1045:
227:, that allowed researchers to distinguish heat being emitted from Loki Patera. They were able to accomplish this because Europa's surface is coated in water ice which reflects small amounts of sunlight at infrared wavelengths. Scientists were able to determine that there were two waves of resurfacing lava, which explains the change in brightness on Loki Patera every 400–600 days. The images that helped researchers discover this were captured by the
20:
50:
196:
margin, caused by the lake's crust breaking up along the edge of the patera. Over time, because the solidified lava is denser than the still-molten magma below, this crust can founder, exposing fresh, hot molten rock. At sites such as Loki Patera, this can occur episodically. During an overturning episode, Loki can emit up to ten times more heat than when its crust is stable.
195:
Io's lava lakes such as Loki Patera are depressions partially filled with molten lava covered by a thin solidified crust. These lava lakes are directly connected to a magma reservoir below. Observations of thermal emission at several of Io's lava lakes reveal glowing molten rock along Loki Patera's
31:
199:
During an eruption, a wave of foundering crust has been observed to out across the patera at the rate of about 1 km (3,300 ft) per day, until the crust of the lake has been resurfaced. Another eruption then begins once the new crust has cooled and thickened enough for it to no longer be
35:
39:
37:
33:
32:
38:
36:
246:
completed extremely close flybys of Io, including the first closeup images of the northern latitudes, showing the islands within Loki Patera surrounded by a reflective glassy black surface.
131:
on Earth. It is the largest volcano on Io, producing about 10% of Io’s total thermal emission. Temperature measurements of thermal emission at Loki Patera taken by
34:
381:
509:
416:
560:
Rathbun, J. A.; J. R. Spencer (2006). "Loki, Io: New ground-based observations and a model describing the change from periodic overturn".
707:
1239:
1214:
143:
636:
1260:
749:
260:
63:
1209:
562:
279:
1167:
501:
1265:
1199:
754:
228:
54:
137:'s Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer (IRIS) instrument were consistent with sulfur volcanism.
744:
700:
1204:
127:, with an episodically overturning crust. The level of activity seen is similar to a superfast spreading
739:
1111:
983:
850:
581:
534:
385:
355:
313:
1118:
1270:
1183:
1234:
1014:
815:
693:
616:
597:
571:
457:
346:(2007). "The nature of the volcanic activity at Loki: Insights from Galileo NIMS and PPR data".
1143:
1053:
968:
505:
449:
412:
243:
236:
998:
973:
900:
895:
885:
810:
775:
589:
542:
441:
432:
Hanel, R.; et al. (1979). "Infrared
Observations of the Jovian System from Voyager 1".
363:
321:
224:
180:
69:
19:
1089:
1068:
959:
910:
805:
255:
172:
128:
664:
585:
538:
359:
317:
1161:
993:
988:
978:
949:
880:
790:
770:
49:
1254:
1030:
923:
875:
870:
865:
855:
845:
835:
785:
304:
Radebaugh, J.; et al. (2001). "Paterae on Io: A new type of volcanic caldera?".
220:
680:
659:
601:
461:
1125:
928:
890:
840:
825:
800:
795:
445:
343:
184:
496:
Davies, A. (2007). "Effusive activity: landforms and thermal emission evolution".
478:
660:"NIMS Observes Increased Activity at Loki Patera, Io", JPL Planetary Photojournal
367:
830:
780:
1081:
1074:
933:
918:
158:
145:
1102:
1095:
860:
724:
716:
133:
124:
120:
453:
593:
576:
546:
325:
232:
116:
525:
Matson, D. L.; et al. (2006). "Io: Loki Patera as a magma sea".
637:"NASA's Juno Gives Aerial Views of Mountain, Lava Lake on Io - NASA"
617:"Waves of lava seen in Jupiter's moon Io's largest volcanic crater"
26:
observation of Loki Patera and nearby lava flows and volcanic pits.
235:. The observation also revealed that there is a difference in the
123:, 202 kilometres (126 mi) in diameter. It contains an active
18:
407:
Lopes, Rosaly; de Kleer, Katherine; Keane, James Tuttle (2023).
176:
53:
Map of temperature and crust age of Loki Patera obtained by the
689:
107:
101:
84:
78:
95:
685:
81:
104:
98:
92:
75:
1227:
1192:
1176:
1153:
1135:
1061:
1052:
1023:
1007:
958:
942:
909:
763:
732:
723:
219:, a rare orbital alignment occurred between Io and
89:
72:
280:"Looking Into Io's Loki Patera (Artist's Concept)"
615:University of California, Berkeley (2017-05-10).
16:Largest volcanic depression on Jupiter's moon Io
411:(2nd ed.). Springer Nature. p. 192.
701:
8:
337:
335:
1058:
729:
708:
694:
686:
575:
498:Volcanism on Io: A Comparison with Earth
242:In December 2023 and February 2024, the
48:
29:
271:
115:is the largest volcanic depression on
665:"An Impact Genesis for Loki Patera?"
485:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
473:
471:
7:
483:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
14:
1043:
409:Io: A New View of Jupiter’s Moon
68:
261:List of volcanic features on Io
1210:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
446:10.1126/science.204.4396.972-a
200:buoyant over the molten lava.
1:
563:Geophysical Research Letters
368:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.022
183:is located to the north and
681:Loki Patera/NIMS at CICLOPS
667:Lunar and Planetary Science
239:of the two halves of Loki.
1287:
1168:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
502:Cambridge University Press
140:Loki Patera is located at
1200:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
1041:
231:Observatory in southeast
229:Large Binocular Telescope
55:Large Binocular Telescope
45:(artist's concept; 0:18).
171:. It is named after the
1261:Volcanoes of Io (moon)
1205:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
943:Lava flows or channels
58:
46:
43:Loki Patera on moon Io
27:
1235:Io in popular culture
52:
42:
22:
1193:Cancelled / Concepts
594:10.1029/2006GL026844
547:10.1029/2006JE002703
326:10.1029/2000JE001406
312:(E12): 33005–33020.
208:On 8 March 2015
1184:Io Volcano Observer
1024:Plains and plateaus
586:2006GeoRL..3317201R
539:2006JGRE..111.9002M
504:. pp. 142–52.
360:2007Icar..186..448H
318:2001JGR...10633005R
155: /
1154:Planned / On-route
1015:Kanehekili Fluctus
210: (9 years ago)
187:to the northwest.
59:
47:
28:
1248:
1247:
1223:
1222:
1039:
1038:
750:Volcanic Features
511:978-0-521-85003-2
418:978-3-031-25669-1
388:on 9 October 2007
40:
1278:
1266:Active volcanoes
1059:
1047:
1046:
730:
710:
703:
696:
687:
648:
647:
645:
644:
633:
627:
626:
624:
623:
612:
606:
605:
579:
577:astro-ph/0605240
557:
551:
550:
522:
516:
515:
493:
487:
486:
475:
466:
465:
440:(4396): 972–76.
429:
423:
422:
404:
398:
397:
395:
393:
384:. Archived from
378:
372:
371:
339:
330:
329:
301:
295:
294:
292:
291:
276:
225:moons of Jupiter
218:
216:
211:
181:Amaterasu Patera
170:
169:
167:
166:
165:
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
41:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1219:
1188:
1172:
1149:
1131:
1090:Voyager program
1069:Pioneer program
1048:
1044:
1035:
1019:
1003:
954:
938:
905:
759:
719:
714:
677:
656:
651:
642:
640:
635:
634:
630:
621:
619:
614:
613:
609:
559:
558:
554:
527:J. Geophys. Res
524:
523:
519:
512:
495:
494:
490:
477:
476:
469:
431:
430:
426:
419:
406:
405:
401:
391:
389:
380:
379:
375:
342:Howell, R. R.;
341:
340:
333:
306:J. Geophys. Res
303:
302:
298:
289:
287:
278:
277:
273:
269:
256:Volcanism on Io
252:
244:Juno spacecraft
214:
212:
209:
206:
193:
163:
161:
157:
154:
149:
146:
144:
142:
141:
129:mid-ocean ridge
88:
71:
67:
44:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1162:Europa Clipper
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
956:
955:
953:
952:
946:
944:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
765:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
734:
727:
721:
720:
715:
713:
712:
705:
698:
690:
684:
683:
676:
675:External links
673:
672:
671:
662:
655:
652:
650:
649:
628:
607:
570:(17): L17201.
552:
533:(E9): E09002.
517:
510:
488:
467:
424:
417:
399:
373:
354:(2): 448–461.
344:R. M. C. Lopes
331:
296:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
258:
251:
248:
205:
202:
192:
189:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1032:
1031:Danube Planum
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
961:
957:
951:
948:
947:
945:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
691:
688:
682:
679:
678:
674:
670:
668:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
638:
632:
629:
618:
611:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
564:
556:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
518:
513:
507:
503:
499:
492:
489:
484:
480:
479:"Loki Patera"
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
428:
425:
420:
414:
410:
403:
400:
387:
383:
377:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
338:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
300:
297:
285:
281:
275:
272:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
249:
247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:, two of the
222:
203:
201:
197:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
138:
136:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
112:
66:
65:
56:
51:
25:
21:
1160:
1142:
1126:New Horizons
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1094:
1080:
1073:
820:
669:XXXVI (2005)
666:
654:Bibliography
641:. Retrieved
639:. 2024-04-18
631:
620:. Retrieved
610:
567:
561:
555:
530:
526:
520:
497:
491:
482:
437:
433:
427:
408:
402:
390:. Retrieved
386:the original
382:"iavcei2004"
376:
351:
347:
309:
305:
299:
288:. Retrieved
286:. 2024-04-18
283:
274:
241:
237:magma supply
207:
198:
194:
185:Manua Patera
159:13°N 308.8°W
139:
132:
61:
60:
23:
1054:Exploration
962:/ Volcanoes
816:Kinich Ahau
755:Quadrangles
392:2 September
162: /
1271:Lava lakes
1255:Categories
1082:Pioneer 11
1075:Pioneer 10
984:Prometheus
851:Prometheus
643:2024-04-27
622:2017-10-11
290:2024-04-25
267:References
215:2015-03-08
164:13; -308.8
1103:Voyager 2
1096:Voyager 1
960:Volcanism
911:Mountains
901:Viracocha
886:Thomagata
811:Kami-Nari
776:Amaterasu
745:Mountains
134:Voyager 1
125:lava lake
24:Voyager 1
1177:Proposed
896:Tvashtar
806:Gish Bar
602:29626659
462:43050333
454:17800431
284:NASA/JPL
250:See also
150:308°48′W
119:'s moon
1136:Current
1119:Cassini
1112:Galileo
1008:Fluctūs
969:Amirani
950:Tawhaki
929:Silpium
881:Tawhaki
791:Dazhbog
771:Ah Peku
764:Paterae
740:Regions
725:Geology
582:Bibcode
535:Bibcode
434:Science
356:Bibcode
314:Bibcode
233:Arizona
213: (
204:History
191:Geology
147:13°00′N
117:Jupiter
999:Zamama
974:Masubi
924:Euboea
876:Svarog
871:Shango
866:Reiden
856:Pyerun
846:Pillan
836:Mithra
786:Babbar
600:
508:
460:
452:
415:
348:Icarus
221:Europa
64:Patera
1228:Other
934:Tohil
919:Egypt
891:Tupan
841:Monan
826:Manua
801:Fuchi
796:Estan
733:Lists
598:S2CID
572:arXiv
458:S2CID
173:Norse
62:Loki
1240:Life
1215:FIRE
1144:Juno
1062:Past
994:Thor
989:Surt
979:Pele
831:Maui
821:Loki
781:Asha
506:ISBN
450:PMID
413:ISBN
394:2024
177:Loki
175:god
590:doi
543:doi
531:111
442:doi
438:204
364:doi
352:186
322:doi
310:106
1257::
861:Ra
717:Io
596:.
588:.
580:.
568:33
566:.
541:.
529:.
500:.
481:.
470:^
456:.
448:.
436:.
362:.
350:.
334:^
320:.
308:.
282:.
179:.
121:Io
79:oʊ
709:e
702:t
695:v
646:.
625:.
604:.
592::
584::
574::
549:.
545::
537::
514:.
464:.
444::
421:.
396:.
370:.
366::
358::
328:.
324::
316::
293:.
217:)
111:/
108:ə
105:r
102:ə
99:t
96:æ
93:p
90:ˈ
85:i
82:k
76:l
73:ˈ
70:/
57:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
