873:. By using improvements to electrode separator, positive electrode, and other components, manufacturers claim the cells retain 70–85% of their capacity when stored for one year at 20 °C (68 °F), compared to about half for normal NiMH batteries. They are otherwise similar to standard NiMH batteries, and can be charged in standard NiMH chargers. These cells are marketed as "hybrid", "ready-to-use" or "pre-charged" rechargeables. Retention of charge depends in large part on the battery's
1012:
636:
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225:
997:
582:
54:
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batteries as a result. Lithium batteries produce a higher voltage (3.2–3.7 V nominal), and are thus not a drop-in replacement for AA (alkaline or NiMh) batteries without circuitry to reduce voltage. Although a single lithium cell will typically provide ideal power to replace 3 NiMH cells, the form factor means that the device still needs modification.
554:/300 can be used for batteries that must be kept in a fully charged state. Some chargers do this after the charge cycle, to offset natural self-discharge. A similar approach is suggested by Energizer, which indicates that self-catalysis can recombine gas formed at the electrodes for charge rates up to C/10. This leads to cell heating. The company recommends
1086:
1557:
957:
NiMH cells are advantageous for high-current-drain applications compared to alkaline batteries, largely due to their lower internal resistance. Typical alkaline AA-size batteries, which offer approximately 2.6 Ah capacity at low current demand (25 mA), provide only 1.3 Ah capacity with
928:
released from MH alloy), Ni–B alloy coating on MH alloy (causing formation of a protection layer), alkaline treatment of negative electrode (causing reduction of leach-out of Mn and Al), addition of LiOH and NaOH into electrolyte (causing reduction in electrolyte corrosion capabilities), and addition
614:
method. Because the charging voltage is nearly constant, constant-current charging delivers energy at a near-constant rate. When the cell is not fully charged, most of this energy is converted to chemical energy. However, when the cell reaches full charge, most of the charging energy is converted to
589:
To prevent cell damage, fast chargers must terminate their charge cycle before overcharging occurs. One method is to monitor the change of voltage with time. When the battery is fully charged, the voltage across its terminals drops slightly. The charger can detect this and stop charging. This method
961:
Devices that were designed to operate using primary alkaline chemistry (or zinc-carbon/chloride) cells may not function with NiMH cells. However, most devices compensate for the voltage drop of an alkaline battery as it discharges down to about 1 volt. Low internal resistance allows NiMH cells
2006:
NiMH batteries self-discharge up to 20% in the first 24 hours after charging, then as much as 15% per month. Self-discharge is highly temperature dependent. NiMH batteries self discharge about three times faster at 40 °C than at 20 °C. Age also affects self-discharge. Older battery packs
794:
A fully charged cell supplies an average 1.25 V/cell during discharge, declining to about 1.0–1.1 V/cell (further discharge may cause permanent damage in the case of multi-cell packs, due to polarity reversal of the weakest cell). Under a light load (0.5 amperes), the starting voltage of a freshly
811:
in one or more cells, which can permanently damage them. This situation can occur in the common arrangement of four AA cells in series, where one cell completely discharges before the others due to small differences in capacity among the cells. When this happens, the good cells start to drive the
975:
can deliver extremely high power and have a higher specific energy than nickel–metal hydride batteries, but they were originally significantly more expensive. The cost of lithium batteries fell drastically during the 2010s and many small consumer devices now have non-consumer-replaceable lithium
919:
MH alloy, (causing reduction in debris formation in separator), increase of the amount of electrolyte (causing reduction in the hydrogen diffusion in electrolyte), removal of Cu-containing components (causing reduction in micro-short), PTFE coating on positive electrode (causing suppression of
1093:
NiMH batteries were frequently used in prior-generation electric and hybrid-electric vehicles; as of 2020 they have been superseded almost entirely by lithium-ion batteries in all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, but they remain in use in some hybrid vehicles (2020 Toyota
Highlander, for
823:
Irreversible damage from polarity reversal is a particular danger, even when a low voltage-threshold cutout is employed, when the cells vary in temperature. This is because capacity significantly declines as the cells are cooled. This results in a lower voltage under load of the colder cells.
962:
to deliver a nearly constant voltage until they are almost completely discharged. Thus battery-level indicators designed to read alkaline cells overstate the remaining charge when used with NiMH cells, as the voltage of alkaline cells decreases steadily during most of the discharge cycle.
1474:
984:
NiMH batteries can easily be made smaller and lighter than lead-acid batteries and have completely replaced them in small devices. However, lead-acid batteries can deliver huge current at low cost, making lead-acid batteries more suitable for starter motors in combustion vehicles.
906:
Low-self-discharge cells have somewhat lower capacity than otherwise equivalent NiMH cells because of the larger volume of the separator. The highest-capacity low-self-discharge AA cells have 2500 mAh capacity, compared to 2700 mAh for high-capacity AA NiMH cells.
598:. At this charge rate, Panasonic recommends to terminate charging when the voltage drops 5–10 mV per cell from the peak voltage. Since this method measures the voltage across the battery, a constant-current (rather than a constant-voltage) charging circuit is used.
2168:
Shinyama, Katsuhiko; Harada, Yasuyuki; Maeda, Reizo; Nakamura, Hiroshi; Matsuta, Shigeki; Nohma, Toshiyuki; Yonezu, Ikuo (May 2006). "Suppression mechanism of the self-discharge reaction in nickel-metal hydride batteries using a sulfonated polyolefin separator".
894:
The self-discharge rate depends upon separator thickness; thicker separators reduce self-discharge, but also reduce capacity as they leave less space for active components, and thin separators lead to higher self-discharge. Some batteries may have overcome this
910:
Common methods to improve self-discharge include: use of a sulfonated separator (causing removal of N-containing compounds), use of an acrylic acid grafted PP separator (causing reduction in Al- and Mn-debris formation in separator), removal of Co and Mn in
562:/40 for indefinite applications where long life is important. This is the approach taken in emergency lighting applications, where the design remains essentially the same as in older NiCd units, except for an increase in the trickle-charging resistor value.
1051:(full discharge in 1 hour), it does not differ significantly from the nominal capacity. NiMH batteries nominally operate at 1.2 V per cell, somewhat lower than conventional 1.5 V cells, but can operate many devices designed for that
546:
is the current equivalent to the capacity of the battery divided by one hour). The
Panasonic NiMH charging manual warns that overcharging for long enough can damage a battery and suggests limiting the total charging time to 10–20 hours.
590:
is often used with nickel-cadmium cells, which display a large voltage drop at full charge. However, the voltage drop is much less pronounced for NiMH and can be non-existent at low charge rates, which can make the approach unreliable.
593:
Another option is to monitor the change of voltage with respect to time and stop when this becomes zero, but this risks premature cutoffs. With this method, a much higher charging rate can be used than with a trickle charge, up to
375:
About 22% of portable rechargeable batteries sold in Japan in 2010 were NiMH. In
Switzerland in 2009, the equivalent statistic was approximately 60%. This percentage has fallen over time due to the increase in manufacture of
387:
produced a modified microstructure that helped make NiMH batteries more durable, in turn allowing changes to the cell design that saved considerable weight, allowing the specific energy to reach 140 watt-hours per kilogram.
619:. Both Panasonic and Duracell suggest a maximal rate of temperature increase of 1 °C per minute. Using a temperature sensor allows an absolute temperature cutoff, which Duracell suggests at 60 °C. With both the Δ
836:
rate (equivalent to internal leakage) than NiCd cells. The self-discharge rate varies greatly with temperature, where lower storage temperature leads to slower discharge and longer battery life. The self-discharge is
767:
One inherent risk with NiMH chemistry is that overcharging causes hydrogen gas to form, potentially rupturing the cell. Therefore, cells have a vent to release the gas in the event of serious overcharging.
1047:) of 1.1–2.8 Ah at 1.2 V, measured at the rate that discharges the cell in 5 hours. Useful discharge capacity is a decreasing function of the discharge rate, but up to a rate of around 1×
2498:
958:
a 500 mA load. Digital cameras with LCDs and flashlights can draw over 1 A, quickly depleting them. NiMH cells can deliver these current levels without similar loss of capacity.
2375:
740:
534:
The simplest of the safe charging methods is with a fixed low current, with or without a timer. Most manufacturers claim that overcharging is safe at very low currents, below 0.1
1262:
1080:
954:
NiMH cells are often used in digital cameras and other high-drain devices, where over the duration of single-charge use they outperform primary (such as alkaline) batteries.
1784:
309:
2070:
1187:, citing lack of battery availability as a chief obstacle. Cobasys control of NiMH batteries created a patent encumbrance for large automotive NiMH batteries.
569:
approach, where a pulse of a higher current is used whenever the battery's voltage drops below 1.3 V. This can extend battery life and use less energy.
1581:"Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC"
3043:
941:
into electrolyte (causing reduction in MH alloy corrosion). Most of these improvements have no or negligible effect on cost; some increase cost modestly.
1639:
2468:
2502:
323:
and consequently insufficient cycle life. In 1987, Willems and
Buschow demonstrated a successful battery based on this approach (using a mixture of La
899:
by using more precisely manufactured thin separators, and a sulfonated polyolefin separator, an improvement over the hydrophilic polyolefin based on
2562:
1698:
2114:
18. What is the self-discharge rate of NiMH batteries? In general, the rate of self-discharge ranges from 15% to 20% per month at room temperature.
428:
compound. Many different compounds have been developed for this application, but those in current use fall into two classes. The most common is AB
2357:
820:
detect the safe end-of-discharge voltage of the series cells and perform an auto-shutdown, but devices such as flashlights and some toys do not.
2324:
424:
The reactions proceed left to right during charge and the opposite during discharge. The metal M in the negative electrode of a NiMH cell is an
362:, which had been working on MH-NiOOH batteries since mid-1980, improved the Ti–Ni alloy structure and composition and patented its innovations.
1588:
1207:
1157:
purchased
Ovonics' patent in 1994. By the late 1990s, NiMH batteries were being used successfully in many fully electric vehicles, such as the
506:. The positive electrode is nickel hydroxide, and the negative electrode is hydrogen in the form of an interstitial metal hydride. Hydrophilic
297:
applications were filed in
European countries (priority: Switzerland), the United States, and Japan. The patents transferred to Daimler-Benz.
2451:
2420:
1872:
351:
were soon developed. Modern NiMH cells were based on this design. The first consumer-grade NiMH cells became commercially available in 1989.
2383:
1916:
1472:, Dr. Klaus Beccu, "Negative electrode of titanium-nickel alloy hydride phases", assigned to Battelle-Geneva R&D Center
2833:
2720:
1984:
2158:
Flaim, Tony, Yubao Wang, and Ramil
Mercado. "High Refractive Index Polymer Coatings". SPIE Proceedings of Optical Systems Design. Web.
771:
NiMH batteries are made of environmentally friendly materials. The batteries contain only mildly toxic substances and are recyclable.
304:
for satellite applications. Hydride technology promised an alternative, less bulky way to store the hydrogen. Research carried out by
1344:
1039:
NiMH batteries have replaced NiCd for many roles, notably small rechargeable batteries. NiMH batteries are commonly available in AA (
1971:
2126:
1362:
2883:
1416:
285:. The batteries' specific energy reached 50 W·h/kg (180 kJ/kg), specific power up to 1000 W/kg and a life of 500
3058:
924:), CMC solution dipping (causing suppression of oxygen evolution), micro-encapsulation of Cu on MH alloy (causing decrease in H
1555:, "High power nickel metal hydride batteries and high power alloys/electrodes for use therein", published July 2, 2002
2811:
1897:
1242:
2098:
1673:
1072:
2893:
2298:
2555:
2042:
627:
charging methods, both manufacturers recommend a further period of trickle charging to follow the initial rapid charge.
197:. NiMH batteries can have two to three times the capacity of NiCd batteries of the same size, with significantly higher
2858:
2332:. The 11th International Power Supply Conference and Exhibition – Avicenne 2009. Ovonic Battery Company. Archived from
1580:
764:
involves an internal pressure switch in the cell, which disconnects the charging current in the event of overpressure.
38:
2725:
262:
2898:
2868:
2853:
2821:
2074:
817:
343:), which kept 84% of its charge capacity after 4000 charge-discharge cycles. More economically viable alloys using
2913:
2660:
1759:
1150:
813:
359:
2928:
2525:
1391:
2826:
1068:
17:
2933:
2878:
2863:
2796:
2755:
2730:
2710:
2690:
1247:
657:
2476:
3048:
2816:
2548:
2526:"Bipolar Nickel Metal Hydride Battery" by Martin G. Klein, Michael Eskra, Robert Plivelich and Paula Ralston
1212:
1131:
880:
615:
heat. This increases the rate of change of battery temperature, which can be detected by a sensor such as a
301:
3022:
2923:
1647:
900:
256:
186:
182:
2784:
1709:
1222:
2888:
2705:
1267:
1232:
1227:
1146:
1085:
972:
966:
888:
874:
786:) from repeated partial discharge can occur, but is reversible with a few full discharge/charge cycles.
746:
103:
31:
2750:
1469:
1552:
2766:
2735:
2571:
2333:
1646:(in German). INOBAT (the Swiss interest organisation for battery disposal). p. 2. Archived from
1538:
1252:
1217:
743:
523:
178:
2918:
2903:
2838:
2806:
2801:
2617:
1924:
1237:
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503:
377:
202:
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2779:
2632:
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2186:
1842:
1197:
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1158:
1135:
1127:
1095:
883:
keep the two electrodes apart to slow electrical discharge while allowing the transport of ionic
779:
433:
355:
290:
2530:
2443:
2437:
812:
discharged cell into reverse polarity (i.e. positive anode and negative cathode). Some cameras,
651:
type, increases safety. This fuse opens if either the current or the temperature gets too high.
380:
batteries: in 2000, almost half of all portable rechargeable batteries sold in Japan were NiMH.
1740:
1011:
212:, as they feature a slightly lower but generally compatible cell voltage and are less prone to
2982:
2700:
2670:
2447:
2416:
2247:
1967:
1928:
1893:
1868:
1519:
1257:
1202:
1020:
369:
865:) has a significantly lower rate of self-discharge. The innovation was introduced in 2005 by
2848:
2843:
2655:
2595:
2237:
2178:
1991:
1064:
988:
As of 2005, nickel–metal hydride batteries constituted three percent of the battery market.
846:
808:
757:
divided by ten hours). This reaction causes batteries to heat, ending the charging process.
754:
648:
365:
In 2008, more than two million hybrid cars worldwide were manufactured with NiMH batteries.
313:
273:
Ni+TiNi+x alloys and NiOOH electrodes. Development was sponsored over nearly two decades by
209:
129:
1168:
This generation of electric cars, although successful, was abruptly pulled off the market.
635:
3053:
2715:
2642:
2404:
1854:
644:
519:
213:
64:
2499:"The Edison of our Age: Stan Ovshinsky and the Future of Energy (Video Interview Part 1)"
1490:
1442:
1319:
2204:
2138:
2951:
2605:
1593:
1154:
1115:
1107:
1099:
884:
833:
198:
90:
1370:
1306:"Energy efficiency and capacity retention of Ni–MH batteries for storage applications"
265:-Geneva Research Center following the technology's invention in 1967. It was based on
3037:
2585:
2409:
1524:
1305:
1162:
1123:
1103:
783:
565:
Panasonic's handbook recommends that NiMH batteries on standby be charged by a lower
425:
372:, nickel–metal hydride batteries replaced Ni–Cd batteries for portable consumer use.
278:
2190:
2789:
2745:
2680:
2622:
2600:
2535:
1119:
1076:
449:
286:
274:
149:
2019:
877:
resistance (the higher the better), and on its physical size and charge capacity.
2102:
245:
Negative electrode with current collector (metal grid, connected to metal casing)
3017:
3002:
2740:
2665:
1024:
499:
320:
224:
2182:
1950:
996:
654:
Modern NiMH cells contain catalysts to handle gases produced by over-charging (
2961:
2695:
2675:
2302:
796:
616:
566:
507:
344:
316:
for the negative electrode. However, these suffered from alloy instability in
282:
229:
208:
They are typically used as a substitute for similarly shaped non-rechargeable
2251:
2242:
2046:
1985:"Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery Charger and Battery Pack. User's Manual"
1183:
subsidiary provides these batteries only to large OEM orders. General Motors
3007:
2997:
2987:
2956:
2612:
2301:. Yahoo finance, Singapore, quoting Reuters. 23 January 2007. Archived from
2277:
2030:
A NiMH battery can lose up to 2% of its charge per day sitting on the shelf.
1795:
1617:
1149:
invented and patented a popular improvement of the NiMH battery and founded
849:. But at 45 °C (113 °F) it is approximately three times as high.
489:
477:
465:
461:
445:
437:
348:
266:
181:. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the
70:
2439:
The Car That Could: The Inside Story of GM's
Revolutionary Electric Vehicle
2225:
518:
When fast-charging, it is advisable to charge the NiMH cells with a smart
53:
2685:
2266:
1834:
1040:
896:
496:
481:
473:
468:. Some cells use higher-capacity negative electrode materials based on AB
317:
2540:
2376:"New Hybrid Reviews, News & Hybrid Mileage (MPG) Info - Hybrid Cars"
581:
2992:
1705:
1180:
1111:
1052:
1028:
870:
305:
194:
1320:"Best rechargeable batteries (10+ charts, overviews and comparisons )"
1287:
2531:
Energizer Nickel Metal
Hydride (NiMH) Handbook and Application Manual
1172:
457:
453:
441:
294:
702:
408:
On the positive electrode, nickel oxyhydroxide, NiO(OH), is formed:
2226:"Capacity Degradation Mechanisms in Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries"
189:(NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing
2977:
2134:
2058:
NiMh batteries tend to self-discharge at 3–4% of capacity per day.
1966:
Sandeep
Dhameja (2002), Electric Vehicle Battery Systems, Newnes,
1084:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1001:
995:
866:
634:
580:
223:
190:
96:
1883:
1881:
891:. High-quality separators are critical for battery performance.
761:
485:
384:
82:
78:
2544:
3012:
610:
The temperature-change method is similar in principle to the Δ
1867:
Mukund R. Patel (2005), "Spacecraft Power Systems" CRC Press
300:
Interest grew in the 1970s with the commercialisation of the
396:
The negative electrode reaction occurring in a NiMH cell is
2205:"Rechargeable Batteries — compared and explained in detail"
1094:
example). Prior all-electric plug-in vehicles included the
281:
within Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft, now a subsidiary of
74:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
725:
694:
676:
2086:
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMh) Approx 1% per day if unused.
1417:"What could cause Ni-MH rechargeable batteries to leak?"
1043:-size) batteries. These have nominal charge capacities (
639:
NiMH cell that popped its cap due to failed safety valve
2358:"Highlander Hybrid - Hybrid Vehicle Dismantling Manual"
1479:. For the performance data, see the "Examples" section.
2224:
Young, Kwo-hsiung; Yasuoka, Shigekazu (1 March 2016).
1748:(NiMH02.01 ed.). Energizer Battery Manufacturing.
312:
developed new high-energy hybrid alloys incorporating
1263:
Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
1081:
Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries
660:
2411:
Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America
2299:"Mitsubishi Heavy to make lithium-ion car batteries"
1015:
nickel–metal hydride 24 V battery pack made by
832:
Historically, NiMH cells have had a somewhat higher
2970:
2942:
2764:
2640:
2578:
2415:. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada.
1785:"Charge Methods for Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries"
550:Duracell further suggests that a trickle charge at
155:
144:
120:
112:
102:
89:
63:
2408:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
734:
1539:"Rechargeable battery and electrode used therein"
1491:"R & D of Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys in Japan"
807:Complete discharge of multi-cell packs can cause
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1396:Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington
799:NiMH cell in good condition is about 1.4 volts.
859:low–self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery
18:Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery
1618:"Secondary battery sales statistics by volume"
1570:Avicenne Conf., Nice 2008, M. A. Fetcenko/ECD.
2556:
887:that close the circuit during the passage of
647:in series with the cell, particularly of the
8:
2043:"Battery Nurse: VCS, Voltage Control System"
1831:Charge Sealed Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries
46:
1990:. Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. Archived from
1911:
1909:
239:Outer metal casing (also negative terminal)
30:"NiMH" redirects here. For other uses, see
2563:
2549:
2541:
2020:"epanorama.net: Battery Power Supply Page"
1612:
1610:
1345:"Eneloop XX Vs Turnigy 2400 Cycle Testing"
1175:, and a week later Texaco was acquired by
52:
2326:Ovonic NiMH – Strong Now, Room for Growth
2241:
1699:"Inside the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery"
735:{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}+O2->2H2O}}}
724:
719:
714:
703:
697:
693:
688:
679:
675:
670:
665:
661:
659:
1760:"Japanese Nonwoven Battery Applications"
1642:[Battery Sales Statistics 2008]
1171:In October 2000, the patent was sold to
1126:, as well as later models including the
760:A method for very rapid charging called
1674:"Old Battery Type Gets an Energy Boost"
1279:
841:on the first day and stabilizes around
1917:"Voltage Depression ("Memory Effect")"
1850:
1840:
1589:Official Journal of the European Union
1208:Comparison of commercial battery types
1118:used NIMH batteries, most notably the
134:36.4–97.8% at 45 °C (113 °F)
45:
7:
2501:. The Energy Roadmap. Archived from
2007:self-discharge faster than new ones.
782:(often mistakenly attributed to the
261:Work on NiMH batteries began at the
1672:Bullis, Kevin (February 19, 2015).
510:nonwovens are used for separation.
201:, although only about half that of
2436:Shnayerson, Michael (1996-08-27).
2171:Research on Chemical Intermediates
1951:"Energizer NH15-2300mAh datasheet"
472:compounds, where A is titanium or
25:
2469:"Dude, Wheres My Electric Car!?!"
2071:"Choosing the Right Battery Pack"
742:). However, this only works with
368:In the European Union due to its
2631:
2536:NiMH battery charging and safety
2323:Fetcenko, Michael (2009-10-01).
1640:"Batterien-Absatzstatistik 2008"
1520:In search of the perfect battery
1114:scooter. Every first generation
1185:shut down production of the EV1
945:Compared to other battery types
58:Modern Ni–MH rechargeable cells
3044:Nickel–metal hydride batteries
2099:"GP Batteries (Hong Kong) FAQ"
1890:Batteries for Portable Devices
1620:. Battery Association of Japan
1288:"NiMH Battery Charging Basics"
1243:Lithium iron phosphate battery
248:Separator (between electrodes)
1:
1792:Nickel Metal Hydride Handbook
1742:Nickel Metal Hydride Handbook
1089:GM Ovonic NiMH Battery Module
137:Low self-discharge: 0.08–2.9%
1888:Pistoia, Gianfranco (2005).
1443:"Do NiMH Batteries Explode?"
1073:Who Killed the Electric Car?
1000:High-power Ni–MH battery of
920:reaction between NiOOH and H
167:nickel–metal hydride battery
47:Nickel–metal hydride battery
27:Type of rechargeable battery
2497:Greenberg J. (2008-10-14).
1697:Kopera, J. (25 June 2004).
1489:Nii, K.; Amano, M. (1997).
113:Charge/discharge efficiency
3075:
2183:10.1163/156856706777973673
1447:Do NiMH Batteries Explode?
1062:
526:, which can damage cells.
254:
185:(NiCd), with both using
36:
29:
2721:Metal–air electrochemical
2629:
2442:. Random House. pp.
480:or nickel, modified with
51:
2467:Coker, M. (2003-05-15).
2243:10.3390/batteries2010003
1495:Acta Metallurgica Sinica
1069:Battery electric vehicle
37:Not to be confused with
1213:Gas diffusion electrode
1132:Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid
302:nickel-hydrogen battery
39:nickel–hydrogen battery
3059:Rechargeable batteries
3023:Semipermeable membrane
2812:Lithium–iron–phosphate
1470:US patent 3824131A
1151:Ovonic Battery Company
1090:
1031:
1008:
901:ethylene vinyl alcohol
762:in-cell charge control
736:
640:
586:
257:History of the battery
252:
187:nickel oxide hydroxide
2894:Rechargeable alkaline
2572:Electrochemical cells
2127:"General Description"
1892:. Boston: Amsterdam.
1553:US patent 6413670
1392:"Lithium-Ion Battery"
1268:Power-to-weight ratio
1233:List of battery types
1228:List of battery sizes
1147:Stanford R. Ovshinsky
1088:
1014:
999:
973:Lithium-ion batteries
967:Lithium-ion batteries
737:
638:
584:
227:
203:lithium-ion batteries
2874:Nickel–metal hydride
1925:Procter & Gamble
1653:on November 14, 2011
1253:Nickel(II) hydroxide
1035:Consumer electronics
658:
306:Philips Laboratories
179:rechargeable battery
156:Nominal cell voltage
2884:Polysulfide–bromide
2726:Nickel oxyhydroxide
2618:Thermogalvanic cell
2305:on January 11, 2008
1715:on 27 February 2009
1421:Panasonic Batteries
1248:Nickel–zinc battery
1238:Lithium-ion battery
1098:, first-generation
727:
708:
696:
678:
504:potassium hydroxide
495:NiMH cells have an
404:O + M + e ⇌ OH + MH
183:nickel-cadmium cell
121:Self-discharge rate
48:
2647:(non-rechargeable)
2591:Concentration cell
2274:data.energizer.com
1764:thefreelibrary.com
1351:. 24 October 2014.
1326:. 14 February 2017
1198:Automotive battery
1163:Dodge Caravan EPIC
1159:General Motors EV1
1136:Honda Civic Hybrid
1128:Ford Escape Hybrid
1096:General Motors EV1
1091:
1032:
1009:
1002:Toyota NHW20 Prius
950:Alkaline Batteries
853:Low self-discharge
780:Voltage depression
749:of up to 0.1
732:
715:
684:
666:
641:
587:
416:+ OH ⇌ NiO(OH) + H
360:Ovonic Battery Co.
356:Stanford Ovshinsky
291:depth of discharge
253:
242:Positive electrode
228:Disassembled NiMH
210:alkaline batteries
3031:
3030:
2453:978-0-679-42105-4
2422:978-0-86571-571-4
2236:(1). MDPI AG: 3.
1873:978-0-8493-2786-5
1678:Technology Review
1467:The US patent is
1423:. 30 October 2019
1349:CandlePowerForums
1258:Nickel(III) oxide
1223:Lead–acid battery
1203:Battery recycling
1059:Electric vehicles
1021:Museum Autovision
730:
718:
709:
706:
687:
669:
585:NiMH charge curve
370:Battery Directive
314:rare-earth metals
236:Positive terminal
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
3066:
2827:Lithium–titanate
2772:
2648:
2635:
2596:Electric battery
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2475:. Archived from
2464:
2458:
2457:
2444:194–207, 263–264
2433:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2382:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2245:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2137:. Archived from
2123:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2101:. Archived from
2095:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2073:. Archived from
2067:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:on March 3, 2009
1927:. Archived from
1913:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1827:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1708:. Archived from
1703:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1369:. Archived from
1363:"Product Lineup"
1359:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1284:
1065:Electric vehicle
847:room temperature
844:
840:
809:reverse polarity
775:Loss of capacity
755:nominal capacity
741:
739:
738:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
716:
710:
707:
704:
698:
695:
692:
685:
680:
677:
674:
667:
649:bimetallic strip
530:Trickle charging
392:Electrochemistry
145:Cycle durability
130:room temperature
56:
49:
21:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
2966:
2945:
2938:
2859:Nickel–hydrogen
2817:Lithium–polymer
2773:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2574:
2569:
2522:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2405:Sherry Boschert
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2269:
2267:"Energizer E91"
2265:
2264:
2260:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1974:, pp. 118, 123.
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1528:, 6 March 2008.
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1292:PowerStream.com
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1193:
1144:
1138:also use them.
1083:
1063:Main articles:
1061:
1037:
994:
982:
970:
952:
947:
940:
936:
932:
927:
923:
918:
914:
885:charge carriers
855:
842:
838:
830:
805:
792:
777:
656:
655:
645:resettable fuse
633:
608:
606:charging method
579:
577:charging method
532:
520:battery charger
516:
471:
432:, where A is a
431:
419:
415:
403:
394:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
272:
259:
251:
222:
177:) is a type of
140:
65:Specific energy
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Metal hydrides
3046:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Atomic battery
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Vanadium redox
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Silver–cadmium
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Nickel–lithium
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Nickel–cadmium
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2822:Lithium–sulfur
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2771:(rechargeable)
2767:Secondary cell
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Edison–Lalande
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:Trough battery
2603:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2520:External links
2518:
2516:
2515:
2489:
2459:
2452:
2428:
2421:
2396:
2380:HybridCars.com
2366:
2349:
2315:
2290:
2258:
2216:
2196:
2177:(5): 453–459.
2160:
2151:
2118:
2090:
2062:
2034:
2011:
1976:
1959:
1942:
1905:
1898:
1877:
1860:
1807:
1769:
1751:
1725:
1689:
1664:
1631:
1606:
1594:European Union
1572:
1563:
1544:
1530:
1512:
1481:
1460:
1434:
1408:
1383:
1354:
1336:
1324:eneloop101.com
1311:
1297:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1155:General Motors
1143:
1140:
1116:hybrid vehicle
1108:Ford Ranger EV
1100:Toyota RAV4 EV
1060:
1057:
1036:
1033:
993:
990:
981:
980:Lead Batteries
978:
969:
964:
951:
948:
946:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
854:
851:
834:self-discharge
829:
828:Self-discharge
826:
804:
803:Over-discharge
801:
791:
788:
776:
773:
722:
713:
701:
691:
683:
673:
664:
632:
629:
607:
600:
578:
571:
531:
528:
515:
512:
469:
429:
422:
421:
417:
413:
406:
405:
401:
393:
390:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
270:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
221:
218:
199:energy density
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
135:
132:
128:13.9–70.6% at
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
108:250–1,000 W/kg
106:
104:Specific power
100:
99:
93:
91:Energy density
87:
86:
67:
61:
60:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3071:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Sodium–sulfur
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Potassium ion
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Lithium metal
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Aluminium–air
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Galvanic cell
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2505:on 2017-11-27
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2479:on 2009-05-24
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2386:on 2016-03-08
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2339:on 2010-02-16
2335:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2141:on 2012-09-02
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2105:on 2007-12-11
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2077:on 2008-07-04
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2049:on 2009-06-29
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
1997:on 2009-02-27
1993:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:0-7506-9916-7
1969:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1935:September 15,
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1525:The Economist
1521:
1516:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1449:. 6 June 2020
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1373:on 2014-02-03
1372:
1368:
1367:Panasonic.net
1364:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:Patent issues
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Honda Insight
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Honda EV Plus
1101:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
986:
979:
977:
974:
968:
965:
963:
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2929:Zinc–bromine
2873:
2736:Silver oxide
2671:Chromic acid
2643:Primary cell
2623:Voltaic pile
2601:Flow battery
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2492:
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2477:the original
2473:OCWeekly.com
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2131:Eneloop.info
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1929:the original
1921:Duracell.com
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1634:
1624:10 September
1622:. Retrieved
1598:. Retrieved
1596:. 2006-09-26
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1179:. Chevron's
1170:
1167:
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1120:Toyota Prius
1092:
1077:Electric car
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992:Applications
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275:Daimler-Benz
260:
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170:
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164:
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3018:Salt bridge
3003:Electrolyte
2934:Zinc–cerium
2919:Solid state
2904:Silver–zinc
2879:Nickel–zinc
2864:Nickel–iron
2839:Molten salt
2807:Dual carbon
2802:Lithium ion
2797:Lithium–air
2756:Zinc–carbon
2731:Silicon–air
2711:Lithium–air
2374:Jeff Cobb.
2280:. p. 1
1851:|work=
1453:3 September
1025:Altlussheim
845:per day at
500:electrolyte
476:, and B is
452:, and B is
436:mixture of
378:lithium-ion
347:instead of
321:electrolyte
193:instead of
3038:Categories
2971:Cell parts
2962:Solar cell
2944:Other cell
2909:Sodium ion
2780:Automotive
2509:2009-10-08
2483:2009-10-08
2390:2010-03-25
2343:2015-06-25
2309:2017-11-03
2284:2015-11-05
2210:2016-02-28
2145:2015-08-06
2109:2009-07-10
2081:2009-07-10
2053:2009-07-10
2025:2009-07-10
2001:2009-07-10
1899:0080455565
1801:2021-09-02
1719:2011-09-10
1683:2023-11-13
1600:2015-11-13
1377:2014-01-26
1330:2019-02-09
1275:References
1218:Jelly roll
881:Separators
869:, branded
753:(that is,
617:thermistor
567:duty cycle
508:polyolefin
502:, usually
484:, cobalt,
434:rare-earth
345:mischmetal
283:Daimler AG
255:See also:
230:AA battery
124:Per month:
69:0.22-0.43
3008:Half-cell
2998:Electrode
2957:Fuel cell
2834:Metal–air
2785:Lead–acid
2701:Leclanché
2613:Fuel cell
2278:Energizer
2252:2313-0105
2230:Batteries
1853:ignored (
1843:cite book
1796:Panasonic
1592:(L 266).
1401:8 January
1165:minivan.
1153:in 1982.
790:Discharge
623:and the Δ
522:to avoid
490:manganese
478:zirconium
466:aluminium
462:manganese
446:neodymium
438:lanthanum
354:In 1998,
349:lanthanum
289:(at 100%
148:180–2000
2988:Catalyst
2849:Nanowire
2844:Nanopore
2790:gel–VRLA
2751:Zinc–air
2656:Alkaline
2407:(2006).
2191:86865358
1835:Duracell
1427:8 August
1191:See also
1041:penlight
897:tradeoff
863:LSD NiMH
795:charged
747:currents
705:catalyst
700:→
497:alkaline
482:chromium
474:vanadium
383:In 2015
318:alkaline
267:sintered
263:Battelle
77:(60–120
2993:Cathode
2746:Zamboni
2716:Mercury
2681:Daniell
2256:Table 3
1875:p. 209.
1706:Cobasys
1181:Cobasys
1177:Chevron
1112:Vectrix
1053:voltage
1029:Germany
889:current
875:leakage
871:Eneloop
594:1
558:/30 or
277:and by
220:History
214:leaking
195:cadmium
116:66%–92%
3054:Nickel
2983:Binder
2741:Weston
2666:Bunsen
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1871:
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1476:
1173:Texaco
1079:, and
843:0.5–4%
631:Safety
514:Charge
458:cobalt
454:nickel
442:cerium
412:Ni(OH)
295:Patent
150:cycles
2978:Anode
2696:Grove
2676:Clark
2579:Types
2361:(PDF)
2337:(PDF)
2330:(PDF)
2270:(PDF)
2187:S2CID
2135:Sanyo
1995:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
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1651:(PDF)
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1017:VARTA
1006:Japan
929:of Al
867:Sanyo
839:5–20%
488:, or
464:, or
420:O + e
191:alloy
175:Ni–MH
159:1.2 V
3013:Ions
2448:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2248:ISSN
1968:ISBN
1937:2015
1894:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1855:help
1659:2011
1626:2011
1507:2011
1455:2021
1429:2021
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1161:and
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818:PDAs
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486:iron
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310:CNRS
171:NiMH
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