1679:
36:
1689:
1668:
1699:
553:
Dialing parity – The duty to provide dialing parity to competing providers of telephone exchange service and telephone toll service, and the duty to permit all such providers to have nondiscriminatory access to telephone numbers, operator services, directory assistance, and directory listing, with no
247:
A local exchange carrier is a carrier of telephone calls and other communication services carried by telephone lines. A local exchange is generally either an exchange within one's own LATA or in an immediately adjacent LATA. A call that is neither local nor long-distance is called a local toll call.
196:
The divestiture created local exchange carriers for the management of local telephone lines and switches, and provisioning of local phone services within their business area, as well as the long-distance calls originating or terminating in their business area. The vast majority of the United States
209:
typically serve these areas, RBOC LECs still have vast territories of low population density regions of the country. Therefore, independents generally exist as pockets of territory within a greater RBOC region. Popular independents are
248:
A local exchange carrier normally sells package deals that include local and local toll calls. Local calls are customarily billed in by the call, or in blocks of calls. Residential local exchange carrier services typically charges
205:(Regional Bell Operating Companies). The rest of the United States, most commonly in rural or outlying suburban areas, are served by independent LECs, known in the industry simply as the "independents." Although
232:. All of the Baby Bells, as well as other LECs, typically operate businesses in more than one LATA yet their services of local telephone calls are still defined by LATA boundaries, not their business areas.
565:, ducts, conduits, and rights-of-way of such carrier to competing providers of telecommunications services on rates, terms, and conditions that are consistent with section 224.
306:
1723:
427:
527:
507:
487:
467:
447:
386:
366:
346:
326:
1651:
1623:
1618:
643:
489:
is the duration of the call in minutes. Local toll calls are traditionally grouped into two price ranges, called "near zone" and "far zone", with values of
615:
544:– The duty not to prohibit, and not to impose unreasonable or discriminatory conditions or limitations on, the resale of its telecommunications services.
244:
in the
Detroit, Michigan area during the 1970s and 1980s. Much about this subject has changed dramatically since that time, and continues to do so.
57:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1610:
1412:
568:
Reciprocal compensation – The duty to establish reciprocal compensation arrangements for the transport and termination of telecommunications.
550:– The duty to provide, to the extent technically feasible, number portability in accordance with requirements prescribed by the Commission.
1635:
1481:
1407:
578:
108:
1501:
229:
127:
186:
80:
1286:
834:
636:
190:
1397:
605:
225:
198:
87:
1392:
943:
61:
1417:
609:
206:
1702:
1692:
1453:
1350:
893:
660:
94:
1682:
1189:
629:
618:(broken link 5/18/13) Using the Local Calling Guide and Google to do a phone company lookup by Zip Code instructions.
1541:
1463:
1402:
1109:
178:
76:
1313:
1274:
1119:
1019:
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1511:
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50:
1433:
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1004:
926:
814:
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174:
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1249:
1209:
1179:
936:
871:
762:
251:
101:
1259:
1199:
958:
920:
777:
718:
703:
1486:
1443:
1374:
1244:
1174:
1149:
1084:
931:
652:
152:
608:
information for Canada, the United States of
America, and other countries which are part of the
1526:
1448:
1362:
1345:
1308:
1194:
1154:
984:
953:
819:
713:
391:
1531:
1491:
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1438:
1367:
1325:
1239:
1094:
1079:
1054:
1029:
989:
839:
698:
693:
683:
1159:
1014:
782:
745:
757:
1357:
1229:
1204:
1164:
1134:
1009:
844:
730:
512:
492:
472:
452:
432:
371:
351:
331:
311:
17:
177:, or IXCs) and local (local exchange carrier, or LECs). This structure is a result of
1717:
1506:
1279:
1269:
1184:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1044:
866:
725:
162:
1384:
1224:
1169:
1099:
1064:
999:
898:
888:
740:
562:
1584:
1234:
1144:
1129:
1089:
1049:
908:
584:
35:
1589:
1296:
994:
903:
859:
829:
807:
797:
772:
589:
221:
148:
388:
is the total quantity of calls consumed. Local toll calls are each billed at
189:. Local telephone companies at the time of the divestiture are also known as
1574:
1039:
854:
166:
1569:
1559:
1476:
1301:
1124:
558:
182:
1564:
1549:
1594:
1554:
876:
668:
621:
541:
601:
1579:
1516:
824:
537:
Generally, the local exchange carrier has the following duties:
1521:
202:
625:
767:
29:
224:
are defined as calls originating and terminating within a
515:
495:
475:
455:
435:
394:
374:
354:
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314:
254:
1603:
1540:
1462:
1426:
1383:
1324:
1258:
967:
659:
521:
501:
481:
461:
441:
421:
380:
360:
340:
320:
300:
240:The following information applied to residential
169:companies are divided into two large categories:
637:
8:
328:is the monthly minimum and covers the first
1652:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1688:
644:
630:
622:
616:Using the Local Calling Guide Instructions
514:
494:
474:
454:
449:is minimum charge for a local toll call,
434:
393:
373:
353:
333:
313:
290:
276:
253:
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Company that provides local phone service
1724:United States communications regulation
7:
1698:
62:adding citations to reliable sources
561:– The duty to afford access to the
236:Residential local exchange services
579:Competitive local exchange carrier
187:American Telephone & Telegraph
25:
368:is the price per local call, and
230:Federal Communications Commission
191:Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers
1697:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1287:Free-space optical communication
34:
301:{\displaystyle m+0.5p(q+|q-n|)}
228:(LATA) which is defined by the
226:local access and transport area
604:Local calling, area code, and
469:is the per-minute charge, and
413:
401:
295:
291:
277:
267:
1:
610:North American Numbering Plan
1673:Telecommunication portal
1454:Telecommunications equipment
554:unreasonable dialing delays.
1190:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1740:
894:Telecommunications history
197:are served by LECs called
1661:
1502:Public Switched Telephone
1314:telecommunication circuit
1275:Fiber-optic communication
1020:Francis Blake (telephone)
815:Optical telecommunication
216:Windstream Communications
1413:Orbital angular-momentum
850:Satellite communications
689:Communications satellite
422:{\displaystyle m+(t-1)p}
157:local telephone company.
77:"Local exchange carrier"
1292:Molecular communication
1115:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
944:Undersea telegraph line
679:Cable protection system
242:local telephone service
212:Frontier Communications
18:Local exchange carriers
1434:Communication protocol
1220:Charles Sumner Tainter
1035:Walter Houser Brattain
980:Edwin Howard Armstrong
788:Information revolution
523:
503:
483:
463:
443:
423:
382:
362:
342:
322:
302:
141:Local exchange carrier
1408:Polarization-division
1140:Narinder Singh Kapany
1105:Erna Schneider Hoover
1025:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1005:Alexander Graham Bell
736:online video platform
529:higher for far zone.
524:
504:
484:
464:
444:
424:
383:
363:
343:
323:
303:
207:independent companies
175:interexchange carrier
1250:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1210:Almon Brown Strowger
1180:Charles Grafton Page
835:Prepaid mobile phone
763:Electrical telegraph
513:
493:
473:
453:
433:
392:
372:
352:
332:
312:
252:
58:improve this article
1200:Johann Philipp Reis
959:Wireless revolution
921:The Telephone Cases
778:Hydraulic telegraph
602:Local Calling Guide
1398:Frequency-division
1375:Telephone exchange
1245:Charles Wheatstone
1175:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1150:Innocenzo Manzetti
1085:Reginald Fessenden
820:Optical telegraphy
653:Telecommunications
548:Number portability
519:
499:
479:
459:
439:
419:
378:
358:
338:
318:
298:
181:of then-regulated
167:wireline telephone
153:telecommunications
1711:
1710:
1449:Store and forward
1444:Data transmission
1358:Network switching
1309:Transmission line
1155:Guglielmo Marconi
1120:Internet pioneers
985:Mohamed M. Atalla
954:Whistled language
522:{\displaystyle p}
502:{\displaystyle m}
482:{\displaystyle t}
462:{\displaystyle p}
442:{\displaystyle m}
381:{\displaystyle q}
361:{\displaystyle p}
341:{\displaystyle n}
321:{\displaystyle m}
138:
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16:(Redirected from
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1701:
1700:
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1671:
1670:
1669:
1542:Notable networks
1532:Wireless network
1472:Cellular network
1464:Types of network
1439:Computer network
1326:Network topology
1240:Thomas A. Watson
1095:Oliver Heaviside
1080:Philo Farnsworth
1055:Daniel Davis Jr.
1030:Charles Bourseul
990:John Logie Baird
699:Data compression
694:Computer network
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179:1984 divestiture
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1160:Robert Metcalfe
1015:Tim Berners-Lee
963:
783:Information Age
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1395:
1393:Space-division
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1230:Camille Tissot
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1205:Claude Shannon
1202:
1197:
1195:Tivadar Puskás
1192:
1187:
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1165:Antonio Meucci
1162:
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1135:Charles K. Kao
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1110:Harold Hopkins
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1010:Emile Berliner
1007:
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992:
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949:Videotelephony
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845:Radiotelephone
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731:Internet video
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596:External links
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1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1418:Code-division
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Time-division
1401:
1399:
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1334:
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1331:
1329:and switching
1327:
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1311:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:optical fiber
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Coaxial cable
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1251:
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1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Radia Perlman
1183:
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1093:
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1088:
1086:
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1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Lee de Forest
1073:
1071:
1070:Thomas Edison
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Donald Davies
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Claude Chappe
1043:
1041:
1038:
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1028:
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1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
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905:
902:
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897:
895:
892:
890:
889:Smoke signals
887:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:Semiconductor
865:
861:
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729:
728:
727:
726:Digital media
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171:long-distance
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163:United States
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118:February 2013
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79: –
78:
74:
73:Find sources:
67:
63:
59:
53:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
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32:
31:
19:
1385:Multiplexing
1260:Transmission
1225:Nikola Tesla
1215:Henry Sutton
1170:Samuel Morse
1100:Robert Hooke
1065:Amos Dolbear
1000:John Bardeen
919:
899:Telautograph
803:Mobile phone
758:Edholm's law
741:social media
674:Broadcasting
559:right-of-way
536:
246:
239:
220:
195:
160:
156:
144:
140:
139:
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
56:Please help
44:
1585:NPL network
1297:Radio waves
1235:Alfred Vail
1145:Hedy Lamarr
1130:Dawon Kahng
1090:Elisha Gray
1050:Yogen Dalal
975:Nasir Ahmed
909:Teleprinter
773:Heliographs
585:LEC billing
222:Local calls
1631:Antarctica
1590:Toasternet
1512:Television
995:Paul Baran
927:Television
911:(teletype)
904:Telegraphy
882:transistor
860:Phryctoria
830:Photophone
808:Smartphone
798:Mass media
590:Circuit ID
557:Access to
199:Baby Bells
149:regulatory
88:newspapers
1615:Americas
1604:Locations
1575:Internet2
1336:Bandwidth
1040:Vint Cerf
937:streaming
915:Telephone
855:Semaphore
746:streaming
408:−
285:−
45:does not
1718:Category
1683:Category
1570:Internet
1560:CYCLADES
1477:Ethernet
1427:Concepts
1351:terminal
1302:wireless
1125:Bob Kahn
968:Pioneers
793:Internet
684:Cable TV
573:See also
429:, where
308:, where
193:(ILEC).
185:carrier
183:monopoly
155:for the
151:term in
1703:Commons
1693:Outline
1646:Oceania
1565:FidoNet
1550:ARPANET
1363:circuit
932:digital
661:History
348:calls,
161:In the
147:) is a
102:scholar
66:removed
51:sources
1641:Europe
1611:Africa
1595:Usenet
1555:BITNET
1492:Mobile
1368:packet
877:MOSFET
872:device
669:Beacon
581:(CLEC)
542:Resale
533:Duties
214:, and
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
1624:South
1619:North
1580:JANET
1517:Telex
1507:Radio
1346:Nodes
1341:Links
1262:media
840:Radio
825:Pager
753:Drums
719:video
714:image
704:audio
563:poles
203:RBOCs
201:, or
109:JSTOR
95:books
1636:Asia
1522:UUCP
1482:ISDN
606:LATA
509:and
81:news
49:any
47:cite
1527:WAN
1497:NGN
1487:LAN
768:Fax
709:DCT
262:0.5
145:LEC
60:by
1720::
218:.
165:,
1654:)
1650:(
645:e
638:t
631:v
612:.
517:p
497:m
477:t
457:p
437:m
417:p
414:)
411:1
405:t
402:(
399:+
396:m
376:q
356:p
336:n
316:m
296:)
292:|
288:n
282:q
278:|
274:+
271:q
268:(
265:p
259:+
256:m
173:(
143:(
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
106:·
99:·
92:·
85:·
68:.
54:.
20:)
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