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and health services to
Mexicans. He also directly appealed to López Mateos to free jailed union leaders. López Mateos became increasingly hostile to Cárdenas, who was explicitly and implicitly rebuking him. To Cárdenas he said, "They say the Communists are weaving a dangerous web around you." Cárdenas oversaw the creation of a new pressure group, the National Liberation Movement (MLN), composed of a wide variety of leftists, which participants considered a way to defend the Mexican Revolution was to defend the Cuban Revolution.
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in solidarity with Cuba, which begun fomenting revolutionary movements abroad in Latin
America and Africa, and Mexico could potentially have been fertile ground. Recently released documentation shows that Mexico's stance toward Cuba allowed it to claim solidarity with another Latin American revolution and raise its profile in the Western Hemisphere with other Latin American countries, but its overall support for revolution was weak for fear of destabilization at home.
970:
818:, a conservative organization, and the Roman Catholic Church, which also saw education as a private family matter. Education had become the largest single item in the federal budget by 1963, and there was a renewed emphasis on school construction. Almost every village was assisted in the construction of schools and provided with teachers and textbooks. Free student breakfasts for primary-school pupils were also restored.
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claim it as a victory for Mexico. Other reformist policies of his presidency can be seen as ways to counter the left's criticism, such as land reform, education reform, and social programs to alleviate poverty in Mexico. Cárdenas came back into the political fold of the PRI, when he supported López Mateos's choice for his successor in 1964, his enforcer,
768:(ISSSTE), to provide childcare, medical services, and other social services to workers, especially state employees. A 1959 amendment to the Social Security Law also brought part-time workers within the auspices of social security. He established the National Institute for the Protection of Children to provide medical services and other aid to children.
694:, who remained in Lecumberri Penitentiary until the end of López Mateos's presidential term. López Mateos depended on Díaz Ordaz as the enforcer of political and labor peace to allow president to attend to other matters. "Throughout the years of López Mateos, in every situation of conflict, Díaz Ordaz was directly involved."
939:(OAS). Mexico took on principle the "nonintervention in the internal affairs of countries" and the "respect for the self-determination of nations." However, Mexico supported some U.S. foreign policy positions, such as barring China, as opposed to Taiwan, from holding a seat in the United Nations. During the
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López Mateos found a way to counter Cárdenas's criticisms, by emulating his policies. The president nationalized the electric industry in 1960. It was not as dramatic an event as Cárdenas's expropriation of the oil industry in 1938, but it was nonetheless economic nationalism and the government could
514:
López Mateos has been praised for his policies including land redistribution, energy nationalization, and health and education programs, but has also been criticized for his repressive actions against labor unions and political opponents. Along with Cárdenas and Ruiz
Cortines, he is usually ranked as
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became president of Mexico (1988-1994), he had the remains of López Mateos and his wife exhumed and moved to López Mateos's birthplace in Mexico State. A monument to the late president was erected there. This unusual step was likely due to
Salinas' family animus toward López Mateos. Salinas's father
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union leaders, who followed government and party dictates. López Mateos had mainly success when he served as his predecessor's
Secretary of Labor, but as president, he was faced with major labor unrest. The previous strategy of playing off one labor organization against another, such as the CTM, the
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to Mexico for a highly-successful visit in July 1962 although Mexico's relationship with Cuba differed from what U.S. policy sought. Mexico's firm stance on Cuba's independence despite U.S. pressure meant that Mexico had bargaining power with the U.S., which did not want to alienate Mexico, both of
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in
October 1962, when the Soviet Union placed missiles on Cuban territory, Mexico voted in favor of an OAS resolution for the removal of the weapons, but it also called for a ban on invading Cuba. Mexico supported Cuba's sovereignty but had its government begun a crackdown on demonstrations at home
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went to Cuba in July 1959 and was with Castro at a huge rally at which Castro declared himself to be prime minister of Cuba. Cárdenas returned to Mexico with the hope that the ideals of the
Mexican Revolution could be revived, with land reform, support for agriculture, and an expansion of education
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was amended. There were guarantees written into the constitution concerning salaries, paid holidays, vacations, overtime, and bonuses to government civil servants. However, government workers were required to join the
Federation of Union Workers in Service to the State (FSTSE) and forbidden to join
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to deal with the striking railway workers. The government arrested all of the leaders of the union and filled
Lecumberri Penitentiary. Valentín Campa and Demetrio Vallejo were given lengthy prison sentences for violating Article 145 of the Mexican Constitution for the crime of "social dissolution."
800:
had played a major role in realizing the projects. Works from the colonial era were moved from the
Historic Center of Mexico City to north of the capital in the former Jesuit colegio in Tepozotlan, creating the Museo del Virreinato. The Historical Museum of Mexico City was situated in Mexico City.
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In the last year of his presidency, López Mateos was visibly unwell. He looked worn-out and increasingly thin. On his very last months as president, a friend, Víctor Manuel Villegas, went to see him and later remembers asking him how he was; he replied that he was "screwed up." It turned out that
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and was subsequently appointed Secretary of Labor in his new cabinet. He did an exemplary job, and for the first and only time, a Secretary of Labor was tapped to be the PRI's candidate for the presidency. As the candidate for the dominant party with only weak opposition, López Mateos easily won
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Increasingly, students were becoming politically engaged beyond the limited demands that affected them personally. The triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 captured leftist students' imagination. However, the government's repression of union and peasant activists was soon replicated against
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Tackling poverty became one of the priorities of his government, and social welfare spending reached a historical peak of 19.2% of total spending. A number of social welfare programs for the poor were set up, and the existing social-welfare programs were improved. Health care and pensions were
899:, recording for an urban readership the grief of the peasant residents of Jojutla. The use of the army against a government opponent and the concern of a young urban intellectual about such an act being committed in his name were indicators marking a change in the political climate in Mexico.
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A food distribution system was established to provide affordable staples for poor Mexicans and a market for farm produce. The government entered the housing business on a large scale for the first time in Mexican history, with a major program being initiated to build low-cost housing in major
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The army was the enforcer of government policy and intervened to break strikes. López Mateos created more social security benefits for the military in 1961. The army had been incorporated as a sector into the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM) under Lázaro Cárdenas, and when the
635:(1910–1920), but Alemán Valdés and López Mateos were too young to have participated directly. In the sphere of foreign policy, López Mateos charted a course of independence from the U.S. but cooperated on some issues despite his opposition to the hostile U.S. policy toward the 1959
835:(IPN) became more politicized, and their participation in demonstrations was met with government repression. The scale of the phenomenon would become much larger later in the 1960s, when Díaz Ordaz became president, but the early 1960s marked the beginnings of the antagonism.
539:– to Mariano Gerardo López y Sánchez Roman, a dentist, and Elena Mateos y Vega, a teacher. His family moved to Mexico City upon his father's death when López Mateos was still young. However, there exists a birth certificate and several testimonies archived at
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Although Cárdenas had set a precedent for the ex-president to turn over complete government control to his successor, he re-emerged from political retirement to push the López Mateos government more toward leftist stances. The January 1959 taking of power by
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935:. As Cuba moved leftward, the U.S. pressured all Latin America to join it to isolate Cuba, but Mexican foreign policy was to respect Cuba's independence. The U.S. had imposed an economic blockade on Cuba and organized Cuba's expulsion from the
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industrial cities, with over 50,000 units of low-income housing constructed between 1958 and 1964. One of the largest housing developments in Mexico City housed 100,000 people and contained several nurseries, four clinics, and several schools.
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was murdered along with his family in 1962, "apparently at the instigation or with the foreknowledge of General Gómez Huerta, chief of the Presidential General Staff" under the president's personal command. Young writer and intellectual,
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The government attempted to reduce labor unrest by setting up a National Commission for the Implementation of Profit Sharing which apportioned between 5% and 10% of each company's profits to organized labor. In 1960, Article 123 of the
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851:) in which opposition parties were granted five seats in the Chamber of Deputies if they received at least 2.5 percent of the national vote and one more seat for each additional 0.5 percent (up to 20 party deputies). In the
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was implemented vigorously, with 16 million hectares of land redistributed. It was the most significant amount of land distributed since the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas. The government also sought to improve the lives of
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with the U.S. was resolved and a majority of the Chamizal area was granted to Mexico. Negotiations led to the successful conclusion of the Chamizal dispute, which had festered since the aftermath of the mid-19th-century
511:). Shortly before the killing of Jaramillo, Infante would visit the UN Demanding President López Mateos to step down or face a revolution. Infante attacked an Army Post outside of Mexico City, with over 300 men in 1962.
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1959. The Easter holiday was when many Mexicans traveled by train and so the choice of the date was designed for maximum impact on the general public. López Mateos depended on the forceful cabinet minister
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In an effort to reduce illiteracy, the idea of adult education classes was revived, and a system of free and compulsory school textbooks was launched. In 1959, the National Commission of Free Textbooks
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López Mateos assumed the presidency on December 1, 1958. As president of Mexico, along with his predecessor, Ruiz Cortines (1952–1958), López Mateos continued the outline of policies by President
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Public health campaigns were also launched to combat diseases such as polio, malaria, and tuberculosis. Typhus, smallpox, and yellow fever were eradicated, and malaria was significantly reduced.
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2203:"Discurso pronunciado por el Sr. Lic. Adolfo López Mateos, presidente constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en el acto conmemorativo del XXV aniversario de Nacional Financiera, S. A.".
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In 1929, he graduated from the Scientific and Literary Institute of Toluca, where he was a delegate and student leader of the anti-re-electionist campaign of former Minister of Education
814:) was created. The textbook program was controversial since the content would be created by the government, and the textbooks' use would be obligatory in schools. It was opposed by the
606:. López Mateos became a senator of the state of Mexico in 1946, while at the same time serving as Secretary General of the PRI. He organized the presidential campaign of PRI candidate
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any other union. Tight price controls and sharp increases in the minimum wage also ensured that the workers' real minimum wage index reached its highest level since the presidency of
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Early in his career, he served as the private secretary to Col. Filiberto Gómez, the governor of the state of Mexico. In 1934, he became the private secretary of the president of the
3005:
656:, but it required the cooperation of organized labor. Organized labor was increasingly restive. It was a sector of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and controlled through the
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U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson (left) and Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos (right) unveil the new boundary marker signaling the peaceful end of the Chamizal dispute.
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had been a cabinet minister in López Mateos's government and was passed over for the party nomination to be the next president of Mexico. The town is now formally named
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was formed in 1946, the army was no longer sector, but remained loyal to the government and enforced order. During the presidency of López Mateos, the peasant leader
631:(1946–1952), who set Mexico's postwar strategy. Alemán favored industrialization and the interests of capital over labor. All three were heirs to the legacy of the
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1233:
752:. The government expropriated land that had been owned by U.S. interests in the extreme south, which helped to reduce land tension in that part of the country.
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The article empowered the government to imprison "whomever it decided to consider an enemy of Mexico." Also imprisoned for that crime was the Mexican muralist
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664:. Increasingly, however, unions pushed back against government control and sought gains in wages, working conditions, and more independence from so-called
35:
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increased, new hospitals and clinics were built, and the IMSS programme for rural Mexico was expanded. A social security institute was established, the
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with the United States and led the nationalization of the Mexican electrical industry during a period of economic boom and low inflation known as
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by encouraging greater representation for opposition candidates in Congress. The electoral reform of 1963 introduced so-called "party deputies" (
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1976:
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Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), and the General Union of Workers and Peasants of Mexico (UGOCM), ceased to work.
436:
2046:
Blough, William J. (May 1972). "Political Attitudes of Mexican Women: Support for the Political System among a Newly Enfranchised Group".
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Purcell, Susan Kaufman (October 1973). "Decision-Making in an Authoritarian Regime: Theoretical Implications from a Mexican Case Study".
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An attempt was made at political liberalization, with an amendment to the constitution that altered the electoral procedures in the
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After finishing his presidential term, he briefly served as head of the Olympic Committee, responsible for the organization of the
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Pansters, Wil (1990). "Social Movement and Discourse: The Case of the University Reform Movement in 1961 in Puebla, Mexico".
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Pansters, Wil (1990). "Social Movement and Discourse: The Case of the University Reform Movement in 1961 in Puebla, Mexico".
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within the Constitution", López Mateos was the first self-declared left-wing politician to hold the presidency since
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Keller, Renata (2012). "A Foreign Policy for Domestic Consumption: Mexico's Lukewarm Defense of Castro, 1959–1969".
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863:(PAN) won 20. By giving opposition political parties a greater voice in government, the country, controlled by the
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566:. Calles had founded the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) in the wake of the assassination of President-elect
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Arnaiz y Freg, Arturo (1974). "Los nuevos museos y las restauraciones realizados por el Presidente López Mateos".
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Mexico and the Cuban revolution: foreign policy-making in Mexico under President Adolfo López Mateos (1958–1964)
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Torres, Blanca (2010). "El Gobierno de López Mateos: Intento de diversificar los vínculos con el exterior".
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López Mateos opened a number of major museums during his presidency, the most spectacular of which was the
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Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos on a state visit to Argentina meeting with Argentine President
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López Mateos was born, according to official records, in Atizapán de Zaragoza – a small town in the
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give a birth date of 26 May 1910. However, several other sources give a birth date of 26 May 1909:
559:
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2090:"On Measuring Mexican Presidential Ideology Through Budgets: A Reappraisal of the Wilkie Approach"
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quoted him as saying, "In every way, life has smiled at me. Now I must accept whatever may come."
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There were also acts of repression during his administration, such as the arrest of union leaders
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Jensen, J. Granville (1965). "Notes on Ejido Development During the Presidency of Lopez Mateos".
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López Mateos sought the continuation of industrial growth in Mexico, often characterized as the
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Zolov, Eric (October 2004). "Showcasing the 'Land of Tomorrow': Mexico and the 1968 Olympics".
1796:"Changing Campaign Strategies in Mexico: The Effects of Electoral Reforms on Political Parties"
1387:, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 586.
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1015:, and after several years in a coma, he died in Mexico City 1969 of an aneurysm. His wife,
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He eventually became unable to walk, and after an emergency tracheotomy, he lost his voice.
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796:. Also opened in Chapultepec Park was the Museum of Modern Art. His Minister of Education
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The Mexican Revolution: Federal Expenditure and Social Change Since 1910, Second Edition
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680:, began a series of strikes for better wages, which culminated in a major strike during
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especially Chapter 20, "Adolfo López Mateos: The Orator." New York: HarperCollins 1997.
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Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores al Servicio del Estado
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598:. Fabela helped him into a position as the director of the Literary Institute of
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from 1952 to 1957. He secured the party's presidential nomination and won in the
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Changing course: the international boundary, United States and Mexico, 1848–1963
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An important position for López Mateos's foreign policy was its stance on the
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exclaimed in one of his books, "Gone was the voice of a once great orator."
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In July 1958, the militant railway workers' union, under the leadership of
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Aniversario del nacimiento en Atizapán de Zaragoza, de Adolfo López Mateos
404:; 26 May 1909 – 22 September 1969) was a Mexican politician who served as
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Barreda, Carmen (1970). "The History of the Museum / Histoire du Musée".
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A wide range of social reforms were carried out during his presidency.
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during his run for president, López Mateos encountered repression from
48:
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1915:
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from 1946 to 1952 and Secretary of Labor during the administration of
435:(PNR). He briefly abandoned politics and worked as a professor at the
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He filled a number of bureaucratic positions until 1941, when he met
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570:. After Vasconcelos's defeat, López Mateos attended law school at
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in Mexico and called the meeting that led to the creation of the
1993:"Adolfo López Mateos, President Of Mexico From '58 To '64, Dies"
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one of the most popular Mexican presidents of the 20th century.
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John W. Sherman. "The 'Mexican Miracle' and Its Collapse" in
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by the Mexican Army. López Mateos engaged with revolutionary
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867:, had the appearance and greater legitimacy as a democracy.
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Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers
1969:
Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History
1147:, vol. 3, p. 459. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers
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National Museum of Anthropology building, opened in 1964
2308:. Vol. 7. El Colegio de Mexico. pp. 123–168.
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Hundley, Norris (1964). "The Colorado Waters Dispute".
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Un ciudadano: Cómo es y cómo piensa Adolfo López Mateos
1184:"General Marcos Ignacio Infante attacked Mexico City w"
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Official portrait of Adolfo Lopez Mateos, December 1958
1720:
Historia de México, Legado Histórico y Pasado Reciente
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Historia de México, Legado Histórico y Pasado Reciente
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Historia de México, Legado Histórico y Pasado Reciente
1325:, vol. 1, p. 758. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997.
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during his adult life, he was diagnosed with several
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President Adolfo López Mateos next to the First Lady
466:, the National Commission for Free Textbooks and the
423:
Beginning his political career as a campaign aide of
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Candidates in the 1958 Mexican presidential election
1971:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 269.
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which had a long land border. At that juncture, the
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2048:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
1145:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
720:gave Latin America another example of revolution.
2349:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).
1321:Lainé, Cecilia Greaves. "Adolfo López Mateos" in
574:and shifted his political allegiance to the PNR.
431:, who attempted to maintain hegemony within the
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1623:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1621:Lissner, Will (1961). "Land Reform in Mexico".
1335:
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1331:
884:, an ideological heir to peasant revolutionary
812:Comisión Nacional de Libros de Textos Gratuitos
55: and the second or maternal family name is
1942:
1940:
1938:
993:. He had to resign because of failing health.
893:wrote a report of the murder for the magazine
543:that place his birth on 10 September 1909, in
3006:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
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2028:Bussey, Jane. "Carlos Salinas de Gortari" in
961:, a success for the López Mateos government.
8:
1396:Sherman, "The Mexican 'Miracle'", pp. 587–88
1211:"Adolfo López Mateos: ¿El mejor presidente?"
408:from 1958 to 1964. Previously, he served as
611:election, serving as president until 1964.
602:after Fabela resigned the post to join the
159:1 December 1952 – 17 November 1957
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2534:
2407:
1359:"Cool-Headed Mexican; Adolfo López Mateos"
1143:Roderic Ai Camp, "Adolfo López Mateos" in
454:Declaring his political philosophy to be "
210:1 September 1946 – 31 August 1952
72:
61:
2105:
2088:Coleman, Kenneth M.; Wanat, John (1975).
1023:in Mexico City, after her death in 1984.
756:Public health and social welfare programs
1312:Camp, "Adolfo López Mateos", pp. 459–60.
829:National Autonomous University of Mexico
572:National Autonomous University of Mexico
368:National Autonomous University of Mexico
1427:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 637.
1080:
1782:Estado y sociedad en Mexico, 1917–1984
1234:"Claroscuro. La histórica popularidad"
919:, during their visit to Mexico in 1962
110: – 30 November 1964
2457:Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare
2342:. Western National Parks Assoc, 1996.
1662:Lainé, "Adolfo López Mateos", p. 759.
1515:from the original on 21 December 2021
1339:Lainé, "Adolfo López Mateos", p. 758.
947:López Mateos welcomed U.S. President
437:Autonomous University of Mexico State
410:Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare
391:
147:Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare
36:Adolfo López Mateos (Mexibús, Line 3)
32:Adolfo López Mateos (Mexibús, Line 1)
27:President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964
7:
2395:Biography at Historical Text Archive
1718:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003).
1563:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2004).
1406:Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2003).
1288:"El guatemalteco que gobernó México"
2300:. No. 17. Cornell University., 1970
2226:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2147:The politics of Mexican development
1735:Bulletin of Latin American Research
1348:Camp, "Adolfo López Mateos", p. 460
816:Unión Nacional de Padres de Familia
495:, and the murder of peasant leader
2149:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1635:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1961.tb00638.x
982:López Mateos had seven aneurysms.
25:
3011:Founders of sporting institutions
2986:20th-century presidents of Mexico
1722:. Pearson Educación. p. 311.
1567:. Pearson Educación. p. 418.
1019:, was buried next to him, in the
878:Institutional Revolutionary Party
865:Institutional Revolutionary Party
562:, handpicked by former President
462:. His administration created the
287:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2996:20th-century Mexican politicians
2991:People from Atizapán de Zaragoza
2924:
2139:Adolfo López Mateos: Vida y obra
1070:List of heads of state of Mexico
1054:
658:Confederation of Mexican Workers
317:
193:Senator of Congress of the Union
2412:Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
937:Organization of American States
790:National Museum of Anthropology
589:Partido Nacional Revolucionario
468:National Museum of Anthropology
339:
313:
2094:Latin American Research Review
1873:Latin American Research Review
1236:. SDP Noticias. Archived from
1190:. 20 November 1962. p. 23
833:National Polytechnic Institute
604:International Court of Justice
393:[aˈðolfoˈlopesmaˈteos]
1:
2306:De la guerra al mundo bipolar
2254:México y la Revolución Cubana
2078:Mexican Political Biographies
1159:"El desarrollo estabilizador"
776:Museums and historical memory
711:Conflict with Lázaro Cárdenas
2130:de María y Campos, Armando.
1385:The Oxford History of Mexico
859:(PPS) won 10 seats, and the
591:(PNR), Carlos Riva Palacio.
527:Adolfo López Mateos, c.1920s
433:National Revolutionary Party
47:, the first or paternal
2910:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
2636:Francisco Javier Echeverría
2616:Antonio López de Santa Anna
2390:Biography at Mexico Connect
2137:Díaz de la Vega, Clemente.
558:, who ran in opposition to
78:Adolfo López Mateos in 1963
3027:
2762:Francisco León de la Barra
2197:Mexico: Biography of Power
1930:Mexico: Biography of Power
1859:Mexico: Biography of Power
1846:Mexico: Biography of Power
1833:Mexico: Biography of Power
1820:Mexico: Biography of Power
1769:Mexico: Biography of Power
1548:Mexico: Biography of Power
1535:Mexico: Biography of Power
1490:Mexico: Biography of Power
1477:Mexico: Biography of Power
1464:Mexico: Biography of Power
1451:Mexico: Biography of Power
1438:Mexico: Biography of Power
1425:Mexico: Biography of Power
827:students. Students at the
42:
30:For the BRT stations, see
29:
2933:
2922:
2885:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
2737:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
2571:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2252:Pellicer de Brody, Olga.
2211:(104(4)): 707–710. 1959.
2107:10.1017/S0023879100029654
1784:, p. 64, Oceano (Mexico).
1294:(in Spanish). Mexico City
1157:Morales, Vidal Llerenas.
1033:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
378:
261:, State of Mexico, Mexico
236:
203:
152:
102:1 December 1958
95:
83:
71:
2832:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
2499:Party political offices
2338:Utley, Robert Marshall.
2145:Hansen, Roger D (1971).
1967:Coerver, Don M. (2004).
519:Early life and education
481:Desarrollo Estabilizador
412:from 1952 to 1957 and a
2802:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
2681:Manuel María Lombardini
2646:José Joaquín de Herrera
2466:Salomón González Blanco
1503:"Adolfo López Mateos 2"
857:Popular Socialist Party
187:Salomón González Blanco
2757:Manuel González Flores
2676:Juan Bautista Ceballos
2515:presidential candidate
2451:Manuel Ramírez Vázquez
2437:Alfredo del Mazo Vélez
2205:El Trimestre Económico
2030:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1323:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1209:Amador Tello, Judith.
978:
977:in Buenos Aires; 1960.
928:
920:
785:
692:David Alfaro Siqueiros
624:
615:Presidency (1958–1964)
528:
501:Marcos Ignacio Infante
389:Spanish pronunciation:
355:Esperanza López Mateos
231:Alfredo del Mazo Vélez
177:Manuel Ramírez Vázquez
2817:Plutarco Elías Calles
2782:Francisco S. Carvajal
2714:Manuel Robles Pezuela
2611:Valentín Gómez Farías
2367:10.1353/tam.2004.0195
2314:10.2307/j.ctv3f8pr3.8
2082:University of Arizona
1885:10.1353/lar.2012.0003
1808:on 30 September 2000.
1780:Paoli, F. J. (1986),
1592:10.1353/pcg.1965.0003
1188:The Los Angeles Times
1108:"Adolfo López Mateos"
995:Manuel Velasco Suárez
972:
926:
910:
861:National Action Party
849:diputados del partido
783:
622:
564:Plutarco Elías Calles
526:
449:1958 general election
429:Plutarco Elías Calles
2855:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2850:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2845:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2797:Roque González Garza
2696:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
2661:Pedro María de Anaya
2606:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
2596:Anastasio Bustamante
2586:José María Bocanegra
2565:Presidents of Mexico
2506:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2475:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
1410:. Pearson Educación.
1240:on 11 September 2018
1232:de Anda, Alejandro.
1130:26 July 2020 at the
991:World Boxing Council
987:1968 Summer Olympics
959:Mexican–American War
941:Cuban Missile Crisis
855:, for instance, the
700:Constitution of 1917
608:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
541:El Colegio de México
445:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
316: 1934;
259:Atizapán de Zaragoza
167:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
128:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
2939:President of Mexico
2880:Miguel de la Madrid
2875:José López Portillo
2860:Adolfo López Mateos
2827:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2807:Adolfo de la Huerta
2787:Venustiano Carranza
2767:Francisco I. Madero
2742:José María Iglesias
2709:Félix María Zuloaga
2482:President of Mexico
2080:. Tucson, Arizona:
1999:. 23 September 1969
1042:Ciudad López Mateos
1038:Raúl Salinas Lozano
845:Chamber of Deputies
560:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
537:Ciudad López Mateos
507:(Political ally of
420:from 1946 to 1952.
406:President of Mexico
385:Adolfo López Mateos
90:President of Mexico
66:Adolfo López Mateos
2905:Enrique Peña Nieto
2865:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2724:José Ignacio Pavón
2656:José Mariano Salas
2576:Guadalupe Victoria
2527:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2492:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2444:Political offices
2032:, vol. 2, p. 1330.
1997:The New York Times
1844:quoted in Krauze,
1676:(179/180): 62–67.
1462:quoted in Krauze,
1363:The New York Times
1093:1 May 2011 at the
1013:cerebral aneurysms
979:
929:
921:
915:and the President
913:Jacqueline Kennedy
805:Educational reform
798:Jaime Torres Bodet
786:
731:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
687:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
633:Mexican Revolution
625:
529:
505:Zapatista Movement
303:Angelina Gutiérrez
140:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
2963:
2962:
2950:Emperor of Mexico
2917:(President-elect)
2915:Claudia Sheinbaum
2822:Emilio Portes Gil
2792:Eulalio Gutiérrez
2777:Victoriano Huerta
2701:Ignacio Comonfort
2666:Manuel de la Peña
2641:Valentín Canalizo
2532:
2531:
2525:Succeeded by
2489:Succeeded by
2464:Succeeded by
2434:Succeeded by
2345:Wilkie, James W.
2323:978-607-462-106-8
2296:Smith, Arthur K.
2156:978-0-8018-1651-2
1978:978-1-57607-132-8
1912:Project MUSE
1794:Martinez, Sarah.
1511:. 30 April 2010.
1365:. 2 December 1958
954:Chamizal conflict
474:, he settled the
470:. An advocate of
382:
381:
269:22 September 1969
16:(Redirected from
3018:
2928:
2927:
2626:José Justo Corro
2581:Vicente Guerrero
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2504:Preceded by
2472:Preceded by
2449:Preceded by
2425:Senator for the
2418:Preceded by
2408:
2401:
2378:
2335:
2293:
2249:
2220:
2189:
2178:10.2307/20029706
2160:
2127:
2109:
2075:Camp, Roderic A.
2071:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1944:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1801:. Archived from
1800:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1110:. Archived from
1085:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1027:Postmortem exile
933:Cuban Revolution
839:Electoral reform
822:Student activism
794:Chapultepec Park
674:Demetrio Vallejo
637:Cuban Revolution
583:Political career
556:José Vasconcelos
503:, leader of the
489:Demetrio Vallejo
476:Chamizal dispute
472:non-intervention
425:José Vasconcelos
403:
402:
401:
395:
390:
343:
341:
321:
319:
315:
272:
255:
253:
241:Personal details
227:
217:
208:
184:
174:
157:
136:
124:
117:
115:
109:
107:
100:
76:
62:
21:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2900:Felipe Calderón
2890:Ernesto Zedillo
2870:Luis Echeverría
2840:Lázaro Cárdenas
2836:
2772:Pedro Lascuráin
2728:
2705:
2651:Mariano Paredes
2621:Miguel Barragán
2601:Melchor Múzquiz
2567:
2562:
2528:
2518:
2507:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2439:
2430:
2427:State of Mexico
2421:
2399:
2386:
2381:
2352:
2324:
2303:
2274:10.2307/2009916
2259:
2238:10.2307/3338217
2223:
2202:
2193:Krauze, Enrique
2166:Foreign Affairs
2163:
2157:
2144:
2087:
2045:
2041:
2039:Further reading
2036:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1747:10.2307/3338217
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1699:(127): 11–100.
1697:Artes de México
1694:
1693:
1689:
1674:Artes de México
1671:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1650:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1286:(6 July 2009).
1284:Loaeza, Soledad
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1132:Wayback Machine
1117:
1115:
1106:
1095:Wayback Machine
1086:
1082:
1078:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1029:
975:Arturo Frondizi
967:
949:John F. Kennedy
917:John F. Kennedy
905:
886:Emiliano Zapata
882:Rubén Jaramillo
873:
841:
831:(UNAM) and the
824:
807:
778:
758:
739:
713:
705:Lázaro Cárdenas
662:Fidel Velázquez
654:Mexican Miracle
650:
645:
643:Domestic policy
617:
585:
580:
533:State of Mexico
521:
509:John F. Kennedy
497:Rubén Jaramillo
460:Lázaro Cárdenas
441:State of Mexico
418:State of Mexico
398:
397:
396:
388:
346:
345:
342: 1937)
337:
333:
323:
320: 1937)
311:
307:
304:
283:Political party
274:
270:
257:
251:
249:
225:
215:
209:
204:
198:State of Mexico
195:
182:
172:
158:
153:
134:
122:
113:
111:
105:
103:
101:
96:
79:
67:
60:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2944:Vice president
2934:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Álvaro Obregón
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Juan N. Méndez
2744:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2719:Miguel Miramón
2716:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Martín Carrera
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Mariano Arista
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2422:
2420:Alfonso Flores
2419:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2384:External links
2382:
2380:
2379:
2361:(2): 159–188.
2350:
2343:
2336:
2322:
2301:
2294:
2262:World Politics
2257:
2256:. Mexico 1973.
2250:
2221:
2200:
2190:
2172:(3): 495–500.
2161:
2155:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2085:
2072:
2060:10.2307/174713
2054:(2): 201–224.
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2021:
2010:
1984:
1977:
1959:
1934:
1921:
1879:(2): 100–119.
1863:
1850:
1837:
1835:, pp. 642–643.
1824:
1811:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1725:
1710:
1687:
1664:
1648:
1613:
1570:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1421:Enrique Krauze
1413:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1350:
1341:
1327:
1314:
1305:
1275:
1251:
1224:
1201:
1175:
1149:
1136:
1114:on 9 July 2011
1099:britannica.com
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1046:
1028:
1025:
1021:Panteón Jardín
1002:Enrique Krauze
966:
963:
904:
903:Foreign policy
901:
891:Carlos Fuentes
872:
869:
853:1964 elections
840:
837:
823:
820:
806:
803:
777:
774:
757:
754:
738:
735:
712:
709:
678:Valentín Campa
660:(CTM), led by
649:
646:
644:
641:
616:
613:
584:
581:
579:
576:
568:Alvaro Obregón
520:
517:
493:Valentín Campa
380:
379:
376:
375:
365:
359:
358:
352:
348:
347:
335:
329:
328:
327:
326:
309:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
273:(aged 60)
267:
263:
262:
247:
243:
242:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
220:Alfonso Flores
218:
212:
211:
201:
200:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
150:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
93:
92:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3023:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Porfirio Díaz
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Benito Juárez
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Nicolás Bravo
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
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2476:
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2459:
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2332:j.ctv3f8pr3.8
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2232:(1): 79–101.
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2158:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:. Toluca 1986
2140:
2136:
2134:. Mexico 1958
2133:
2129:
2125:
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2031:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:es:Eva Sámano
2014:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
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1949:
1943:
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1748:
1744:
1741:(1): 79–101.
1740:
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1163:El Economista
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1062:Mexico portal
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1007:Plagued with
1005:
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629:Miguel Alemán
621:
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596:Isidro Fabela
592:
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582:
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538:
535:, now called
534:
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298:
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99:
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63:
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54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2937:
2859:
2510:
2480:
2455:
2424:
2400:(in Spanish)
2358:
2355:The Americas
2354:
2346:
2339:
2305:
2297:
2268:(1): 28–54.
2265:
2261:
2253:
2229:
2225:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2169:
2165:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2100:(1): 77–88.
2097:
2093:
2077:
2051:
2047:
2029:
2024:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1929:
1924:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1803:the original
1789:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1696:
1690:
1673:
1667:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1550:,pp. 658–660
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1344:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1291:
1278:
1268:11 September
1266:. Retrieved
1261:
1254:
1244:11 September
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1227:
1217:11 September
1215:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1083:
1030:
1006:
999:
984:
980:
946:
930:
894:
874:
871:Armed forces
848:
842:
825:
815:
811:
808:
787:
770:
765:
762:
759:
747:
740:
727:
718:Fidel Castro
714:
696:
671:
665:
651:
626:
593:
586:
553:
530:
513:
486:
480:
453:
422:
384:
383:
271:(1969-09-22)
226:Succeeded by
205:
183:Succeeded by
154:
135:Succeeded by
97:
56:
52:
45:Spanish name
40:
18:Lopez Mateos
2981:1969 deaths
2976:1909 births
2895:Vicente Fox
2691:Rómulo Díaz
2591:Pedro Vélez
1948:"- YouTube"
1519:17 November
1194:8 September
749:ejidatarios
743:Land reform
737:Land reform
276:Mexico City
256:26 May 1909
216:Preceded by
173:Preceded by
123:Preceded by
2970:Categories
2486:1958–1964
2461:1952–1957
2431:1946–1952
1932:, pp. 656.
1909:A300060896
1629:(4): 448.
1298:26 October
1103:rulers.org
1076:References
1017:Eva Sámano
965:Later life
363:Alma mater
331:Eva Sámano
252:1909-05-26
114:1964-11-30
106:1958-12-01
2403:Biography
2375:143658590
2290:154319151
2124:253154138
2003:17 August
1901:145434853
1861:, p. 656.
1848:, p. 655.
1822:, p. 641.
1771:, p. 643.
1608:129393086
1586:: 59–66.
1537:, p. 657.
1479:, p. 652.
1466:, p. 650.
1453:, p. 639.
1440:, p. 674.
1369:17 August
1213:. Proceso
1009:migraines
682:Holy Week
549:Guatemala
416:from the
351:Relatives
206:In office
196:from the
164:President
155:In office
98:In office
88:55th
2217:23395581
2186:20029706
1928:Krauze,
1893:23321734
1857:Krauze,
1831:Krauze,
1818:Krauze,
1767:Krauze,
1705:24316020
1682:24317704
1600:24041375
1546:Krauze,
1533:Krauze,
1513:Archived
1492:, p. 657
1488:Krauze,
1475:Krauze,
1449:Krauze,
1436:Krauze,
1259:Varios.
1128:Archived
1091:Archived
1048:See also
896:Siempre!
722:Cárdenas
545:Patzicía
357:(sister)
278:, Mexico
43:In this
2282:2009916
2246:3338217
2116:2502579
2084:, 1982.
1953:YouTube
1755:3338217
1643:3484390
1508:YouTube
414:Senator
344:
336:
322:
310:
306:
293:Spouses
112: (
104: (
49:surname
2954:Regent
2522:(won)
2373:
2330:
2320:
2288:
2280:
2244:
2215:
2184:
2153:
2122:
2114:
2068:174713
2066:
1975:
1916:485063
1914:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1753:
1703:
1680:
1641:
1606:
1598:
1168:31 May
1118:3 July
666:charro
600:Toluca
578:Career
57:Mateos
2371:S2CID
2328:JSTOR
2286:S2CID
2278:JSTOR
2242:JSTOR
2213:JSTOR
2182:JSTOR
2120:S2CID
2112:JSTOR
2064:JSTOR
1897:S2CID
1889:JSTOR
1806:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1751:JSTOR
1701:JSTOR
1678:JSTOR
1639:JSTOR
1604:S2CID
1596:JSTOR
1292:Nexos
1031:When
648:Labor
338:(
334:
312:(
308:
53:López
2520:1958
2318:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2005:2023
1973:ISBN
1905:Gale
1521:2013
1371:2023
1300:2009
1270:2018
1262:Guia
1246:2018
1219:2018
1196:2022
1170:2019
1120:2011
1105:and
676:and
491:and
456:left
318:div.
266:Died
246:Born
34:and
2512:PRI
2363:doi
2310:doi
2270:doi
2234:doi
2174:doi
2102:doi
2056:doi
1881:doi
1743:doi
1631:doi
1588:doi
792:in
372:LLB
51:is
2972::
2369:.
2359:61
2357:.
2326:.
2316:.
2284:.
2276:.
2266:26
2264:.
2240:.
2228:.
2209:26
2207:.
2195:.
2180:.
2170:42
2168:.
2118:.
2110:.
2098:10
2096:.
2092:.
2062:.
2052:14
2050:.
1995:.
1950:.
1937:^
1903:.
1895:.
1887:.
1877:47
1875:.
1749:.
1737:.
1651:^
1637:.
1627:20
1625:.
1602:.
1594:.
1584:27
1582:.
1555:^
1505:.
1361:.
1330:^
1290:.
1186:.
1161:.
1101:,
1097:,
1044:.
733:.
707:.
639:.
551:.
547:,
484:.
451:.
340:m.
314:m.
2956:)
2952:(
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2942:(
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2377:.
2365::
2334:.
2312::
2292:.
2272::
2248:.
2236::
2230:9
2219:.
2188:.
2176::
2159:.
2126:.
2104::
2070:.
2058::
2007:.
1981:.
1956:.
1918:.
1883::
1757:.
1745::
1739:9
1707:.
1684:.
1645:.
1633::
1610:.
1590::
1523:.
1423:,
1373:.
1302:.
1272:.
1248:.
1221:.
1198:.
1172:.
1134:.
1122:.
810:(
387:(
374:)
370:(
254:)
250:(
116:)
108:)
59:.
38:.
20:)
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