425:– Attachments for large groomers include: a front blade, a tiller, a renovator and track setter. The leading front blade repositions snow in front of the machine for trailing equipment to recondition. The renovator digs into the snow pack to aerate and mix the old and new snow up to 30 cm deep, as needed. The tiller attached behind the machine conditions the snow into a soft, granular consistency, ready for its comb, which packs the snow into a finished surface. For setting classic tracks, the groomer trails special pans, which mould the tracks. Attachments for snowmobiles perform the same functions at a smaller scale and include a roller to compact the snow over a wide swath and a drag to level the snow behind the roller.
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advocates that courses present a variety of uphills, varying in lengths and gradients between 6% and 12%, and which are arrayed efficiently within the venue. Terms include: definitions of climbs—major (9-18% for more than 30 m), short (9-18% for 10 to 29 m) and steep (greater than 18% for less than 10 m)—and definitions for maximum climb, total climb and for various differences in height, along the way. Course widths vary among 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, depending on the event.
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174:– The trail system should comprise loops with internal connectors and cutoffs that allow the skier discretion in how long to ski. Loop lengths should range from 5 to 15 km with a beginners loop of about 1 km. Minimum clearing widths should range between 3 and 5 meters, depending on what type of skiing is accommodated and whether a steep section would require herringbone technique uphill or turns downhill.
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measured from the middle of each track. The depth of the track should be 2-5 cm, even in hard or frozen snow.” FIS Rule 315.3.1 (ICR 2004) requires that for classic technique events a single track should "be set along the ideal skiing line of the competition course," which is normally through the middle of the trail, except for those curves that are too sharp, where the track should disappear.
28:
184:– Trails should be smooth enough and free from protrusions to accommodate grooming when snow depth reaches 0.3 m. A sod surface with mowable vegetation reduces erosion and retains snow. Trails should have gentle curves, especially avoiding sharp turns at the bottom of downhills. Bridges should accommodate 5-tonne maintenance equipment.
190:– Cross-country ski trails are considered compatible with winter snowshoeing and summer hiking and bicycling. They are considered to be incompatible with snowmobiling and wheeled traffic. Cross-country skiing venues should have adequate parking areas, rest areas for skiers, shelters every 15 to 20 km, and appropriate signage.
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of varying length and difficulty that loop back to a starting point. Often trails branch out from a common segment; the more challenging ones then branch off on longer legs. The length of each loop, including segments that coincide with other loops, is typically counted separately. Consequently, the
381:
In its manual, the FIS requires that courses be designed for the following race formats; Interval start, mass start, sprint and team sprint, relay and skiathlon; each has distance requirements and width requirements, which pertain primarily to up hills; each also has requirements for the number and
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In its "Cross-country homologation manual," the FIS recognizes that fans of the sport wish to follow it on television. With this in mind, the manual addresses how to design the race course in a manner that not only enhances the experience of spectators, but of viewers, as well—not just to show the
556:
According to the "Cross
Country Canada officials manual," FIS Rule 315.3.2 (ICR 2004) requires the following: “The ski tracks must be prepared so that ski control and gliding are possible without a lateral braking effect by any parts of the bindings. The two tracks should be set 17-30 cm. apart,
382:
types of climbs. The FIS requires that competition venues consist of two separate courses to accommodate the classic and skating components of the skiathlon competition, each 5 km long with cut-offs that create finer course length adjustment. The two combine to be a single 10 km course.
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Trail use fees are common at commercial ski venues and may also be found in jurisdictions where skiing occurs on public land; usually there are day, week and annual passes. Venues charging fees may also offer use of heated facilities with a lounge, waxing room, and toilets. In jurisdictions where
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Until well into the 20th century and the advent of mechanized trail grooming, cross-country tracks were always made by the first skiers to pass through undisturbed, fresh snow and leave a parallel set of ski tracks behind them. Certain local and regional trails are available where the passage of
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A course is expected to test the skier's technical and physical abilities, to be laid out in a manner that takes advantage of the natural terrain, and to provide smooth transitions among uphills, downhills and "undulating" terrain (distributed approximately evenly among the three). The manual
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According to the same manual, FIS rule 315.4.1 (ICR 2004) reads: "For interval start competitions in free technique the course must be well-packed for a width of at least 4 meters." Tracks are no longer current practice for free-style races, where the skating technique prevails.
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and freezing of melted water. New-fallen snow may have a density of 150 – 200 kg/m. Whereas a snowmobile can pack snow to a density of 300 – 350 kg/m, the densities required for recreational trails are 450 kg/m and for racing, 500 kg/m or higher.
431:– Grooming is best done with a falling temperature—typically after nightfall—to prevent excessive hardening. Once groomed, the tilled surface needs 1–2 hours to coalesce. Too-frequent grooming can destroy snow crystals and contaminate snow with oil and dirt.
514:
These factors contribute to the metamorphism of snow, i.e. the process of reshaping snow crystals into smaller, more rounded ice grains, which in turn consolidates and settles the snow pack. Increased density increases strength by joining of grains though
419:– Whereas small cross-country venues may use snow machines, race venues typically use large grooming machines, which are between 2.5 and 5.5 m wide and can groom a large area. Snowmobiles are better for setting of classic tracks in an ideal line.
167:, which cites the manual, "Recreational Trail Design and Construction," developed by the Minnesota Extension Service of the University of Minnesota It emphasizes the following aspects of recreational cross-country trail layout and construction:
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trail maintenance and grooming has traditionally been funded through taxes, transitions to a user-fee-based system, initiated by increasingly budget-constrained governments, have been met with opposition from those who advocate for the users of
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may be equipped with attachments to groom smooth lanes for skate skiing and for setting classic tracks. Techniques and tools used depend on the condition of the snow, which may range between freshly fallen to congealed and icy.
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Loipen; Klassifizierung, grundlegende graphische
Symbole und Schilder zur Information von Skilangläufern (Cross country tracks; classification, basic graphic symbols and signs for the information of cross country
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total length of loops is greater than the total length of trail structure. In some regions, skiers may travel between cross-country ski resorts, which are linked by point-to-point trails; these include:
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may be governed by standards or practices. In North
America, they follow the practice of the Cross-Country Ski Areas Association. German ski trail signage conforms to
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should usually be less than 5% rise over run for general skiing with occasional sustained pitches of 10% and short (less-than-50-m) pitches of up to 25%.
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Graphische
Symbole und Schilder zur Information der Skifahrer auf Skipisten (Graphic symbols and signs for information of the skiers on skiing slopes)
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Renovation creates a reduction in snow density and may include surface scarification or deep renovation with tools that cut to the desired depth.
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The "USSA Cross-Country
Technical Handbook" provides guidance on equipment and techniques used in modern mechanized snow grooming operations. A
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athletes in action, but to show the ways in which fans enjoy the action. The manual describes considerations regarding race courses, including:
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Conditioning to accelerate the aging processes and increase bonding of snow crystals within the snow pack; this may be done with a tiller.
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Skifernwanderweg: Fernskiwanderweg
Schonach-Belchen, Bayerwaldloipe, Skimagistrale Erzgebirge-Kru Ne Hory, Grande Traversee Du Jura
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is a loanword in
English-language travel guides, referring to cross-country ski trails in Europe. It is a Germanization of the
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officials manual" explains snow conditions, starting with fundamentals of heat gain and loss In the snow layer, which include:
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which originally meant a steep channel used to slide logs downhill into the valleys and which in turn came from the verb
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Wind, whose dominant effect is cooling through evaporation and consequently creates loss of mass in the snow pack
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from sunlight, which heats the snow surface and can cause melting within the top few centimeters of the snowpack.
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As described in the "Cross
Country Canada officials manual," basic grooming involves six processes, as follows:
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Mixing of new snow with older lower snow, using deep cutting implements allows the snow pack to set up better.
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Course layout of the cross-country skiing events at the
Olympic Winter Games at Whistler Winter Park for the
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53:. Trails may extend point-to-point, but are more typically loops for recreational use or for
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57:. Until the mid-20th Century, trails were tracked by the passage of skiers. More recently,
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standards, which establish coding for the difficulty of the routes and other norms for
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Packing with rollers or other compaction devices achieves an increase in snow density.
348:. Red and blue denotes separate 5-km courses for skiathlon events (classic + skating).
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Surface shaping restores trails to a flat surface, using blades or drag graders.
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is a route that has been laid out, constructed and maintained specifically for
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Schematic example of a cross-country skiing trail network at a ski resort in
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An example of guidance for cross-country ski trail construction comes from
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Snow conditions define the tools and techniques needed for grooming. The "
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Swedish cross-country ski racer on a track set by other skiers, ca. 1935.
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where an automated kiosk system for trail passes was proposed for 2007.
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950:. Betriebssportgemeinschaft der Ostsächsischen Sparkasse Dresden e. V
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Swedish cross-country ski racer on a track set by machine in 2007.
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Power tilling to bring up and mix fresher snow from lower layers.
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Cross
Country Ski Trail - Setting corduroy and classic tracks.
204:
95:
Cross-country ski venues often comprise a system of trails or
218:
1089:(6 ed.). International Ski Federation. Archived from
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Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing
504:, which in clear conditions may cool the snow surface.
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1227:
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Course preparation for classic and skating techniques
1183:. U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association. Archived from
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Bousfield, Jonathan; Humphreys, Rob (October 2008),
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within the snow pack from the surface to the ground.
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1058:, DIN 32913:1993-02, Deutsches Institut fĂĽr Normung
1031:, DIN 32912:1983-01, Deutsches Institut fĂĽr Normung
978:. Northern Arizona University. 2001. Archived from
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1075:
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1071:
757:
755:
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571:List of cross-country skiing trails in Switzerland
901:"Tourismus-Branche befĂĽrchtet harte Einschnitte"
820:"Ski Inn-to-Inn on the Catamount Trail, Vermont"
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1169:
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877:100 Best Cross-Country Ski Trails in Washington
874:Spring, Vicky; Kirkendall, Tom (October 2002),
215:Signage denoting level of difficulty for trails
1314:
733:"Auf Langlaufski über den französischen Jura"
671:. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 185.
8:
1122:. National Nordic Foundation. Archived from
1002:"Industry professionals & CCSAA members"
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1350:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
1151:. Dartmouth Outing Club. October 21, 2012
976:"Cross Country Ski Trail Considerations"
76:
1238:"Cross Country Canada officials manual"
1236:Thomson, Jim (editor) (November 2009).
1178:"USSA Cross-Country Technical Handbook"
944:"Forst will jetzt fĂĽr Loipen kassieren"
924:. Sächsische Zeitung. December 12, 2006
922:"Forst will jetzt fĂĽr Loipen kassieren"
903:. Sächsische Zeitung. December 12, 2006
880:, The Mountaineers Books, p. 256,
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366:Requirements for different race formats
1264:
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565:Cross-country skiing trails by country
1004:. Cross-Country Ski Areas Association
826:. National Geographic. Archived from
395:skiers is the sole source of tracks.
7:
1082:FIS Cross-Country Committee (2012).
372:Courses for skiers with disabilities
128:Skimagistrale Erzgebirge/Krušné hory
31:Recreational cross-country trail in
1084:"Cross-country homologation manual"
731:Grigorian, Traian (January 2014).
628:can translate as "to get running".
35:, groomed for classic skiing only.
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110:Fernskiwanderweg Schonach–Belchen
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665:Lunn, Peter (January 1, 1984).
942:Editgors (November 27, 2006).
704:. A&C Black. p. 436.
139:, which extends the length of
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1210:Snow Machine Recommendations
354:Cross-country skiing (sport)
668:The Guinness Book of Skiing
165:Northern Arizona University
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851:The Rough Guide to Austria
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199:The signage for trails or
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41:cross-country skiing trail
1971:
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824:America's Best Adventures
698:Huntford, Roland (2009).
854:, Penguin, p. 592,
105:Grande Traversée du Jura
1145:"Wilderness Trail Loop"
1114:Caldwell, John (2013).
739:. Deutsches Alpenverein
172:Trail layout and length
159:Layout and construction
1244:. Cross Country Canada
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495:ultra-violet radiation
377:Course design criteria
363:Course design criteria
349:
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1991:Category:Snowboarding
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65:and smooth lanes for
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2012:Cross-country skiing
1711:Technique / learning
1441:Cross-country skiing
1375:Cross-country skiing
1284:CCC Officials Manual
488:temperature gradient
480:Cross Country Canada
423:Grooming attachments
346:2010 Winter Olympics
188:Other considerations
91:Cross-country skiing
51:cross-country skiing
1478:Olympic disciplines
818:Howells, Robert E.
429:Grooming procedures
1809:List of ski brands
1581:Ski mountaineering
1536:Para-alpine skiing
1446:Backcountry skiing
1267:has generic name (
1149:Dartmouth Outdoors
1000:Webmaster (2014).
830:on August 17, 2010
800:has generic name (
502:infrared radiation
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182:Trail construction
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399:Grooming guidance
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83:Gresse-en-Vercors
16:(Redirected from
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1190:on 2014-11-09
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1959:Surface lift
1937:Gondola lift
1886:
1758:Skate skiing
1654:Snowboarding
1571:Night skiing
1554:Other skiing
1541:Speed skiing
1526:Glade skiing
1490:Giant slalom
1434:Recreational
1415:Ski marathon
1334:snowboarding
1288:, retrieved
1283:
1277:
1265:|first=
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1214:, retrieved
1209:
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1153:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1119:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1060:, retrieved
1053:
1043:
1033:, retrieved
1027:
1017:
1006:. Retrieved
995:
984:. Retrieved
980:the original
952:. Retrieved
948:www.s-bsg.de
947:
937:
926:. Retrieved
916:
905:. Retrieved
895:
876:
869:
850:
843:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
823:
779:. Retrieved
764:
741:. Retrieved
736:
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715:. Retrieved
700:
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682:. Retrieved
667:
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251:Green circle
208:
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127:
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114:Black Forest
109:
104:
96:
94:
73:Recreational
67:skate skiing
45:
44:
40:
38:
1954:Hybrid lift
1718:Carved turn
1667:Backcountry
1576:Ski archery
1425:Ski touring
1387:Ski jumping
1368:Competitive
1242:Version 3.4
798:|last=
637:In German,
336:Competition
281:Blue square
239:Difficulty
229:Difficulty
153:East Saxony
55:competition
2006:Categories
1915:detachable
1882:Snowmaking
1872:Ski tunnel
1748:Ski school
1738:Snowplough
1733:Pivot turn
1692:Slopestyle
1677:Freeriding
1644:Slopestyle
1634:Ski ballet
1619:Freeskiing
1614:Freeriding
1531:Heliskiing
1392:Ski flying
1380:Paralympic
1290:2020-10-04
1248:2014-11-09
1216:2020-10-04
1194:2014-11-09
1155:2014-12-31
1130:2014-02-15
1100:2014-11-08
1062:2015-01-02
1035:2015-01-02
1008:2014-12-30
986:2014-12-31
954:2015-01-03
928:2015-01-03
907:2015-01-03
834:2014-12-30
781:2014-12-30
743:2014-12-30
717:2014-12-30
684:2014-12-30
653:References
405:snowmobile
1922:Funicular
1910:Chairlift
1897:Ski lifts
1855:Superpipe
1850:Half-pipe
1838:amenities
1816:Snowboard
1767:Equipment
1723:Jump turn
1687:Half-pipe
1682:Freestyle
1639:Ski cross
1456:Skijoring
1408:Endurance
790:cite book
623:causative
611:Norwegian
517:sintering
500:Outgoing
493:Incoming
328:Difficult
1947:tricable
1867:Ski area
1774:Bindings
1561:Biathlon
1505:Combined
1500:Downhill
1257:cite web
1051:(1993),
1025:(1983),
762:Editor.
737:Panorama
417:Groomers
390:Grooming
85:, France
1942:bicable
1932:Funitel
1927:Funifor
1789:Monoski
1672:Big air
1609:Big air
1495:Super-G
1120:Origins
1055:skiers)
641:, pl. –
601:, pl. –
234:Symbol
224:Symbol
195:Signage
141:Vermont
130:in the
121:in the
112:in the
1836:Resort
1784:Helmet
1662:Alpine
1485:Slalom
1330:Skiing
884:
858:
772:
708:
675:
626:løype,
615:løype,
613:word,
591:German
298:Medium
232:German
227:Symbol
209:Loipen
201:loipes
176:Grades
149:loipes
97:loipes
1887:Trail
1862:Piste
1799:Skins
1794:Poles
1779:Boots
1629:Mogul
1188:(PDF)
1181:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
619:laupe
607:loipe
595:Loipe
589:From
577:Notes
407:or a
325:Black
237:Color
46:loipe
33:Tyrol
18:Loipe
1821:Suit
1804:Skis
1332:and
1269:help
882:ISBN
856:ISBN
802:help
770:ISBN
706:ISBN
673:ISBN
486:The
268:Easy
265:Blue
254:Easy
1826:Wax
1049:DIN
1023:DIN
597:or
295:Red
211:.:
205:DIN
43:or
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