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activities that contribute to the well-being of both people and the planet. Such actions seek to help people survive well; produce and distribute surplus; transact goods and services more fairly; and invest in ways to support a better future. A community economies approach involves identifying and acknowledging the economic activities that contribute to the well-being of people and the planet and considers ways that these activities may strengthen and multiply. Community-based economics starts by acknowledging the local context and valuing the diverse economic activities and possibilities already present.
1072:(CBT) has been advanced as a strategy associated with community development and poverty alleviation through tourism. CBT "has become one of the sector's fastest-growing segments globally...". It is a form of tourism that started in the 1970s and is explicitly aimed at disadvantaged communities. Common challenges are linked to the scarcity of material and non-material (such as skill and education) of poor community members.
33:
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did not include much participation from the communities themselves. In the current program, each village conducts a public investment plan where projects are voted on by the village residents themselves. The government-initiated program being run in China since 2001 is one of few examples of community-based economics at play, with limited to no participation from international donors.
932:
1154:. This model is an example of a community based economic approach to ecological management. This approach is one that the Australian state governments have justified based on the potential benefits of developing the capacities of landholders and other stakeholders. Stakeholders then respond self-reliantly (both as individuals and in groups) to the environmental challenges.
1175:), grassroots non-profit entities focusing on revitalising their respective communities through linked natural resource stewardship and rural economic development activities, have emerged to provide direction and practical solutions to natural resource management dilemmas and social conflict. CBOs seek to help communities cope with policy and economic transitions.
1223:
of Malawi's
Central Regionsâ. The NHCS includes members from the eleven villages surrounding it and was initially known as the âNgolowindo Self Help Irrigation Scheme (NSHIS)â. The NSHIS had seen support from the areasâ indigenous leaders. Apart from seeking to implement subsistence farming, the NHCS
1211:
Many community-based economies have been seen in the
Kasungu district of Malawi. These economies have concerned themselves with the tasks of sustaining agriculture; managing natural resources; facilitating small and medium enterprises; as well as dealing with health problems in their communities such
1123:
approaches, governance actors from higher than just the local community level are often involved. As such, approaches can differ widely with respect to the composition of participants. Different governance functions can be performed by different actors from different societal spheres and at different
1084:
for the purpose of reducing poverty levels. âParticipatory village planningâ was seen to have been used to promote public investments in targeted villages with higher levels of poverty. There had been programs prior to 2001 in China where investments were made to try to reduce poverty, however, these
1106:
community refrain from using modern technological equipment and still find ways to sell their products at market prices and make profits. By engaging in the wider economy, the Amish community are better able to deal with population growth, land price increases, as well as rises in costs of goods and
1162:
The state government of Nepal set up the
Community Forestry programme in 1978, an initiative that saw community members being given full rights for the protection of forests. Around twenty thousand community forest user groups, including under two and a half million households are involved in the
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describes the growth of local economic linkages as vital to moving post-industrial economies toward sustainability". Growing economic links involves engaging local communities to the point where they have meaningful levels of ownership over their environmental and financial resources, in order to
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The community-based economy can refer to the various initiatives coordinated through multiple forms of interactions. These interactions may involve some form of work performance; project participation; and/or relationship exchange. The forms of interaction can exclude the need to contract; can do
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that "devolves authority to the most local community level". Economic development projects target the poor, often in developing countries. There have been mixed results from a limited number of studies endeavouring to explore the potential for success from community-based decentralised programs.
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involved working with groups of community members to build on existing individual and community assets. Community economies researchers point out that the 'community' in community economies is not about pre-existing communities (such as those based on a shared identity or location). Instead, the
1032:
Community-based economies have been seen to focus on the idea that the âlocal community should be the focal point of developmentâ. In addition, resources and skills which are sourced locally are seen to play a pivotal role in the community. A community economies approach is interested in diverse
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The importance of relationships was seen in the early MÄori economy. Concepts such as reciprocity; flexibility; sustainability and sharing (trade) underpinned these relationships. Not only were these relationships regarded as between people, but between people and the physical world, as well as
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Government agencies and community groups have protocols for engaging with
Aboriginal communities. In regional Australia, resource management practitioners apply projects according to engagement protocols transferred from remote Australia. Various state governments in Australia devolve powers to
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away with the need to include some form of monetisation; as well as be free from the need to establish a structure of hierarchy. Community-based economies have been seen to involve aspects of social bonding; value promotion; and establishing community-orientated social goals.
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Community-based approaches may overlook or neglect broader social processes. Some communities may be too poor or conflict-ridden to be able to help themselves; 'participation fatigue' can be present, and power differentials can lead to inequitable outcomes.
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Cooperatives play a vital role in community-based poverty reduction programs. The first multipurpose cooperative in Nepal was established in 1956. The purpose of establishing the cooperative was to help support the rehabilitation of flood victims.
1203:. This project was collaborative in nature, where the University worked with a number of community-based Aboriginal land and sea management groups in northern Australia. Work was carried out on a number of cultural and resource management issues.
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services not being produced by the Amish community itself. As such, the Amish still find themselves subject to the economic factors of supply and demand changes, rapid changes in legal and political environments, as well the impacts of
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schemes involve extending ideas to finance local economic initiatives. These initiatives feature energy and other conservation measures and environmental remediation as an essential job creation focus".
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Community approaches to poverty reduction address social problems that governments and the voluntary sector usually address. However, these typically incorporate methods employed by the private sector.
1188:
Since the 1970s, Indigenous communities in
Australia have played leading roles in building procuring community-based services in areas such as local governing; health; housing; as well as welfare.
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Giampiccoli, Andrea; Saayman, Melville (2017). "Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2017). Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and infrastructure development and poverty".
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The Amish community are an example of economic development being possible without complete modernisation. Profit is given less importance to religion and its values. Farmers in the
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focus on the production of resources to meet localised needs. This pattern is becoming more familiar in many parts of North
America and Europe. As currently practised,
1029:
introduces insights into new economic development that honours ecological realities and finds efficiencies in small-scale, shared knowledge at the community level.
1728:
Carter, Jennifer (2010). "Protocols, particularities, and problematising
Indigenous 'engagement' in community-based environmental management in settled Australia".
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is on record to have increased funding for community-based development from a minimum of $ 325 million in 1996 to a minimum of $ 3 billion in 2003.
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is one such example of community-based economies at play. It is located in the âMaganga
Traditional Authority in the
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1920:"Case Studies on Advancing Inclusive Economic Growth: Understanding and Valuing Indigenous Economies within APEC"
1893:"Community-based organizations in socio-economic development : the experience of Kasungu district in Malawi"
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1664:"Multilevel governance in community-based environmental management: a case study comparison from Latin America"
1464:"Community-based development and poverty alleviation: An evaluation of China's poor village investment program"
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1394:"Partnership for SuccessâCommunity-Based Economic Development: A Case Study of Ngolowindo Cooperative, Malawi"
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Sattler, Claudia; Schröter, Barbara; Meyer, Angela; Giersch, Gregor; Meyer, Claas; Matzdorf, Bettina (2016).
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Perkins, Patricia (2003). "Social
Diversity, Globalization and Sustainability in Community-Based Economics".
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Dana, LĂ©o-Paul (2007). "A Humility-Based
Enterprising Community: The Amish People in Lancaster County".
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deals with generational income issues by focusing on achieving stability at the household level.
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It has been suggested that communities that meet their own needs need the global economy less.
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Abrams, Jesse; Davis, Emily J; Ellison, Autumn; Moseley, Cassandra; Nowell, Branda (2016).
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Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy
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Community economic development : an approach for urban-based economies
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People on Country (POC), Healthy Landscapes and Indigenous Economic Futures
1760:"Economics for Accountability in Community-Based Environmental Governance"
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community is a process of being with others, including the world around.
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1334:"Promises and paradoxes of the sharing economy: An organizing framework"
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management of around two million hectares of community forest in Nepal.
1804:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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1871:"Indigenous Economic Development through Community-Based Enterprise"
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In many rural communities across the west of the United States, (
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Acquier, Aurélien; Daudigeos, Thibault; Pinkse, Jonatan (2017).
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regional organisations to decide how to invest public funds in
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Environmental sustainability and natural resource preservation
26:
1583:"Roles of Cooperatives in Poverty Reduction: A Case of Nepal"
1541:. Canada: The Caledon Institute of Social Policy. p. 5.
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Marshall, Graham R; McNeill, Judith; Reeve, I J (2011).
1633:"The Amish in the Market: Competing against the Odds"
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Environments: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
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African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure
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Ngolowindo Horticultural Cooperative Society (NHCS)
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In Australia, a five-year research project called '
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1918:Schulze, HillmarĂš; Hurren, Konrad; Riley, Hannah.
1398:Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy
1197:Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research
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8:
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1338:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
1138:Green Community Economic Development (GCED)
1133:Bioregional and ecological economics theory
1121:community-based natural resource management
1501:Mansuri, Ghazala; Rao, Vijayendra (2004).
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1053:Community-based development is a form of
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1392:Hill, T R; Nel, E L; Illgner, P (2007).
1233:between people and the spiritual world.
1705:Wismer, Susan; Mitchell, Bruce (2005).
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1006:communities. It is also a subject in
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1587:Administration and Management Review
1434:Cameron, Jenny; Lyne, Isaac (2022).
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1858:. Child Family Community Australia.
1462:Park, Albert; Wang, Sangui (2010).
1173:community-based organisations (CBO)
1049:Investment and poverty alleviation
1042:Jenga Community Partnering Project
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1539:Community-Based Poverty Reduction
1119:Due to the hybrid nature of many
937:Business and economics portal
1891:Mgawanyemba, Gamaliel D (2008).
1742:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00355.x
1311:. : Institute of Urban Studies.
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1878:CAEPR Topical Issue No. 06/2010
42:needs additional citations for
1897:UNISA Institutional Repository
1350:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.07.006
1201:Australian National University
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1480:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.06.005
832:Commons-based peer production
552:Socialism of the 21st century
1307:Newman, Lynda Henry (1986).
1854:Morley, Sam (20 May 2015).
1468:Journal of Public Economics
1438:(1st ed.). Routledge.
66:"Community-based economics"
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1581:Bharadwaj, Bishal (2012).
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1268:Fundamentals of economics
976:Community-based economics
326:Socialist-oriented market
1730:The Geographical Journal
1637:American Studies Journal
1537:Torjman, Sherri (1998).
1195:' was undertaken by the
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1082:community-driven program
994:, including traditional
1681:10.5751/ES-08475-210424
1080:In 2001, China began a
1070:Community-based tourism
986:. It is similar to the
1835:Cite journal requires
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1370:Canadian Woman Studies
1179:Indigenous communities
1027:"Local-economy theory"
1631:Lutz, Martin (2017).
992:voluntary simplicity
990:of those practicing
862:Newly industrialized
605:Collective ownership
466:Vertical archipelago
51:improve this article
1922:. APEC Secretariat.
1668:Ecology and Society
1436:Community economies
1273:J. K. Gibson-Graham
1243:Anarchist economics
980:community economics
847:Inclusive Democracy
1940:Community building
1258:Economic Democracy
984:local substitution
785:Material balancing
267:Buddhist economics
1474:(9â10): 790â799.
1212:as HIV and AIDS.
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277:Sabbath economics
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797:Self-managed
732:Coordination
668:Deregulation
353:Distributist
207:Mercantilist
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1691:10535/10233
1410:10.1068/c8p
1228:New Zealand
1038:Philippines
1004:eco-village
907:Traditional
857:Manorialism
852:Information
826:Other types
812:Open access
775:Cybernetics
517:Anglo-Saxon
502:Singaporean
461:Underground
456:Subsistence
361:Corporatist
336:Syndicalist
296:Communalist
182:Associative
176:By ideology
149:Major types
1905:10500/2759
1294:References
1283:Local food
912:Transition
872:Plantation
780:Indicative
642:Transition
492:East Asian
263:Religious
239:Democratic
212:Neoliberal
197:Democratic
187:Capitalist
155:Capitalism
77:newspapers
1593:(1): 125.
1418:153414635
1184:Australia
1145:Australia
996:Mennonite
877:Plutonomy
758:Regulated
587:Voluntary
513:European
366:Feudalism
311:Mutualist
301:Communist
291:Socialist
272:Christian
192:Corporate
165:Communism
160:Socialism
1934:Category
1802:ICUN.org
1736:(3): 1.
1674:(4): 1.
1488:18212353
1344:: 1â10.
1237:See also
1124:levels.
988:lifeways
765:Planning
416:Informal
401:Dirigist
254:Georgist
249:Feminist
134:a series
132:Part of
107:May 2022
1717:(1): 1.
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1199:at the
1036:In the
807:Sharing
770:In kind
718:Marxist
610:Commons
577:Private
566:Sectors
537:Rhenish
507:Keralan
497:Chinese
471:Virtual
451:Sharing
441:Planned
431:Natural
396:Digital
284:Islamic
244:Fascist
232:Welfare
91:scholar
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1040:, the
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527:Nordic
522:German
488:Asian
421:Market
93:
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1874:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1484:S2CID
1414:S2CID
1288:WWOOF
1158:Nepal
1104:Amish
1089:Nepal
1076:China
1000:Amish
917:World
902:Token
792:Price
532:Dutch
426:Mixed
331:State
259:Green
98:JSTOR
84:books
1841:help
1781:help
1543:ISBN
1524:help
1440:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1215:The
1014:and
753:Open
748:Free
436:Open
411:Gift
406:Dual
70:news
1901:hdl
1738:doi
1734:176
1686:hdl
1676:doi
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