centre of COVID-19 outbreak" 1854: 1786: 1758: 1480: 1311: 1274: 1089: 815: 442: 327: 170: 173:. Intensive animal farming increases the yield of the various commercial outputs, but also negatively impacts 6947: 6671: 6394: 6389: 6280: 6248: 5924: 5725: 4100: 4068: 1882: 1857:. Difficulties with growing feed could reduce worldwide livestock headcounts by 7–10% by midcentury. Animal 1648: 1431: 346: 331: 56: 3076: 267:

of livestock have changed radically. Many modern farmed animals are unsuited to life in the natural world.

7450: 6739: 6724: 6666: 6661: 6416: 6347: 6340: 6157: 6152: 5735: 5710: 5678: 4685: 3316: 3114:"Guidelines for Humane Handling, Transport and Slaughter of Livestock | CHAPTER 6: Transport of livestock" 1220: 250: 210: 2925: 7404: 7281: 6878: 6555: 6335: 6011: 5954: 5886: 5788: 5314: 1323: 1289:"on the hoof" to a town or other central location. The method is still used in some parts of the world. 1239: 1212: 1211:

Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like

1048: 260: 7385: 995: 740: 4347: 4122: 3255: 2466:"Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA" 1778: 1396:

Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010

217:" and "livestock" have been used interchangeably. Today, the modern meaning of cattle is domesticated 7271: 6800: 6636: 6426: 6285: 6238: 5730: 5720: 4571: 4520: 4478: 4431: 4386: 4216: 3969: 3926: 3735: 3536:

The Economic and Sociocultural Role of Livestock in the Wellbeing of Rural Communities of Timor-Leste

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate change 2014, Mitigation of climate change.

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate change 2007, Mitigation of climate change.

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FAOSTAT. (Statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.)

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are sometimes considered a threat to livestock. In Eurasia and Africa, predators include wolves,

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Roth, Sabrina K.; Hader, John D.; Domercq, Prado; Sobek, Anna; MacLeod, Matthew (22 May 2023).

3428:"Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications" 2711: 1315: 955:

is the term used for much-smaller animals, usually mammals. The two predominant categories are

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rearing. This activity is both heavily affected by and a substantial driver of anthropogenic

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Animal-rearing originated during the cultural transition to settled farming communities from

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Morell, Virginia (2015). "Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns".

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setting in order to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as

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are available against certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used where appropriate.

7419: 7069: 6616: 6352: 5994: 5896: 5334: 5289: 5279: 5120: 4897: 4754: 4075: 3259: 3229: 3212: 2406:"Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago" 2008: 1997: 1719: 1327: 1319: 1173: 976: 883: 828: 256: 163: 6824: 4030: 3704: 3161:"What led to Alberta's biggest outbreak? Cargill meat plant's hundreds of COVID-19 cases" 1757:, through feed production and manure. Livestock offer significant potential for reducing 4575: 4524: 4482: 4435: 4390: 4220: 3973: 3930: 3739: 3497: 3443: 3379: 2562: 2481: 2421: 2364: 2258: 843: 617: 7231: 7214: 7199: 7188: 7122: 6952: 6942: 6897: 6572: 5964: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5613: 5487: 5175: 5000: 4965: 4940: 4932: 4877: 4842: 4691:

Have we reached ‘peak meat’? Why one country is trying to limit its number of livestock

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Vigne, J. D.; Zazzo, A.; Saliège, J. F.; Poplin, F.; Guilaine, J.; Simmons, A. (2009).

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to the national diet as it is an outcome of direct impacts of climate on each country.

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regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys.

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Liu, Weihang; Zhou, Junxiong; Ma, Yuchi; Chen, Shuo; Luo, Yuchuan (3 February 2024).

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McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J. E.; Schnabel, R. D.; Taylor, J. F.; Hillis, D. M. (2013).

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and specialized agricultural markets facilitate trade in livestock. In Canada at the

1224: 1117: 1032:, humans and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in 1022: 550: 224: 182: 67: 4584: 4557: 4205:"Livestock and food security: vulnerability to population growth and climate change" 4198: 4196: 3938: 3574: 3405: 3361:"Livestock as Insurance and Social Status: Evidence from Reindeer Herding in Norway" 3121: 2187: 692: 7338: 7094: 6992: 6987: 6686: 6545: 6520: 6362: 6320: 6265: 6223: 6028: 6016: 5984: 5868: 5553: 5492: 5417: 5215: 5052: 5040: 4950: 4847: 4759: 4695: 4621: 3989: 3771: 3558:"Impactul creșterii animalelor asupra dezvoltării socio-economice în Nordul Indiei" 3505: 2201: 2104: 2013: 1948: 1846: 1418: 1410: 1368: 1339: 1205: 1029: 823: 798: 773: 282: 138: 4922: 3672: 3655: 3024: 2804: 2658: 1265: 281:

in multiple events sometime between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in Southwest Asia.

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The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock, called

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Chambers, Philip G.; Grandin, Temple; Heinz, Gunter; Srisuvan, Thinnarat (2001).

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The Drovers. Who They Were and How They Went: An Epic of the English Countryside

2002: 1978: 1953: 1901: 1890: 1850: 1837:, and the sublethal impacts, such as lower quantity of quality of products like 1830: 1632: 1552: 1113: 972: 630: 500: 316: 155: 82: 74: 51: 4533: 4508: 4491: 4466: 3451: 2764:"Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health" 2624:

Animal Husbandry Regained: The Place of Farm Animals in Sustainable Agriculture

2547:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" 2410:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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in all but the coldest nations. This causes both mass animal mortality during

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Torell, L. Allen; Rimbey, Neil R.; Tanaka, John A.; Bailey, Scott A. (2001).

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Humans and livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial

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Kandulu, John M.; Bryan, Brett A.; King, Darran; Connor, Jeffery D. (2012).

2571: 2490: 2430: 2372: 2349:"Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations" 1918: 1040: 778: 715: 700: 642: 492: 286: 4593: 4467:"Unequal impact of climate warming on meat yields of global cattle farming" 4303: 4246: 3946: 3763: 3606:"Livestock ownership in ensuring rural household food security in Pakistan" 3605: 2789: 2590: 2509: 2449: 2390: 2332: 2179: 753: 273:

early; dogs appear in Europe and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago.

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Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019).

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This Australian road sign uses the less common term "stock" for livestock.

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https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter07.pdf

3557: 2875:"Dogs seized for killing sheep - Local News - News - General - The Times" 2297:"How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics" 2143: 1914: 1858: 1842: 1834: 1811: 1536: 1504: 1402: 1350: 1243: 1129: 1105: 655: 650: 530: 130: 102: 4277: 4005:"Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet" 3747: 987: 7117: 6907: 6626: 6582: 6550: 5929: 5793: 5643: 5623: 5506: 5432: 5299: 5274: 5244: 5236: 5220: 5205: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5090: 5080: 5030: 4837: 4774: 4741: 3180: 1909: 1905: 1696: 1616: 1584: 1449: 1426: 1406: 1303: 1299: 1286: 1232: 1216: 1197: 1177: 1125: 1121: 1093: 1084: 1061: 1033: 851: 728: 605: 567: 505: 159: 158:

and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to

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Meyer, Vernon M.; Driggers, L. Bynum; Ernest, Kenneth; Ernest, Debra.

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IPCC. (2022). Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses.

1381: 1331: 1165: 1141: 1133: 1073: 878: 748: 450: 425: 405: 238: 218: 214: 126: 106: 70: 41: 4375:"Rethinking the approach of a global shift toward plant-based diets" 4151:

Reducing enteric methane for improving food security and livelihoods

3787:"A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products" 1409:, milk processors, refrigerated transport, wholesalers, retailers, 868: 241:, to sell or process meat from dead animals for human consumption. 7350: 7313: 7308: 7209: 7157: 6621: 6033: 5633: 5578: 5543: 5538: 5442: 5422: 5210: 5160: 5020: 4995: 4902: 4779: 4035:. World Bank Working Papers. Washington: World Bank Publications. 3302:"Drought and saving in West Africa: are livestock a buffer stock?" 1785: 1777: 1740: 1680: 1664: 1600: 1367: 1360:, farmers bring their best livestock to compete with one another. 1264: 1181: 1137: 1069: 1053: 1044: 1018: 1000: 994: 986: 922: 913: 837: 723: 600: 592: 575: 400: 290: 196: 118: 110: 50: 36: 2953:. National Institute for Animal Agriculture. 2001. Archived from 1908:

intake. Animal-derived food plays a larger role in meeting human

185:. In particular, beef, dairy and sheep are an outsized source of 7355: 6512: 6300: 5638: 5259: 5165: 5075: 5010: 4912: 4907: 4832: 4733: 3300:

Fafchamps, Marcel; Udry, Christopher; Czukas, Katherine (1998).

2713:

Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World

1921:

currently offered to livestock farmers in many places worldwide.

1838: 1568: 1347:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

1057: 803: 625: 580: 475: 274: 122: 114: 98: 86: 78: 7161: 6851: 6114: 4706: 7375: 7226: 6932: 6110: 5533: 4975: 4917: 4764: 3556:

Khan, Nizamuddin; Rehman, Anisur; Salman, Mohd. Sadiq (2013).

2999:"feed (agriculture) | Antibiotics and other growth stimulants" 2283:

cbc.ca: "Police launch investigation into Aylmer Meat Packers"

1285:

Since many livestock are herd animals, they were historically

1219:

are specific to one population of animals, while others, like

1080: 1065: 525: 310: 90: 3271:

de Haan, Cees; Steinfeld, Henning; Blackburn, Harvey (1997).

2651:'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium 963:(rabbits). Even-smaller animals are kept and raised, such as 2657:. Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from 1372:

Biomass distribution of humans, livestock, and other animals

7360: 4351: 3699:. In Torell, L. A.; Bartlett, E. T.; Larranaga, R. (eds.). 3252: 27:

Animals kept for production of meat, eggs, milk, wool, etc.

4335:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

3277:. European Commission Directorate-General for Development. 1991:

Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental Issues and Options

1849:. Another impact concerns reduced quantity or quality of 1353:

to help farmers make their most of their livestock herds.

213:

combining the words "live" and "stock". In some periods, "

2900: 2762:

Silbergeld, Ellen K; Graham, Jay; Price, Lance B (2008).

2686:

Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West

1417:, vaccine manufacturers, etc.) and associated services ( 4702: 4262:"Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare" 413:

Riding, racing, carrying and pulling loads, meat, milk

2252:"Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws" 1853:, whether due to drought or as a secondary impact of 1257:

increases temperature and precipitation variability.

3656:"Classifying federal public land grazing permittees" 2101:"NASS – Census of Agriculture – Publications – 2012" 169:

Livestock farming practices have largely shifted to

6970: 6885: 6758: 6702: 6650: 6511: 6415: 6212: 6171: 5975: 5910: 5867: 5819: 5779: 5744: 5664: 5657: 5408: 5333: 5229: 5051: 4931: 4818: 4740: 4331:

Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products

4032:

Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Rainforest

1487: 1231:restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases. 1025:) were harvested while the animal was still alive. 971:. Micro-livestock does not generally include fish ( 121:are considered livestock in the United States. The 3274:Livestock & the environment: finding a balance 1873:is considered to be the most vulnerable region to 1745:Livestock production requires large areas of land. 1253:, livestock diseases are expected to get worse as 4203:Godber, Olivia F.; Wall, Richard (1 April 2014). 3359:Johannesen, Anne Borge; Skonhoft, Anders (2011). 3084:Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL) 2814:. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service 2524:"Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University" 3206: 3204: 3187:, Challenge Program on Water and Food, June 2013 2931:. The Center for Food Security and Public Health 1295:transport is now common in developed countries. 1012:Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the 3785:Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Arjen Y. Hoekstra (2012). 2470:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2901:"EPRUMA | Responsible Use of Animal Medicines" 1904:needs, while only supplying 18% of the global 7173: 6863: 6126: 4718: 3025:"Scottish salmon farming's sea lice 'crisis'" 999:Farrowing site in a natural cave in northern 8: 3286: 3284: 2710:Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2003). 1974:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources 3426:Bell, Lindsay W.; Moore, Andrew D. (2012). 2781:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904 1841:, greater vulnerability to conditions like 345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 209:was first used between 1650 and 1660, as a 7180: 7166: 7158: 6870: 6856: 6848: 6133: 6119: 6111: 5661: 4725: 4711: 4703: 3217:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3155: 3153: 2877:. Victorharbortimes.com.au. Archived from 2616: 2614: 2227:"Merriam-Webster: Definition of Livestock" 1477: 1474:Environmental impact of animal agriculture 1421:, nutrition consultants, shearers, etc.). 4583: 4532: 4490: 4398: 4293: 4236: 4176:Tackling Climate Change through Livestock 4123:"Global emissions from livestock in 2015" 3818:"Livestock a major threat to environment" 3792:. Water Footprint Network. Archived from 3671: 3573: 3387: 3320: 3228: 2779: 2580: 2570: 2499: 2489: 2439: 2429: 2380: 2322: 2312: 2169: 2151: 1898:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 1736:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1251:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 365:Learn how and when to remove this message 229:Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act of 1999 187:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 1391: 1338:, such as may be found in many parts of 1176:are threats to livestock. In Australia, 1104:Livestock farmers have often dealt with 948:Animal husbandry § Range of species 379: 4686:A Short History of Livestock Production 3052:. Animal Health Ireland. Archived from 2605:"History of chickens – India and China" 2031: 1900:and demands around 30% of agricultural 125:classifies pork, veal, beef, and lamb ( 2873:Simmons, Michael (10 September 2009). 2741:. Penguin: Random House. p. 286. 1800:effects of climate change on livestock 1772:Effects of climate change on livestock 1314:. The Cargill plant together with the 1269:Pigs being loaded into their transport 4676:Havana Livestock Fair (Photo Feature) 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 3701:Current issues in rangeland economics 3230:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035 3197:Australian Screen: Agricultural shows 2126:Anomaly, Jonathan (1 November 2015). 1090:animals are often intensively managed 221:, while livestock has a wider sense. 129:) as livestock, and all livestock as 7: 6819: 4471:Communications Earth and Environment 4003:Smithers, Rebecca (5 October 2017). 3654:Gentner, B.J.; Tanaka, J.A. (2006). 3368:Environmental and Resource Economics 3023:Fraser, Douglas (14 February 2017). 2859:Northern Daily Leader, 20 May 2010, 2128:"What's Wrong With Factory Farming?" 1749:In addition, livestock produce 1196:Good husbandry, proper feeding, and 1112:. In North America, animals such as 343:adding citations to reliable sources 6831: 2863:(and killed them), p.3, Rural Press 2295:Larson, G.; Bradley, D. G. (2014). 688:Riding, racing, meat, milk and fur 6682:Environmental impact of irrigation 4615:Lisa O'Carroll (3 November 2021). 3213:"The State of the World's Insects" 3211:Eggleton, Paul (17 October 2020). 1732:deforestation in the Amazon region 538:Pack animals, milk, meat and hide 25: 3174:Markets from research to outcomes 3118:Food and Agriculture Organization 1889:and widely varying importance of 991:Goat family with one-week-old kid 7384: 6961: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6795: 6794: 6094: 6093: 6082: 4809: 4803: 4563:Science of the Total Environment 3919:Science of the Total Environment 3309:Journal of Development Economics 1964:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1932: 1825:The observed adverse impacts on 1770:This section is an excerpt from 921: 894: 867: 842: 814: 789: 764: 739: 714: 691: 666: 641: 616: 591: 566: 541: 516: 491: 466: 441: 416: 315: 6750:Agriculture and the environment 6487:British Agricultural Revolution 4585:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164247 4260:Lacetera, Nicola (2019-01-03). 3939:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 3848:. Academic Press. p. 277. 3575:10.5775/fg.2067-4635.2013.084.i 2805:"Swine Growing-Finishing Units" 2083:"Fresh Pork from Farm to Table" 1969:California Proposition 2 (2008) 1940:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 1798:There are numerous interlinked 786:Companionship, truffle hunting 6694:Climate change and agriculture 6467:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 4664:Better Lives Through Livestock 3506:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.04.025 2768:Annual Review of Public Health 1985:Leave the gate as you found it 1822:must also consider livestock. 1491:Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO 711:Riding, racing, meat and milk 663:Draught, milk, flesh and hide 563:Meat, milk and carrying loads 1: 5752:Countries by meat consumption 4644:"just-transition-meat-sector" 3673:10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i1_gentner 3331:10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00037-6 2839:. Elsevier. pp. 360–62. 2648:Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 1553:Non-recirculating Aquaculture 1298:Local and regional livestock 1028:In the traditional system of 7410:List of domesticated animals 6472:Arab Agricultural Revolution 6039:Non-vegetarian food in India 5757:Countries by meat production 4672:- New South Wales Government 4400:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.018 3842:Whitford, Walter G. (2002). 3604:Ali, A.; Khan, M.A. (2013). 2627:. Routledge. pp. 4–10. 2551:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2314:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093 1388:Economic and social benefits 1380:, and almost as much as all 1261:Transportation and marketing 307:List of domesticated animals 5762:Food and drink prohibitions 3660:Journal of Range Management 2836:Intensive Livestock Farming 2689:. JHU Press. pp. 1–2. 736:Pack animals, meat, fleece 588:Carrying loads and draught 438:Carrying loads and draught 7467: 7083:Monkeys in Chinese culture 6432:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 4801: 4534:10.1007/s10584-019-02525-3 4492:10.1038/s43247-024-01232-x 4127:FAO - GLEAM v3.0 dashboard 3452:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.04.003 3077:"Chapter 5: Food Security" 1769: 1471: 1278: 1272: 1005: 945: 935: 808:Eurasia and North America 304: 248: 32:Livestock (disambiguation) 29: 7393: 7382: 7195: 6959: 6791: 6782:Universities and colleges 6400:Universities and colleges 6205: 6148: 6077: 5804:Psychology of eating meat 5348:Black soldier fly maggots 4029:Margulis, Sergio (2003). 3845:Ecology of desert systems 3389:10.1007/s10640-010-9421-2 1820:effects of climate change 1792:impacts of climate change 1765:Impacts of climate change 1695: 1679: 1663: 1647: 1631: 1615: 1599: 1583: 1567: 1551: 1535: 1521:Recirculating Aquaculture 1519: 1503: 1490: 1483:for different food types 708:North Africa and SW Asia 6767:Agriculturist profession 6244:Agricultural engineering 6229:Agricultural cooperative 5877:Beef hormone controversy 4089:Fourth Assessment Report 3982:10.1177/2053019615591020 3253:http://faostat3.fao.org/ 2683:Starrs, Paul F. (2000). 1855:CO2 fertilization effect 1808:greenhouse gas emissions 1481:greenhouse gas emissions 1349:(ICRISAT) has worked in 1312:coronavirus disease 2019 1275:Livestock transportation 1204:, by the farmer and the 836:Companionship, mousing, 171:intensive animal farming 6948:Animal-assisted therapy 6672:Agricultural wastewater 6395:Sustainable food system 6390:Sustainable agriculture 6281:Animal-free agriculture 6249:Agricultural technology 4101:Fifth Assessment Report 3962:The Anthropocene Review 3904:10.1126/science.aad1607 3258:20 October 2016 at the 2926:"Classical swine fever" 2737:Rebanks, James (2015). 2572:10.1073/pnas.1303367110 2491:10.1073/pnas.0912264107 2431:10.1073/pnas.0905015106 2373:10.1126/science.1170587 1883:human development index 1432:small-scale agriculture 1108:predation and theft by 811:Companionship, hunting 613:Meat, milk and fleece. 513:Meat, milk and draught 488:Milk, meat and draught 463:Meat, milk and draught 295:Domestication of horses 279:sheep were domesticated 6772:Agricultural machinery 6730:History of agriculture 6715:Agriculture by country 6710:Agricultural machinery 6667:Agricultural pollution 6662:Agricultural expansion 6437:Austronesian expansion 6348:Mechanised agriculture 5902:Water holding capacity 3870:"Biodiversity Decline" 3097:Bonser, K. J. (1972). 2812:Pork Industry handbook 2716:. Sage. p. 1139. 2621:Webster, John (2013). 2257:. 2005. Archived from 2202:"Livestock definition" 2103:. USDA. Archived from 2062:American Horse Council 1885:and other measures of 1795: 1783: 1746: 1397: 1373: 1270: 1221:foot-and-mouth disease 1106:natural world animals' 1003: 992: 638:Meat, milk and fleece 283:Pigs were domesticated 271:Dogs were domesticated 251:History of agriculture 202: 154:, is a part of modern 60: 48: 7405:Human uses of animals 7282:Search and rescue dog 6777:Government ministries 6720:Agriculture companies 6556:Convertible husbandry 6234:Agricultural supplies 6184:Agricultural Engineer 5887:Feed conversion ratio 5789:Ethics of eating meat 4209:Global Change Biology 4041:10.1596/0-8213-5691-7 3163:. CBC. 19 April 2020. 3146:. CBC. 21 April 2020. 2833:Blount, W.P. (2013). 1863:vector-borne diseases 1789: 1781: 1744: 1728:sixth mass extinction 1395: 1371: 1279:Further information: 1268: 1240:antibiotic resistance 1213:classical swine fever 1049:Western United States 998: 990: 249:Further information: 200: 54: 40: 7272:Military working dog 6427:Neolithic Revolution 6286:Cellular agriculture 6239:Agricultural science 5940:Environmental impact 4444:10.1029/2022EF003109 4430:(2): e2022EF003109. 3486:Ecological Economics 3432:Agricultural Systems 3101:. Country Book Club. 2951:"Scrapie Fact Sheet" 2861:Dogs mauled 30 sheep 2132:Public Health Ethics 1827:livestock production 1617:Non-trawling Fishery 1468:Environmental impact 1202:veterinary medicines 1160:. In South America, 1079:In rural locations, 1014:subsistence farmer's 635:Greece and Pakistan 610:Iran and Asia Minor 339:improve this section 57:Écrins National Park 30:For other uses, see 4576:2023ScTEn.88864247R 4525:2019ClCh..156..567S 4483:2024ComEE...5...65L 4436:2023EaFut..1103109Z 4391:2021OEart...4.1201R 4221:2014GCBio..20.3092G 4179:. Rome: FAO. 2013. 3974:2015AntRv...2..196W 3931:2015ScTEn.536..419M 3748:10.1038/nature13959 3740:2014Natur.515..518T 3707:on 19 December 2018 3613:J. Animal Plant Sci 3498:2012EcoEc..79..105K 3444:2012AgSys.111....1B 3380:2011EnREc..48..679J 2957:on 12 December 2020 2739:The Shepherd's Life 2563:2013PNAS..110E1398M 2482:2010PNAS..107.7686L 2422:2009PNAS..10616135V 2365:2009Sci...324..532C 2264:on 12 February 2011 2107:on 22 November 2017 1887:national resilience 1724:habitat destruction 1484: 1308:High River, Alberta 1186:wedge-tailed eagles 1146:Asiatic black bears 681:Wild Bactrian camel 585:India and Malaysia 285:by 8,500 BC in the 6879:Mammals in culture 6561:Rotational grazing 6477:Columbian exchange 6064:Warmed-over flavor 5832:Semi-vegetarianism 4074:2022-10-10 at the 3050:"Parasite control" 2881:on 11 January 2012 2664:on 1 February 2012 2526:. Ansi.okstate.edu 2144:10.1093/phe/phu001 2005:(silkworm farming) 1871:sub-Saharan Africa 1829:include increased 1796: 1784: 1747: 1714:factor in species 1478: 1398: 1374: 1324:Harmony Beef plant 1306:slaughterhouse in 1271: 1004: 993: 909:Montane guinea pig 560:India and SE Asia 556:Wild water buffalo 203: 61: 49: 7433: 7432: 7155: 7154: 6918:Laboratory animal 6845: 6844: 6405:Urban agriculture 6378:Rice-duck farming 6326:Intensive farming 6296:Extensive farming 6108: 6107: 5775: 5774: 4699:. 16 January 2023 4682:, 19 October 2010 4278:10.1093/af/vfy030 4229:10.1111/gcb.12589 4215:(10): 3092–3102. 4050:978-0-8213-5691-3 3874:Annenberg Learner 3855:978-0-12-747261-4 3734:(7528): 518–522. 2979:. The Cattle Site 2846:978-1-4831-9565-0 2723:978-0-7619-2598-9 2696:978-0-8018-6351-6 2634:978-1-84971-420-4 2557:(15): E1398–406. 2476:(17): 7686–7691. 2359:(5926): 532–536. 1845:or even impaired 1711: 1710: 1498: 1494: 1458:cultural heritage 1443:economic security 1281:Agricultural show 1249:According to the 983:Farming practices 929: 928: 838:vibration therapy 375: 374: 367: 18:Livestock disease 16:(Redirected from 7458: 7388: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7159: 6965: 6913:Animals in sport 6893:Animal husbandry 6872: 6865: 6858: 6849: 6834: 6833: 6822: 6821: 6810: 6798: 6797: 6642:Wildlife farming 6492:Green Revolution 6443:Ancient history 6383:Rice-fish system 6291:Contract farming 6276:Animal husbandry 6135: 6128: 6121: 6112: 6097: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6059:Roadkill cuisine 5854:Meat alternative 5849:Plant-based diet 5767:Meat substitutes 5662: 4813: 4807: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4704: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4587: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4385:(9): 1201–1204. 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4350:. Archived from 4344: 4338: 4327: 4308: 4307: 4297: 4266:Animal Frontiers 4257: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4171: 4156: 4155: 4146: 4131: 4130: 4119: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3675: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3577: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3391: 3365: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3324: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3262: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3232: 3208: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120:. 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2047: 2036: 2019:Wildlife farming 1981:(rabbit farming) 1959:Amenable species 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1751:greenhouse gases 1706: 1705: 1690: 1689: 1674: 1673: 1658: 1657: 1642: 1641: 1626: 1625: 1610: 1609: 1594: 1593: 1578: 1577: 1562: 1561: 1546: 1545: 1537:Trawling Fishery 1530: 1529: 1514: 1513: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1287:driven to market 1174:spectacled bears 1008:Animal husbandry 925: 898: 871: 846: 818: 793: 768: 743: 718: 695: 670: 645: 620: 595: 570: 545: 520: 495: 470: 456:Eurasian aurochs 445: 431:African wild ass 420: 380: 370: 363: 359: 356: 350: 319: 311: 289:and 6,000 BC in 151:animal husbandry 44:on a pasture in 21: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7420:Military animal 7389: 7380: 7191: 7189:Working animals 7186: 7156: 7151: 6966: 6957: 6881: 6876: 6846: 6841: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6754: 6745:Poultry farming 6698: 6653: 6646: 6617:Poultry farming 6507: 6483:Modern history 6463:Post-classical 6411: 6410: 6409: 6353:Organic farming 6208: 6207: 6203: 6167: 6144: 6139: 6109: 6104: 6089:Food portal 6081: 6073: 5995:Case-ready meat 5977: 5971: 5945:Factory farming 5906: 5863: 5815: 5781: 5771: 5740: 5653: 5410: 5404: 5329: 5234: 5225: 5047: 4927: 4898:Lamb and mutton 4814: 4808: 4799: 4736: 4731: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4513:Climatic Change 4505: 4504: 4500: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4328: 4311: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4173: 4172: 4159: 4148: 4147: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4076:Wayback Machine 4065:ICPCC AR6 WGII. 4062: 4058: 4051: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3564:(in Romanian). 3562:Forum Geografic 3555: 3554: 3550: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3322:10.1.1.198.7519 3304: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3260:Wayback Machine 3250: 3246: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3185:Farming Matters 3172: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3124:on 12 June 2009 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2607:. 12 June 2017. 2603: 2602: 2598: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2416:(38): 16135–8. 2403: 2402: 2398: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2307:(1): e1004093. 2294: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2231:Merriam-Webster 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2046:. 15 June 2024. 2038: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2009:Sheep husbandry 1938: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1775: 1767: 1720:desertification 1707: 1703: 1702: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1499:per g protein) 1476: 1470: 1390: 1366: 1328:Balzac, Alberta 1320:Brooks, Alberta 1283: 1277: 1263: 1194: 1102: 1010: 985: 977:poultry farming 975:) or chickens ( 953:Micro-livestock 950: 944: 936:Main articles: 934: 932:Micro-livestock 884:European rabbit 861:Southeast Asia 829:African wildcat 371: 360: 354: 351: 336: 320: 309: 303: 257:hunter-gatherer 253: 247: 195: 164:hunter-gatherer 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7464: 7462: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7438: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397:Related topics 7394: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Assistance dog 7224: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7215:Bactrian camel 7207: 7202: 7200:Asian elephant 7196: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123:Whale watching 7120: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7100:Spotted hyenas 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6953:Working animal 6950: 6945: 6943:Service animal 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6573:Insect farming 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6452:Ancient Greece 6449: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6100:Category: Meat 6091: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5965:Slaughterhouse 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5842:Pollotarianism 5839: 5837:Pescetarianism 5829: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5499: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4688: 4683: 4673: 4667: 4659: 4658:External links 4656: 4653: 4652: 4635: 4607: 4548: 4519:(4): 567–587. 4498: 4457: 4424:Earth's Future 4414: 4365: 4339: 4309: 4252: 4192: 4185: 4157: 4132: 4105: 4092: 4080: 4056: 4049: 4021: 3995: 3968:(3): 196–219. 3952: 3909: 3886: 3861: 3854: 3834: 3809: 3777: 3718: 3687: 3646: 3637: 3619:(1): 313–318. 3596: 3548: 3526: 3472: 3418: 3374:(4): 679–694. 3351: 3315:(2): 273–305. 3292: 3280: 3263: 3244: 3200: 3189: 3179:1 May 2014 at 3166: 3149: 3135: 3104: 3089: 3067: 3056:on 14 May 2017 3041: 3015: 3003:Britannica.com 2990: 2968: 2942: 2917: 2892: 2865: 2852: 2845: 2825: 2795: 2754: 2747: 2729: 2722: 2702: 2695: 2675: 2640: 2633: 2610: 2596: 2537: 2515: 2455: 2396: 2338: 2287: 2275: 2243: 2218: 2206:Dictionary.com 2193: 2138:(3): 246–254. 2118: 2092: 2074: 2049: 2044:Britannica.com 2030: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1927: 1924: 1804:climate change 1790:Multi-faceted 1776: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1415:seed companies 1389: 1386: 1365: 1362: 1273:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1255:climate change 1193: 1190: 1154:spotted hyenas 1101: 1098: 1006:Main article: 984: 981: 942:Rabbit farming 938:Rodent farming 933: 930: 927: 926: 919: 916: 911: 906: 900: 899: 892: 889: 886: 881: 875: 874: 872: 865: 862: 859: 857:red junglefowl 854: 848: 847: 840: 834: 831: 826: 820: 819: 812: 809: 806: 801: 795: 794: 787: 784: 781: 776: 770: 769: 762: 759: 756: 751: 745: 744: 737: 734: 731: 726: 720: 719: 712: 709: 706: 705:Thomas' camel 703: 697: 696: 689: 686: 683: 678: 676:Bactrian camel 672: 671: 664: 661: 658: 653: 647: 646: 639: 636: 633: 628: 622: 621: 614: 611: 608: 603: 597: 596: 589: 586: 583: 578: 572: 571: 564: 561: 558: 553: 547: 546: 539: 536: 533: 528: 522: 521: 514: 511: 508: 503: 497: 496: 489: 486: 483: 481:Indian aurochs 478: 472: 471: 464: 461: 458: 453: 447: 446: 439: 436: 433: 428: 422: 421: 414: 411: 408: 403: 397: 396: 393: 390: 389:Domestication 387: 384: 373: 372: 323: 321: 314: 302: 299: 246: 243: 194: 191: 175:animal welfare 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7463: 7452: 7451:Meat industry 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7387: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7371:Water buffalo 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Detection dog 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7128:Whale worship 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7043:Horse worship 7041: 7039: 7038:Horses in art 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Equestrianism 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6839: 6838: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6793: 6790: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740:Meat industry 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6725:Biotechnology 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6652:Environmental 6649: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Sheep farming 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:Dairy farming 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6513:Farming Types 6510: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6447:Ancient Egypt 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358:Paludiculture 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6259:Biotechnology 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179:Agriculturist 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6007:Cultured meat 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5912:Meat industry 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Vegetarianism 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Animal rights 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658:List articles 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Luncheon meat 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 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1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:food security 1872: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1794:on livestock. 1793: 1788: 1780: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1759:GHG emissions 1756: 1755:nitrous oxide 1752: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1649:Starchy Roots 1646: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1505:Ruminant Meat 1502: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439:food security 1435: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1419:veterinarians 1416: 1412: 1411:food services 1408: 1404: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1267: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:cloven-hoofed 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:grizzly bears 1115: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1002: 997: 989: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 943: 939: 931: 924: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 897: 893: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 870: 866: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 845: 841: 839: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 817: 813: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 792: 788: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 767: 763: 761:Meat, fleece 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 742: 738: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 713: 710: 707: 704: 702: 701:Arabian camel 699: 698: 694: 690: 687: 685:Central Asia 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 669: 665: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 640: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 619: 615: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 594: 590: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 569: 565: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 551:Water buffalo 549: 548: 544: 540: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 519: 515: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 494: 490: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 465: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 444: 440: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 419: 415: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 381: 378: 369: 366: 358: 348: 344: 340: 334: 333: 329: 324:This section 322: 318: 313: 312: 308: 300: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 266: 262: 258: 252: 244: 242: 240: 236: 232: 230: 226: 225:United States 222: 220: 216: 212: 211:compound word 208: 199: 192: 190: 188: 184: 183:public health 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73:raised in an 72: 69: 65: 58: 53: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 7414: 7339:Riding horse 7095:Seal hunting 6993:Bear hunting 6988:Bear-baiting 6922: 6898:Draft animal 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6687:Overdrafting 6577: 6546:Goat farming 6457:Ancient Rome 6363:Permaculture 6321:Horticulture 6266:Agroforestry 6224:Agribusiness 6029:Mystery meat 5985:Arachnophagy 5925:Branch house 5892:Preservation 5869:Meat science 5820:Alternatives 5809:Meat paradox 5731:Smoked foods 5370:Grasshoppers 5315:Sea cucumber 5310:Shrimp/prawn 4819: 4696:The Guardian 4694: 4680:Havana Times 4679: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4622:The Guardian 4620: 4610: 4567: 4561: 4551: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4356:. Retrieved 4352:the original 4342: 4272:(1): 26–31. 4269: 4265: 4255: 4212: 4208: 4175: 4154:. FAO. 2016. 4150: 4126: 4095: 4083: 4064: 4059: 4031: 4024: 4012:. Retrieved 4009:The Guardian 4008: 3998: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3895: 3889: 3877:. Retrieved 3873: 3864: 3844: 3837: 3826:. Retrieved 3822:the original 3812: 3801:. Retrieved 3794:the original 3780: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3709:. Retrieved 3705:the original 3700: 3690: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3640: 3628:. Retrieved 3616: 3612: 3599: 3587:. Retrieved 3568:(1): 75–80. 3565: 3561: 3551: 3535: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3489: 3485: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3435: 3431: 3421: 3409:. Retrieved 3371: 3367: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3312: 3308: 3295: 3273: 3266: 3247: 3223:(1): 61–82. 3220: 3216: 3192: 3184: 3169: 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3122:the original 3107: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3070: 3058:. 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Retrieved 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2014:Western Fair 1989: 1949:Agribusiness 1867: 1847:reproduction 1824: 1797: 1748: 1712: 1462: 1454: 1447: 1436: 1423: 1399: 1375: 1355: 1344: 1340:Central Asia 1297: 1291: 1284: 1248: 1237: 1210: 1206:veterinarian 1195: 1156:, and other 1103: 1078: 1038: 1030:transhumance 1027: 1011: 952: 951: 824:Domestic Cat 799:Domestic Dog 774:Domestic Pig 392:Utilization 376: 361: 352: 337:Please help 325: 269: 254: 234: 233: 223: 206: 204: 168: 149: 147: 75:agricultural 68:domesticated 63: 62: 7425:Pack animal 7344:Stock horse 7324:Guide horse 7319:Draft horse 7297:Therapy dog 7287:Service dog 7262:Hunting dog 7257:Herding dog 7242:Draught dog 7205:Bali cattle 6928:Pack animal 6903:Fur farming 6837:Wikiproject 6677:Overgrazing 6612:Pig farming 6595:Paddy field 6568:Hydroponics 6541:Fur farming 6526:Aquaculture 6521:Agrivoltaic 6502:Monoculture 6423:Prehistory 6373:Polyculture 6194:Farm worker 6172:Occupations 6142:Agriculture 6012:Entomophagy 6000:Meat diaper 5990:Cannibalism 5666:Meat dishes 5448:Charcuterie 5411:preparation 5395:Mopane worm 5385:Mezcal worm 3925:: 419–431. 3711:30 November 3492:: 105–112. 2885:10 December 2530:10 December 2268:10 December 2211:23 November 2111:29 November 2040:"livestock" 2003:Sericulture 1994:(UN report) 1979:Cuniculture 1954:Agroecology 1902:fresh water 1891:pastoralism 1851:animal feed 1831:heat stress 1806:due to its 1488:Food Types 1452:societies. 1378:vertebrates 1358:stock shows 1223:affect all 1114:gray wolves 973:aquaculture 891:Meat, wool 631:Bezoar ibex 501:Bali cattle 179:environment 156:agriculture 7440:Categories 7329:Pack horse 7277:Police dog 7088:Orangutans 6998:Teddy bear 6703:Categories 6368:Plantation 6316:Free range 6311:Feed ratio 6069:White meat 6044:Pink slime 6022:Artificial 5897:Tenderness 5782:psychology 5780:Ethics and 5614:Salt-cured 5320:Sea urchin 4888:Guinea pig 4014:3 November 3879:8 February 3828:2018-04-01 3803:2018-04-01 3544:10174/9347 2910:8 February 2774:: 151–69. 2236:18 January 2153:10161/9733 2067:19 January 2026:References 1879:rangelands 1816:adaptation 1716:extinction 1336:wet market 1229:quarantine 1162:feral dogs 1158:carnivores 1150:crocodiles 969:honey bees 961:lagomorphs 946:See also: 904:Guinea pig 864:Meat, egg 833:Near East 355:April 2018 305:See also: 265:physiology 105:, such as 7446:Livestock 7415:Livestock 7267:Mercy dog 7252:Guide dog 7247:Guard dog 7220:Dromedary 7055:Kangaroos 7025:Elephants 6923:Livestock 6735:Livestock 6578:Livestock 6306:Farmhouse 5960:Slaughter 5882:Drip loss 5604:Rillettes 5564:Marinated 5502:Forcemeat 5488:Fermented 5428:Barbecued 5400:Palm grub 5231:Shellfish 5201:Swordfish 5136:Mahi Mahi 4966:Crocodile 4941:Alligator 4820:Livestock 4750:Cassowary 4670:Livestock 4602:258751271 4543:201103432 4477:(1): 65. 4452:256256647 4409:239376124 4379:One Earth 4348:"FAOStat" 4286:2160-6056 3756:1476-4687 3682:0022-409X 3625:1018-7081 3584:1583-1523 3514:0921-8009 3460:0308-521X 3398:0924-6460 3339:0304-3878 3317:CiteSeerX 3239:1543-5938 2162:1754-9973 1919:subsidies 1859:parasites 1835:heatwaves 1403:abattoirs 1384:combined. 1316:JBS plant 1170:anacondas 1100:Predation 1041:predators 779:Wild boar 386:Ancestor 326:does not 287:Near East 261:lifecycle 235:Deadstock 207:livestock 205:The word 193:Etymology 103:ruminants 64:Livestock 55:Sheep in 7366:Reindeer 7334:Pit pony 7292:Sled dog 7145:Werewolf 7078:Gorillas 7074:Simians 6801:Category 6627:Orchards 6600:Pastoral 6271:Agronomy 6054:Red meat 6049:Raw meat 5978:subjects 5859:Veganism 5726:Meatball 5589:Pemmican 5574:Meatloaf 5569:Meatball 5409:Cuts and 5390:Silkworm 5380:Mealworm 5358:Crickets 5270:Crayfish 5250:Calamari 5146:Milkfish 5131:Mackerel 5126:Kingfish 5101:Flounder 5001:Pangolin 4986:Kangaroo 4971:Elephant 4956:Bushmeat 4594:37196966 4304:32002236 4247:24692268 4072:Archived 3947:26231772 3764:25383533 3438:: 1–12. 3406:54050586 3256:Archived 3177:Archived 3128:29 April 3008:29 April 2790:18348709 2668:29 April 2591:23530234 2510:20404179 2450:19706455 2391:19390051 2333:24453989 2188:39813493 2180:36540869 1926:See also 1915:net zero 1843:lameness 1812:trillion 1407:butchers 1351:Zimbabwe 1322:and the 1300:auctions 1244:sea lice 1233:Vaccines 1130:leopards 1110:rustlers 1094:feedlots 1045:Ranching 1021:(by the 965:crickets 783:Eurasia 660:Eurasia 656:Reindeer 651:Reindeer 531:Wild yak 510:SE Asia 485:Eurasia 460:Eurasia 410:Eurasia 395:Picture 131:red meat 66:are the 59:(France) 7118:Whaling 7114:Whales 7110:Weasels 7050:Jaguars 7034:Horses 7010:Coyotes 6908:Hunting 6825:Commons 6637:Terrace 6583:Pasture 6551:Grazing 6497:Organic 6417:History 6331:animals 6254:Digital 6214:General 6158:History 6153:Outline 6017:Marbled 5976:Related 5955:Packing 5930:Butcher 5794:Carnism 5736:Sausage 5711:Seafood 5679:Chicken 5649:Tartare 5644:Tandoor 5624:Sausage 5609:Roasted 5594:Poached 5584:Pickled 5507:Cretons 5497:supreme 5438:Braised 5433:Biltong 5335:Insects 5300:Scallop 5290:Octopus 5280:Lobster 5275:Dolphin 5245:Abalone 5237:seafood 5221:Walleye 5206:Tilapia 5181:Sardine 5171:Pollock 5121:Herring 5116:Halibut 5111:Haddock 5106:Grouper 5091:Crappie 5081:Catfish 5061:Anchovy 5031:Venison 4848:Buffalo 4838:Beefalo 4775:Ostrich 4755:Chicken 4742:Poultry 4666:by ILRI 4628:12 June 4572:Bibcode 4521:Bibcode 4479:Bibcode 4432:Bibcode 4387:Bibcode 4358:12 June 4295:6951873 4238:4282280 4217:Bibcode 3990:7771527 3970:Bibcode 3927:Bibcode 3896:Science 3772:4453972 3736:Bibcode 3494:Bibcode 3440:Bibcode 3376:Bibcode 3181:WebCite 2582:3625352 2559:Bibcode 2501:2867865 2478:Bibcode 2441:2752532 2418:Bibcode 2382:3145132 2361:Bibcode 2353:Science 2324:3894154 2171:9757169 1910:protein 1906:calorie 1697:Legumes 1585:Poultry 1450:nomadic 1427:tillage 1382:insects 1364:Biomass 1304:Cargill 1217:scrapie 1198:hygiene 1192:Disease 1178:dingoes 1166:jaguars 1126:coyotes 1122:cougars 1085:poultry 1062:ostrich 1047:in the 1034:montane 957:rodents 888:Europe 852:Chicken 729:Guanaco 606:Mouflon 506:Banteng 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