1663:, in the 19th century, American Indians in more widespread regions to the north began to use peyote in religious practices, as part of a revival of native spirituality. Its members refer to peyote as "the sacred medicine", and use it to combat spiritual, physical, and other social ills. Concerned about the drug's psychoactive effects, between the 1880s and 1930s, U.S. authorities attempted to ban Native American religious rituals involving peyote, including the
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2047:, "Traditional Indian religious use of the peyote sacrament", exempting only use by Native American persons. US v. Boyll expanded permitted use to all persons engaged in traditional Indian religious use, regardless of race. All US states with the exception of Idaho, Utah, and Texas allow usage by non-native, non-enrolled persons in the context of ceremonies of the
1527:
2002:
For the reasons set out in this
Memorandum Opinion and Order, the Court holds that, pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 1307.31 (1990), the classification of peyote as a Schedule I controlled substance, see 21 U.S.C. § 812(c), Schedule I(c)(12), does not apply to the importation, possession or use of peyote for
1990:
Section 1307.31 Native
American Church. The listing of peyote as a controlled substance in Schedule I does not apply to the nondrug use of peyote in bona fide religious ceremonies of the Native American Church, and members of the Native American Church so using peyote are exempt from registration.
804:
root stock. The top of the above-ground part of the cactus, the crown, consists of disc-shaped buttons. These are cut above the roots and sometimes dried. When done properly, the top of the root forms a callus and the root does not rot. When poor harvesting techniques are used, however, the entire
687:
The cactus produces flowers sporadically; these are followed by small edible pink fruit. The club-shaped to elongated, fleshy fruits are bare and more or less rosy colored. At maturity, they are brownish-white and dry. The fruits do not burst open on their own and they are between 1.5 to 2 cm
1885:
Peyote is considered sacramental and sacred in the Native
American Church, also known as Peyotism. It is used in rituals for "a closer understanding of the spiritual world" and to commune with God and the spirits (including the deceased) in order to receive spiritual power, guidance, reproof, and
1742:
in an otherwise healthy person; other psychotic episodes were attributed to peyote use in conjunction with pre-existing substance abuse or mental health problems. Later research found that those with pre-existing mental health issues are more likely to have adverse reactions to peyote. Peyote use
653:
grow low to the ground and they often form groups with numerous, crowded shoots. The blue-green, yellow-green or sometimes reddish-green shoots are mostly flattened spheres with sunken shoot tips. They can reach heights of 2 to 7 centimeters (0.79 to 2.76 in) and diameters of 4 to 12 cm
1542:
properties, common doses for pure mescaline range from roughly 200 to 400 mg. This translates to a dose of roughly 10 to 20 g of dried peyote buttons of average potency; however, potency varies considerably between samples, making it difficult to measure doses accurately without first
658:
arises a tuft of soft, yellowish or whitish woolly hairs. Spines are absent. Flowers are pink or white to slightly yellowish, sometimes reddish. They open during the day, are from 1 to 2.4 cm (0.39 to 0.94 in) long, and reach a diameter from 1 to 2.2 cm (0.39 to 0.87 in).
3207:{{cite journal %2FBF02862854 | doi=10.1007/BF02862854 | title=Early peyote research an interdisciplinary study | year=1973 | last1=Bruhn | first1=Jan G. | last2=Holmstedt | first2=Bo | journal=Economic Botany | volume=28 | issue=4 | pages=353–390 | s2cid=6988545 }}
2080:. Though use in Native American Church ceremonies or traditional Indian religious use, regardless of race, is legal under US federal law and additional uses are legal under some state laws, peyote is listed by the United States DEA as a
799:
Peyote is extremely slow growing. Cultivated specimens grow considerably faster, sometimes taking less than three years to go from seedling to mature flowering adult. More rapid growth can be achieved by grafting peyote onto mature
1543:
extracting the mescaline. The concentration of mescaline is typically highest at the sides of the peyote button. The effects last about 10 to 12 hours. Peyote is reported to trigger rich visual or auditory effects (see
1766:
caused by vomiting after peyote ingestion in a Native
American patient with a history of alcohol abuse. Peyote is also known to cause potentially serious variations in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and
688:(0.59 to 0.79 in) long. They contain black, pear-shaped seeds that are 1 to 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide. The seeds require hot and humid conditions to germinate. Peyote contains a large spectrum of
1598:. Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of the alkaloids including mescaline in both samples. This indicates that native North Americans were likely to have used peyote since at least 5500 years ago.
2659:
4273:
1991:
Any person who manufactures peyote for or distributes peyote to the Native
American Church, however, is required to obtain registration annually and to comply with all other requirements of law.
2087:
The US military prohibits inductees from enlistment for prior drug usage, however past usage of peyote is permissible if found to be used in accordance with Native
American cultural practices.
2051:. Some states such as Arizona additionally exempt any general bona fide religious activity or spiritual intent. US jurisdictions enacted these specific statutory exemptions in reaction to the
1818:: Corn, Kayumarie (Blue Deer), Hikuri (Peyote), and the Eagle, all descended from their Sun God. Schaefer has interpreted this to mean that peyote is the soul of their religious culture and a
3011:
El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG (October 2005). "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of
Lophophora from Texas".
2732:"Validation and exploratory application of a simple, rapid and economical procedure (MESQ) for the quantification of mescaline in fresh cactus tissue and aqueous cactus extracts"
2062:
1667:. Today the Native American Church is one among several religious organizations to use peyote as part of its religious practice. Some users claim the drug connects them to God.
809:. Cultivation is an important conservation tool for this particular species. Promoting San Pedro as a Peyote substitute may act as an intervention to reduce Peyote consumption.
2077:
1387:
1778:
natives of central-western Mexico, who have taken peyote regularly for an estimated 1,500 years or more, found no evidence of chromosome damage in either men or women.
3895:
1922:
3947:
3046:
Bruhn JG, Lindgren JE, Holmstedt B, Adovasio JM (March 1978). "Peyote
Alkaloids: Identification in a Prehistoric Specimen of Lophophora from Coahuila, Mexico".
2527:
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1513:
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1969:
1979:
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Non-drug uses of peyote in religious ceremonies by the Native
American Church and its members is exempt from registration. This law has been codified as a
1744:
2805:"The "Endless Trip" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review"
3316:
Halpern JH, Sherwood AR, Hudson JI, Yurgelun-Todd D, Pope HG Jr. "Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among Native
Americans."
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1554:. They employ peyote for varied ailments. Although uncommon, use of peyote and mescaline has been associated with poisoning. Peyote contains the
779:. It is primarily found at elevations of 100 to 1,500 m (330 to 4,920 ft) and exceptionally up to 1,900 m (6,200 ft) in the
4009:
2072: (1990), which held that laws prohibiting the use of peyote that do not specifically exempt religious use nevertheless do not violate the
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2008:
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ceremonies, but researchers stressed their results may not apply to those who use peyote in other contexts. A four-year large-scale study of
3528:
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Dorrance; Janiger; and Teplitz (1975), "Effect of peyote on human chromosomes: Cytogenic study of the Huichol Indians of northern Mexico."
1372:
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in the regions north of present-day Mexico. They were also the principal group to introduce peyote to newly arrived migrants, such as the
805:
plant dies. Currently in South Texas, peyote grows naturally but has been over-harvested, to the point that the state has listed it as an
3680:
1886:
healing. To many followers, peyote itself is personified as "Peyote Spirit", considered to be either God's equivalent for the Indians to
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1944:
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2052:
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615:
515:
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Carstairs, S. D; Cantrell, F. L (2010). "Peyote and mescaline exposures: A 12-year review of a statewide poison center database".
1377:
654:(1.6 to 4.7 in). There are often significant, vertical ribs consisting of low and rounded or hump-like bumps. From the cusp
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1714:
studied and wrote about the use of peyote among the Indians of Mexico. Lumholtz also reported that, lacking other intoxicants,
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3516:
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Traditional Navajo belief or ceremonial practice did not mention the use of peyote before its introduction by the neighboring
1624:
of northern Mexico and by various Native American tribes, native to or relocated to the Southern Plains states of present-day
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2355:
1347:
553:
3913:
2660:"Cultivation as a conservation tool for cacti: review of the botanical evidence and a case study of Lophophora williamsii"
3368:
Hyman, S. E. & Malenka, R. C. (2001). "Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence."
4238:
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John Raleigh Briggs (1851–1907) was the first to draw scientific attention of the Western scientific world to peyote.
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783:, but is also present in the more mild climate of Tamaulipas. Its habitat is primarily in desert scrub, particularly
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from the Northern Plains. The religious, ceremonial, and healing uses of peyote may date back over 2000 years.
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Calabrese, Joseph D. "The Therapeutic Use of Peyote in the Native American Church" Chapter 3 in Vol. 1 of
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among scrub. It flowers from March to May, and sometimes as late as September. The flowers are pink, with
3608:
3548:. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control. Archived from
2976:
McCleary, J.A.; Sypherd, P.S.; Walkington, D.L. (1960). "Antibiotic Activity of an Extract Of Peyote ".
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A study published in 2007 found no evidence of long-term cognitive problems related to peyote use in
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religious ceremonies" the federal statute is the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, codified at
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62:
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3609:"Substance: Peyote, DEA#: 7415, CSA SCH: I, NARC: N, Other names: Cactus which contains mescaline"
4180:
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3598:, 774 F.Supp. 133 (D.N.M. 1991) (United States District Court, D. New Mexico 1991-09-03).
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3676:, Michael J. Winkelman and Thomas B. Roberts (editors) (2007). Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
3655:, Michael J. Winkelman and Thomas B. Roberts (editors) (2007). Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
3381:
K B Nolte and R E Zumwalt. "Fatal peyote ingestion associated with Mallory-Weiss lacerations."
3185:"Old Uses of Peyote in Traditional Mexican Medicine and its Inclusion in Official Pharmacopeia"
728:
4102:
3973:
3791:
3698:
3574:
3071:
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2903:
Schultes, Richard Evans (1938). "The appeal of peyote (Lophophora williamsii) as a medicine".
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31:
3519:, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act – S.C. 1996, c. 19 (SCHEDULE III), accessed 26 Feb 2020
2464:"Stalking the wild Lophophora Part 2: Zacatecas, San Luis potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas"
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Orsolini, L; Papanti, G. D; De Berardis, D; Guirguis, A; Corkery, J. M; Schifano, F (2017).
2739:
2671:
2542:
2528:"Stalking the wild Lophophora Part 3: San Luis Potosí (central), Querétaro, and Mexico City"
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1747:(a.k.a. "flashbacks") after religious use. Peyote also does not seem to be associated with
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1739:
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1410:
1309:
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135:
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Other sources, apparently incorrectly, translate the Nahuatl word as "divine messenger".
2003:'bona fide' ceremonial use by members of the Native American Church, regardless of race.
1998:, 774 F.Supp. 1333 (D.N.M. 1991) addresses this racial issue specifically and concludes:
4001:
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1982:
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961:
689:
158:
122:
639:
4202:
3921:
2691:
2175:
1910:
1738:
who regularly ingested peyote found only one case where peyote was associated with a
1735:
1620:
From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by indigenous peoples, such as the
1455:
1420:
1319:
764:
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478:
82:
17:
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4185:
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3796:
3531:; CBC News: Psychedelic use spreads in B.C. native community, accessed 15 Aug 2016.
2141:
2044:
1947:, but peyote is specifically exempt. Possession and use of peyote plants is legal.
1189:
1084:
1053:
503:
490:
3672:
Feeney, Kevin. "The Legal Basis for Religious Peyote Use." Chapter 13 in Vol 1 of
3267:
3067:
2916:
1861:
4093:
4040:
3494:"Native American Church | Peyote Religion, Ceremonies & History | Britannica"
3355:
Halpern, J. H. (1996). "The use of hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction."
3934:
3869:
3763:
3695:
The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications
3268:
Daniel Perrine, "Visions of the Night: Western Medicine Meets Peyote, 1887–1899"
3217:
2761:
2136:
2012:
1852:
1708:
1697:
1685:
1681:
recommended the use of peyote extract in “microdose” as a tonic for the heart.
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946:
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2546:
1843:
3024:
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2871:
2856:"Recent Advances in the Neuropsychopharmacology of Serotonergic Hallucinogens"
1964:
1943:
Mescaline is listed as a Schedule III controlled substance under the Canadian
1794:
1671:
1595:
1550:
In addition to psychoactive use, some Native American tribes use the plant in
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482:
188:
178:
3754:
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2426:
2241:"Lost Souls of the Peyote Trail (published in National Geographic Adventure)"
3817:
2789:
2096:
2036:
2028:
2016:
1834:
1822:
1819:
1768:
1674:. The Navajo Nation now has the most members of the Native American Church.
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956:
941:
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411:
3258:"Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise". The Contemporary Review. LXXIII. 1898.
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48:
4172:
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1526:
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3748:
3591:
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. Robert Lawrence BOYLL, Defendant.
1722:
soaked peyote buttons in water and became "intoxicated with the liquid".
1649:
1625:
1613:
1602:
1555:
1382:
1241:
1161:
1156:
1031:
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474:
148:
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and alkaloid analysis to study two specimens of peyote buttons found in
4120:
3848:
3438:
3237:
2989:
2705:
Engel, L.; Barratt, M.; Ferris, J.; Puljevic, C.; Winstock, A. (2023).
2240:
2020:
1956:
1906:
1815:
1775:
1633:
897:
556: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
495:
470:
425:
3874:
3417:
Catches, Vincent (1991). "Native American Church: The Half-Moon Way".
3778:
3707:
Pollan, Michael 2021 This Is Your Mind on Plants © 2021 Penguin Books
2731:
1902:
1793:
tribe, the use of Peyote had been the direct cause of death among 25
1759:
1705:
1430:
986:
744:
655:
450:
403:
168:
3725:
3453:
People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival
3430:
3221:
2108:
Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Psychedelic plants and fungi
1605:, Mexico have been similarly analyzed and dated to 810 to 1070 CE.
692:
alkaloids. The principal one is mescaline for which the content of
4035:
3887:
3822:
3674:
Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogens as Treatments
3653:
Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogens as Treatments
1894:
1887:
1790:
1653:
1628:
and Texas. Its usage was also recorded among various Southwestern
1607:
1591:
1564:
748:
727:
661:
638:
627:
454:
109:
4146:
2658:
Ermakova, Anna O.; Terry, Martin K.; Trout, Keeper (2022-05-23).
2635:"Could Synthetic Mescaline Protect Declining Peyote Populations?"
1893:
Peyote is consumed during an all-night healing ceremony inside a
1898:
1786:
1465:
1435:
1136:
440:
3809:
3729:
2312:
Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Revised Edition
1590:
digs from a site called Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande in
1704:
conducted self experiments on its effects in 1897. Similarly,
1166:
525:
3329:
Bergman RL (1971). "Navajo peyote use: its apparent safety,"
1913:. It concludes with a communion breakfast on Sunday morning.
506:
properties when ingested, peyote has at least 5,500 years of
3626:"Navy Recruiting Manual-Enlisted COMNAVCRUITCOMINST 1130.8F"
3571:
Criminal and Procedure for the Paralegal: A Systems Approach
3141:"The appeal of peyote (Lophophora Williamsii) as a medicine"
2598:. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 242.
30:"Mescalito" redirects here. For the Ryan Bingham album, see
3660:
The Peyote Effect: From the Inquisition to the War on Drugs
2104:– an author of books involving his experiences with peyote.
1594:. The results dated the specimens to between 3780 and 3660
394:
391:
376:
362:
356:
341:
321:
315:
309:
3115:"The use of Peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache tribes"
350:
3569:
James W.H. McCord, Sandra McCord, and C. Suzanne Bailey,
444:
428:
382:
370:
2297:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1901:. The ritual starts around 8 P.M Saturday, and includes
1573:(peyocactin), a compound contained in the peyote cactus
3688:
Peyote: History, Tradition, Politics, and Conservation.
2541:(6). Cactus and Succulent Society of America: 310–317.
2483:
10.2985/0007-9367(2008)80[222:STWL]2.0.CO;2
2477:(5). Cactus and Succulent Society of America: 222–228.
2419:
10.2985/0007-9367(2008)80[181:STWL]2.0.CO;2
2413:(4). Cactus and Succulent Society of America: 181–186.
3467:"Why Can the Native American Church Still Use Peyote?"
3226:
Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie
2299:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020.
388:
367:
353:
347:
3681:
A Note on the Safety of Peyote when Used Religiously
3667:
Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic
3346:. (pp. 229–230, 232). Oregon: CNS Publications, Inc.
373:
359:
338:
318:
306:
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Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
4077:
3738:
1659:Under the auspices of what came to be known as the
385:
379:
344:
312:
3697:1998/2005, Rochester, Vermont, Park Street Press,
1909:, sacramental eating of peyote, water rites, and
1388:Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States
2190:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T151962A121515326.en
2590:Zimmerman, Allan D.; Parfitt, Bruce D. (2006).
1923:Legal status of psychoactive cactus by country
1762:effects, and one death has been attributed to
696:is about 0.4% fresh (undried) and 3–6% dried.
1890:for mainstream Christians, or Jesus himself.
1601:Specimens from a burial cave in west central
1534:), containing around 5-6% mescaline by weight
1507:
747:. In the United States, it grows in Southern
419:
8:
2928:
2926:
1970:Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Thornburgh
3573:, p. 178–179 (4th ed. Delmar Cengage 2012)
1986:which states for "Special Exempt Persons":
1825:that opens a pathway to the other deities.
1745:hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1547:) and spiritual or philosophical insights.
3726:
3281:, Vol. 2, 2001, p.42, accessed 15 Nov 2009
3279:The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research
1644:were the source or first practitioners of
1514:
1500:
821:
71:
47:
38:
2879:
2830:
2820:
2188:
616:Learn how and when to remove this message
3542:"Section 1307.31 Native American Church"
1525:
712:in 1845. It was placed in the new genus
3683:. Council on Spiritual Practices, 1996.
3662:. University of California Press, 2018.
2157:
1827:
833:
787:in Tamaulipas. It is common on or near
3342:Inaba, D.S. & Cohen, W.E. (2004).
3183:Olvera-Hernández, Nidia (2023-07-05).
3166:"The people who take drugs to see God"
2730:Van Der Sypt, Frederick (2022-04-03).
2347:
1897:, a traditional Navajo building, or a
1743:does not appear to be associated with
434:
3488:
3486:
2009:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1961:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1934:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
7:
2216:"The Compounds in Psychedelic Cacti"
2209:
2207:
1814:religion consists of four principal
1718:captured by Union forces during the
1373:Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms
554:adding citations to reliable sources
449:, "to glisten". Peyote is native to
4279:Psychedelic phenethylamine carriers
3451:Stacy B. Schaefer, Peter T. Furst.
3307:, New York: Scribners (1902), p.358
3117:. American Ethnography Quasimonthly
2633:Mchem, Benjamin Bury (2021-08-02).
2176:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1945:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
424:is a Spanish word derived from the
2270:. Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press.
2011:Amendments of 1994, United States
1700:1896, publishing details in 1898.
25:
4160:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2782425-4
3686:Labate, Beatriz; Cavnar, Clancy:
3145:American Ethnography Quasimonthly
1973:, (5th Cir. 1991); it is also in
1781:According to a statement made by
647:The various species of the genus
4209:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4028:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:143606-2
2462:Martin, Terry (September 2008).
2314:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2214:Bauer, Barbara E. (2021-11-01).
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1751:, but some users may experience
1378:Legal status of Salvia divinorum
841:
818:Psychoactivity and folk medicine
530:
334:
302:
96:
4249:Flora of the Rio Grande valleys
4224:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
3465:Beyer, Catharine (2023-11-11).
2526:Martin, Terry (November 2008).
2400:Part 1: Chihuahua and Coahuila"
1476:Regulation of therapeutic goods
541:needs additional citations for
457:. It is found primarily in the
4229:Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
3344:Uppers, Downers, All Arounders
2736:PhytoChem & BioSub Journal
2707:"Choosing San Pedro or Peyote"
1963:of 1978, and made part of the
1348:Drug policy of the Netherlands
716:in 1894 by American botanist
1:
3068:10.1126/science.199.4336.1437
2917:10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00100
2767:PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story
2614:Cactus Conservation Institute
2007:Following the passage of the
1696:self experimented with it on
751:. In Mexico, it grows in the
4244:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
3294:, New York: Scribners (1902)
2535:Cactus and Succulent Journal
2471:Cactus and Succulent Journal
2407:Cactus and Succulent Journal
2310:Andrews, J. Richard (2003).
2266:Anderson, Edward F. (2001).
2058:Employment Division v. Smith
1692:in 1888. British sexologist
1217:List of psilocybin mushrooms
3658:Dawson, Alexander S. 2018.
3546:Code of Federal Regulations
3455:. UNM Press, 1997. Pg 52–53
3100:, New York: Scribners, 1902
2394:Martin, Terry (July 2008).
2342:"What to know about peyote"
2247:. Kira Salak, KiraSalak.com
1295:Counterculture of the 1960s
4315:
4289:Cacti of the United States
3718:USDA: NRCS Plants Profile
3222:"Ueber Anhalonium Lewinii"
2860:Behavioural Brain Research
2854:Halberstadt, A. L (2014).
2676:10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a8
2547:10.2985/0007-9367-80.6.310
2354:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2220:Psychedelic Science Review
1931:
1920:
1878:
1806:Wixarika (Huichol) culture
1582:In 2005, researchers used
1562:(also called peyocactin).
1451:Philosophy of psychedelics
516:indigenous North Americans
29:
3025:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022
2947:10.3109/15563650903586745
2872:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016
1677:Since 1846, the official
1211:List of psychedelic drugs
708:described the species as
246:
239:
217:
210:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
4264:Native American religion
3385:. 1999 Jun; 170(6): 328.
2822:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240
2376:. Erowid.org. 2008-03-08
1753:psychological dependence
743:, mainly distributed in
724:Distribution and habitat
439:), meaning "caterpillar
402:) is a small, spineless
4079:Echinocactus williamsii
3669:. Yale University Press
3517:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
3137:Schultes, Richard Evans
2905:American Anthropologist
2809:Frontiers in Psychiatry
2592:"Lophophora williamsii"
2183:: e.T151962A121515326.
2114:Echinopsis lageniformis
1758:Peyote can have strong
1358:Drug policy of Portugal
1325:William Leonard Pickard
1112:Psychedelic microdosing
710:Echinocactus williamsii
706:Charles Antoine Lemaire
459:Sierra Madre Occidental
445:
429:
249:Echinocactus williamsii
4259:Native American Church
3394:Nole and Zumwalt 1999
2744:10.5281/zenodo.6409376
2610:"Harvesting Technique"
2596:Flora of North America
2374:Visionary Cactus Guide
2132:Psychedelic experience
2084:controlled substance.
2049:Native American Church
2035:of peyote as part of "
2005:
1993:
1881:Native American Church
1875:Native American Church
1732:Native American Church
1661:Native American Church
1617:
1574:
1569:Chemical structure of
1535:
1071:Psychedelic literature
739:is native to southern
733:
684:
644:
636:
420:
408:psychoactive alkaloids
287:Lophophora jourdaniana
4284:Religion and politics
3989:Lophophora_williamsii
3784:lophophora-williamsii
3770:Lophophora williamsii
3740:Lophophora williamsii
3720:Lophophora williamsii
3320:. 2005;58(8):624–631.
2169:Lophophora williamsii
2000:
1988:
1801:Cultural significance
1679:Mexican Pharmacopoeia
1611:
1568:
1532:Lophophora williamsii
1529:
1471:Recreational drug use
1353:Drug policy of Oregon
731:
694:Lophophora williamsii
667:Lophophora williamsii
665:
642:
634:Lophophora williamsii
631:
331:Lophophora williamsii
221:Lophophora williamsii
18:Lophophora williamsii
3111:Opler, Morris Edward
2772:Berkeley, California
2711:The Mescaline Garden
2074:Free Exercise Clause
1481:Self-experimentation
1461:Prohibition of drugs
1368:Legality of cannabis
732:Range of wild peyote
669:seedling at roughly
550:improve this article
251:Lemaire ex Salm-Dyck
4239:Flora of New Mexico
3693:Rätsch, Christian,
3679:Baggot, Matthew J.
3596:Crim. No. 90-207-JB
3060:1978Sci...199.1437B
3054:(4336): 1437–1438.
2935:Clinical Toxicology
2774:: Transform Press.
2396:"Stalking the wild
2127:-Dimethyltryptamine
1797:in last two years.
1764:esophageal bleeding
1749:physical dependence
1712:Carl Sofus Lumholtz
1632:tribal groups. The
1630:Athabaskan-language
1343:Drug liberalization
1222:Psychoactive cactus
436:[ˈpejoːt͡ɬ]
259:Lophophora echinata
256:(K. Schumann) Rusby
63:Conservation status
56:Peyote in the wild
4299:Psychoactive cacti
4254:Flora of Zacatecas
3498:www.britannica.com
3357:Addiction Research
3273:2008-07-22 at the
3238:10.1007/bf01923627
2990:10.1007/bf02907956
2764:(September 1991).
2758:Shulgin, Alexander
2165:Terry, M. (2017).
1975:administrative law
1789:, a member of the
1774:Research into the
1769:pupillary dilation
1720:American Civil War
1690:Anhalonium lewinii
1618:
1584:radiocarbon dating
1575:
1538:When used for its
1536:
1363:Drug policy reform
1017:Psychedelic trance
807:endangered species
734:
718:John Merle Coulter
685:
645:
643:A flowering peyote
637:
254:Lophophora lewinii
203:L. williamsii
4196:
4195:
3974:Open Tree of Life
3732:Taxon identifiers
3703:978-0-89281-978-2
3665:Jay, Mike. 2019.
3579:978-1-4354-4016-6
3172:. 21 August 2016.
2321:978-0-8061-3453-6
2277:978-0-88192-498-5
2268:The Cactus Family
1726:Adverse reactions
1524:
1523:
1416:Cognitive liberty
1290:Alexander Shulgin
1257:Psychedelic Press
977:Palm Desert Scene
920:Psychedelic music
893:Liquid light show
781:Chihuahuan desert
626:
625:
618:
600:
463:Chihuahuan Desert
453:and southwestern
294:
293:
284:(Habermann) Halda
264:Lophophora fricii
86:
32:Mescalito (album)
16:(Redirected from
4306:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4110:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4030:
4018:
4017:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3727:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3631:. Archived from
3630:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3419:Wíčazo Ša Review
3414:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3303:Lumholtz, Carl,
3301:
3295:
3290:Lumholtz, Carl,
3288:
3282:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3096:Lumholtz, Carl,
3094:
3088:
3087:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3013:J Ethnopharmacol
3008:
3002:
3001:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2565:. Archived from
2532:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2501:. Archived from
2468:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2437:. Archived from
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2162:
2147:R. Gordon Wasson
2102:Carlos Castaneda
2053:US Supreme Court
1985:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1441:Neuroenhancement
1199:San Pedro cactus
1043:Psychedelic film
1012:Psychedelic soul
1007:Psychedelic rock
997:Psychedelic funk
992:Psychedelic folk
845:
822:
771:in the north to
704:French botanist
682:
681:
677:
674:
621:
614:
610:
607:
601:
599:
558:
534:
526:
448:
438:
432:
423:
416:cactus alkaloids
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
275:(Habermann) Grym
223:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
27:Species of plant
21:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4294:Cacti of Mexico
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3961:Observation.org
3959:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3734:
3714:
3648:
3646:Further reading
3643:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3473:
3471:Learn Religions
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3431:10.2307/1409324
3416:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3359:, 4(2);177–189.
3354:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3333:128(6):695–699.
3331:Amer J Psychiat
3328:
3324:
3318:Biol Psychiatry
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3275:Wayback Machine
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3019:(1–3): 238–42.
3010:
3009:
3005:
2978:Economic Botany
2975:
2974:
2970:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2782:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2670:(sp40): 71–82.
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
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2441:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2093:
2078:First Amendment
2055:'s decision in
2019:) protects the
1978:
1953:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1808:
1803:
1783:Gertrude Bonnin
1740:psychotic break
1728:
1646:peyote religion
1580:
1520:
1491:
1490:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1310:Psychedelic era
1275:
1267:
1266:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1002:Psychedelic pop
972:Neo-psychedelia
873:Algorithmic art
861:Psychedelic art
855:
820:
815:
797:
773:San Luis Potosi
726:
702:
679:
675:
672:
670:
622:
611:
605:
602:
559:
557:
547:
535:
524:
487:San Luis Potosí
443:", from a root
410:, particularly
406:which contains
366:
337:
333:
305:
301:
285:
276:
267:
262:
257:
252:
235:
225:
219:
206:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Flora of Texas
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:wfo-0000661079
4177:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:wfo-0001287424
4058:
4045:
4032:
4019:
4006:
3993:
3983:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3918:
3905:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3801:
3788:
3775:
3760:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3712:External links
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3691:
3690:Praeger, 2016.
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3638:on 2004-07-12.
3617:
3600:
3582:
3562:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3482:
3457:
3444:
3409:
3396:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3305:Unknown Mexico
3296:
3292:Unknown Mexico
3283:
3260:
3251:
3232:(6): 401–411.
3220:(1888-05-18).
3209:
3200:
3175:
3157:
3128:
3102:
3098:Unknown Mexico
3089:
3038:
3003:
2984:(3): 247–249.
2968:
2922:
2911:(4): 698–715.
2895:
2846:
2795:
2780:
2749:
2722:
2697:
2650:
2625:
2601:
2582:
2518:
2454:
2386:
2361:
2340:Johnson, Jon.
2332:
2330:in Wiktionary.
2320:
2302:
2284:
2276:
2257:
2231:
2203:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2041:42 U.S.C.
1952:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1932:Main article:
1929:
1928:United Nations
1926:
1921:Main article:
1918:
1915:
1879:Main article:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1727:
1724:
1702:Arthur Heffter
1694:Havelock Ellis
1588:archaeological
1579:
1576:
1530:Dried Peyote (
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Harm reduction
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:Related topics
1399:
1398:
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1355:
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1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Summer of Love
1312:
1307:
1305:Owsley Stanley
1302:
1300:History of LSD
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Albert Hofmann
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
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1128:
1123:
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1092:Counterculture
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1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
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989:
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964:
962:Hypnagogic pop
959:
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944:
939:
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928:
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914:
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846:
838:
837:
831:
830:
819:
816:
814:
811:
796:
793:
725:
722:
701:
698:
690:phenethylamine
624:
623:
538:
536:
529:
523:
520:
502:Known for its
493:anthers (like
292:
291:
244:
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237:
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159:Caryophyllales
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126:
125:
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113:
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107:
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102:
89:
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26:
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14:
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3604:
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3597:
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3586:
3583:
3580:
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3572:
3566:
3563:
3552:on 2015-10-01
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3310:
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3297:
3293:
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3276:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:(in German).
3227:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
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3158:
3146:
3142:
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3116:
3112:
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3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
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3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
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2887:
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2861:
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2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2781:0-9630096-0-5
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
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2701:
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2654:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2572:on 2014-10-06
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2508:on 2014-10-06
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2444:on 2014-10-06
2440:
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2258:
2246:
2242:
2239:Salak, Kira.
2235:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
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2135:
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2115:
2111:
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2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:U.S. v. Boyll
1992:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:United States
1950:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1911:contemplation
1908:
1904:
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1737:
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1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:Texas Rangers
1713:
1710:
1707:
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1597:
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1589:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:folk medicine
1548:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1517:
1512:
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1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
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1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
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1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Psychonautics
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Drug checking
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
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1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Timothy Leary
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
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1301:
1298:
1296:
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1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
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1243:
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1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
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1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
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1163:
1160:
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1153:
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1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
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1129:
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1120:
1113:
1110:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
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1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
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1037:
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1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
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975:
973:
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968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
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930:
929:
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925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
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906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
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891:
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876:
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871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
858:
857:
854:
849:
848:
844:
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832:
828:
824:
823:
817:
812:
810:
808:
803:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:North America
738:
737:L. williamsii
730:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
683:months of age
668:
664:
660:
657:
652:
651:
641:
635:
630:
620:
617:
609:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
567: –
566:
562:
561:Find sources:
555:
551:
545:
544:
539:This section
537:
533:
528:
527:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
427:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
332:
326:
299:
290:
288:
283:
279:
274:
270:
269:L. williamsii
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
216:
213:
212:Binomial name
209:
205:
204:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:Tracheophytes
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
79:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4078:
3739:
3719:
3694:
3687:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3633:the original
3620:
3603:
3590:
3585:
3570:
3565:
3554:. Retrieved
3550:the original
3545:
3536:
3524:
3512:
3501:. Retrieved
3497:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3425:(1): 17–24.
3422:
3418:
3412:
3407:234:299–302.
3404:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3370:Neuroscience
3369:
3364:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3263:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3218:Lewin, Louis
3212:
3203:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3105:
3097:
3092:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2941:(4): 350–3.
2938:
2934:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2766:
2762:Shulgin, Ann
2752:
2735:
2725:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2700:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2628:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2595:
2585:
2574:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2538:
2534:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2474:
2470:
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2410:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2373:
2370:"Lophophora"
2364:
2335:
2326:p. 246. See
2311:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2194:. Retrieved
2180:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2142:Reuben Snake
2124:
2120:
2112:
2086:
2056:
2045:§ 1996a
2006:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1968:
1954:
1942:
1892:
1884:
1809:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1729:
1709:ethnographer
1689:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1658:
1642:Lipan Apache
1619:
1600:
1581:
1549:
1540:psychoactive
1537:
1531:
1209:
1190:Salvinorin A
1176:
1069:
1054:Acid Western
1041:
1040:
918:
859:
798:
736:
735:
713:
709:
703:
693:
686:
666:
648:
646:
633:
612:
603:
593:
586:
579:
572:
560:
548:Please help
543:verification
540:
504:psychoactive
501:
494:
491:thigmotactic
330:
297:
295:
286:
281:
277:
272:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
247:
220:
218:
202:
201:
189:
142:
129:
116:
36:
4002:tro-5101145
3935:NatureServe
3870:iNaturalist
3764:Wikispecies
2196:19 November
2137:Peyote song
2033:cultivation
2029:consumption
2013:federal law
1980:21 CFR
1829:Huichol art
1698:Good Friday
1686:Louis Lewin
1665:Ghost Dance
1545:synesthesia
1446:Neuroethics
1107:Trip sitter
1059:Stoner film
1027:Stoner rock
982:Peyote song
952:Acid trance
947:Acid techno
888:Fractal art
883:Diffraction
835:Psychedelia
795:Cultivation
785:thorn scrub
632:A group of
522:Description
508:entheogenic
465:and in the
414:(see also:
175:Subfamily:
136:Angiosperms
4219:Entheogens
4214:Lophophora
4203:Categories
3997:Plant List
3556:2013-09-12
3503:2023-11-11
3476:2023-11-11
3383:West J Med
3194:2024-06-22
3150:19 January
3121:19 January
2866:: 99–120.
2716:2023-12-11
2644:2022-01-01
2619:2022-04-02
2576:2013-09-12
2512:2013-09-12
2448:2013-09-12
2398:Lophophora
2380:2013-09-12
2251:2013-09-12
2245:Kira Salak
2225:2022-04-01
2153:References
2082:Schedule I
2025:possession
2017:state laws
2015:(and many
1965:common law
1688:described
1612:Peyote in
1486:Surrealism
1280:Acid Tests
1235:Experience
1182:Psilocybin
1102:Smart shop
1022:Space rock
967:Madchester
932:Acid house
878:Cyberdelic
769:Tamaulipas
765:Nuevo León
714:Lophophora
650:Lophophora
576:newspapers
483:Tamaulipas
479:Nuevo León
278:L. diffusa
233:J.M.Coult.
190:Lophophora
179:Cactoideae
78:Vulnerable
4094:Q12157020
3836:242413607
3139:(2008) .
3113:(2008) .
2692:248989923
2684:0265-086X
2555:0007-9367
2491:0007-9367
2427:0007-9367
2097:Ayahuasca
2037:bona fide
1823:sacrament
1820:visionary
1706:Norwegian
1638:Mescalero
1571:hordenine
1560:hordenine
1406:Addiction
1252:Ego death
1185:mushrooms
1172:Mescaline
1142:Ayahuasca
1132:25I-NBOMe
1097:Entheogen
957:Chillwave
942:Acid rock
937:Acid jazz
908:Phosphene
802:San Pedro
789:limestone
777:Zacatecas
757:Chihuahua
606:July 2019
512:medicinal
412:mescaline
289:Haberman
266:Habermann
197:Species:
169:Cactaceae
106:Kingdom:
4168:Tropicos
4088:Wikidata
4049:Tropicos
4036:Species+
3986:PalDat:
3940:2.139920
3901:11275532
3888:143606-2
3749:Wikidata
3271:Archived
3246:38375777
3189:Chacruna
3170:BBC News
3084:19355963
3076:17796678
3033:15990261
2998:41659698
2963:39261212
2955:20170392
2890:25036425
2841:29209235
2790:25627628
2664:Bradleya
2639:Chacruna
2563:85180357
2499:90032958
2435:49320798
2350:cite web
2293:"Peyote"
2091:See also
1917:Legality
1870:Religion
1812:Wixarika
1650:Comanche
1626:Oklahoma
1616:, Mexico
1614:Wirikuta
1603:Coahuila
1556:alkaloid
1411:Cannabis
1383:Neurolaw
1242:Bad trip
1162:Ketamine
1157:Ibogaine
1147:Cannabis
1032:Trip hop
827:a series
825:Part of
761:Coahuila
700:Taxonomy
565:"Peyote"
475:Coahuila
241:Synonyms
165:Family:
149:Eudicots
83:IUCN 3.1
4269:Huichol
4173:5105286
4147:87800-2
4121:7284230
4054:5101145
3849:5384220
3755:Q271937
3439:1409324
3372:. 2;696
3056:Bibcode
3048:Science
2881:4642895
2832:5701998
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2282:p. 396.
2076:of the
2021:harvest
1983:1307.31
1977:at the
1959:in the
1957:statute
1907:singing
1816:deities
1776:Huichol
1634:Tonkawa
1622:Huichol
1578:History
1274:History
1262:Therapy
1247:Ecology
1085:Culture
903:Paisley
898:LSD art
791:hills.
678:⁄
656:areoles
590:scholar
514:use by
496:Opuntia
471:Nayarit
426:Nahuatl
280:subsp.
261:Croizat
185:Genus:
155:Order:
110:Plantae
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42:Peyote
4010:PLANTS
3979:543120
3966:425184
3953:130138
3927:151962
3914:503551
3875:164777
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1939:Canada
1903:prayer
1760:emetic
1736:Navajo
1640:, and
1636:, the
1431:Hippie
1194:Salvia
1177:Peyote
987:P-Funk
767:, and
753:states
745:Mexico
592:
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485:, and
467:states
461:, the
451:Mexico
446:peyōni
441:cocoon
430:peyōtl
421:Peyote
404:cactus
298:peyote
282:fricii
273:fricii
4134:14813
4108:38GN2
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3896:IRMNG
3862:22667
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3636:(PDF)
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3277:, in
3242:S2CID
3080:S2CID
2994:S2CID
2959:S2CID
2688:S2CID
2570:(PDF)
2559:S2CID
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2495:S2CID
2467:(PDF)
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2431:S2CID
2403:(PDF)
2065:
1895:hogan
1888:Jesus
1791:Sioux
1654:Kiowa
1592:Texas
1125:Drugs
749:Texas
597:JSTOR
583:books
455:Texas
271:var.
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
4155:POWO
4142:IPNI
4129:GRIN
4116:GBIF
4023:POWO
4015:LOWI
3948:NCBI
3922:IUCN
3909:ITIS
3883:IPNI
3857:GRIN
3844:GBIF
3818:EPPO
3699:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3405:JAMA
3152:2009
3123:2009
3072:PMID
3029:PMID
2951:PMID
2886:PMID
2837:PMID
2786:OCLC
2776:ISBN
2680:ISSN
2668:2022
2551:ISSN
2487:ISSN
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2356:link
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2272:ISBN
2198:2021
2181:2017
2067:U.S.
2031:and
1899:tipi
1810:The
1795:Utes
1787:1916
1672:Utes
1652:and
1466:Rave
1436:MDMA
1137:2C-B
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813:Uses
775:and
569:news
510:and
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3805:EoL
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