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1124:, the murder of Cardinal Guise was far more strategically advantageous to their cause. It was possible to declare that by killing a Cardinal, Henri had incurred an automatic excommunication, not even requiring the word of the Pope to establish. As such they were legally obligated to rebel against him to restore 'Christian rule'. The doctors of the Sorbonne certainly took this view and in anticipation of the imminent excommunication of the king for the murder of the Cardinal, they declared Henri deposed, and elaborated that it was the duty of all Frenchman to resist him forcefully.
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inherited as
Archbishop of Reims in 1583, making a triumphal entry into the ancient city that year. Now invested with the authority of Archbishop, he held a provincial synod in May that looked towards Trent as a model for church reform, and put himself at the centre of a penitential procession movement that was blooming, with thousands of pilgrims descending on Reims. Despite these efforts he would be derided in Rome at the time as someone who compromised the authority of the
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for not having followed his advice after the Day of the
Barricades and having been content to do things by half. Having held council with the duke and the Cardinal de Bourbon, the Archbishop of Lyon and Cardinal Guise went to find the king. The two men explained that the presence of this portion of his speech had greatly distressed the estates, and that if it was not removed from the published version the estates would depart from
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men denounced Henri's court as a place which produced wickedness. Despite these declarations, when Henri attempted to raise funds to prosecute the war through the alienation of church land, Cardinal Guise vehemently opposed any suggestion of the project. Remaking to the
Cardinal while asking for funds 'Is this not a holy war?' he received in reply that taking funds from the church would risk the continuity of the Mass.
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901:. In total 2/3 of the council was purged by the coup. Guise represented himself as a leader of a more populist regime, however, few of those appointed to replace the purged councillors were 'new men'. Several of the new councillors were however those who had helped him in assuming control over the city, among them the commander of the gate that had afforded him entry.
1039:, the duke's sister joked that she would soon have need of her scissors (to tonsure Henri), to which Cardinal Guise added that he would hold the king's head still. The events of the evening were reported to the king by the Venetianelli. Unable to tolerate the continued erosion of his authority, as represented by this and the slights of the Estates, Henri resolved to
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residents left at this time for exile. The new regime expected the people of Troyes to toast to the health of the Guise, and not speak of Henri. Cardinal Guise arranged for the restoration of the water supply to Troyes, which he had previously cut off, and set about instilling fervour through regular religious processions. Bonfires were held where enemies of the
920:. After several councillors were sent to meet with Guise, they stalled for time, claiming they could not come to a decision before convoking the three estates in Châlons to consider their grievances. Guise and his brother the duke were increasingly frustrated by Châlons' various stalling tactics, the city only making a tentative agreement with the
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656:, a cousin of the Guise. The cardinal and his brothers were present on Marguerite's behalf to witness the signing of the marriage contract. The wedding took place on 24 September 1581. The Cardinal hosted one of the many marriage feasts that accompanied the event, hosting the new couple on 9 October at the
1054:. The sound of his murder was not quiet and Guise and Lyon could hear the struggle and rose to rush to their brother and compatriot. The Cardinal, in terror, cried out to the captain of the Scots guard for his life. Cardinal Guise had to be restrained by four councillors from moving to the door. At this,
1050:. The archbishop and Cardinal arrived first, worrying Henri that some traitor had warned the duke of his plan, causing him to stay away. Shortly after their arrival the duke was called off to meet the king in a side room, and on his way to Henri was murdered by several members of the king's bodyguard the
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to justify the assassination of the
Cardinal to the Pope. Joyeuse tried to offer the king's justification to Sixtus, but was interrupted by the angry Pope who remarked that Cardinal Guise should have been sent to Rome for trial and that 'never before had a king killed a Cardinal'. Sixtus concluded by
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through his murder of the
Cardinal, and that he would need to seek absolution from the Pope. Henri retorted that he was exempt from excommunication by virtue of being king of France. While Morosini had the authority to excommunicate him in that meeting, through his office, he decided not to, leaving
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was sympathetic to these efforts, and commented that Henri's murder of
Cardinal Guise was a sacrilegious act that carried with it the possibility of excommunication. As early as 24 December Henri had requested a meeting with the Papal Legate Morosini to explain his actions, he asserted he would have
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in his kingdom, and that while he would forgive and forget the past, any of his subjects who entered such organisations going forward were guilty of treason. At this the duke of Guise became pale, and after proceedings were finished for the day was pulled aside by
Cardinal Guise, who chided the duke
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to that of 1576, which had originated there. The manifesto expounded on the problems facing the kingdom from
Protestants at arms, to the lack of a dauphin, to the monopolisation of access to the king by a small handful of favourites. Henri had also according to the manifesto betrayed his promises at
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to seize the king. Left in a cell for the night with Lyon, the two men feared they were to be put to death, and gave each other the necessary absolution to face their demises. Alongside offering each other absolution Guise and Lyon comforted each other through the night, and refused to eat any food
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who carried orders from Henri not to admit them. An assembly of 200 notables assembled to consider whether to permit their entry, and concluded that they would follow the direct instructions of the king. Cardinal Guise sprung into action, and over the next 24 hours worked to persuade the council of
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Cardinal Guise himself arrived outside Troyes on 4 June, at the gate of Saint-Jacques. He was denied entry to the city, and moved over to the gate of
Croncels where in a meeting with several of the city's notables he was again rebuffed. Fuming at his treatment, Guise retreated from the walls. On 9
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in
September 1586, together they affirmed their alliance and agreed they would reject any peace negotiated by Henri and continue the fight against heresy alone if necessary. Cardinal Guise and Bourbon agreed to remonstrate against the king and called for a reformation of the French church. The two
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He travelled to the episcopal residence accompanied by a 200-strong bodyguard and mayor d'Aubeterre. He quickly set about consolidating his authority over Troyes, first through the installation of Nicolas de Hault as mayor, a man with long connections to the Guise family, and then a week later, a
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by which he would affirm the exclusion of Navarre from the succession, and forgive all those who had participated in the disorder in Paris. Soon thereafter the duke of Guise was made lieutenant-general of the army, Bourbon was granted the privilege of appointing the master of town guilds, and for
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As Henri lay dying after he was stabbed on 1 August, he sought absolution from his confessor. The confessor refused, as he had yet to satisfy the demands made of him by Sixtus; releasing Cardinal Bourbon, and doing penance for the murder of Cardinal Guise. Henri, desperate to die a good Catholic
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Henri made the decision to have Cardinal Guise executed on 24 December 1588, after initially considering sparing him due to his high ecclesiastical status. Upon remembering how the Cardinal had spoken of him during the dinner of the 17th he decided he would only spare the Archbishop of Lyon. The
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arrived at Troyes hoping to secure a declaration of loyalty from the city. They presented their case in front of council, but had by this point been outmanoeuvred by Henri who had sent word to the town that Guisards were not to be received, and resultingly the président de Mesgrigny declared the
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Guise was not content merely to inherit the ecclesiastical fortune granted to him however, and from 1574 to 1588 he would acquire a further six benefices, aided by the Pope's favour towards him. He would abide by the traditional rules of canonical age requirements, only assuming the authority he
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Among those purged from the council was d'Aubeterre, who had accompanied Guise on his forceful entry into the city. D'Aubeterre had been nominated by the king, and had relations with de Mesgrigny, making him an object of suspicion. De Mesgrigny was expelled from the city by Guise and many other
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successfully pressured Henri into resuming the civil wars in 1577. Lacking money from the Estates General, he was unable to support an army, and as such a peace party quickly developed at court. During a debate in March 1577 about the clergy's demand at the Estates for only one religion to be
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in which two favourites of the king and two of Guise's were killed. Henri was furious at what had transpired, and the Guise family, equally frustrated with the court, and fearful of royal retribution, decided to stage a grand departure en masse. On 10 May, Cardinal Guise and his two brothers
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held a majority among the first estate, with seventeen of the twenty-six prelates being affiliated at some time with the movement. Despite this, the royalist prelates were far more active in the proceedings that followed. Upon laying sight on the Cardinal Henri allegedly remarked 'Look! The
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In his youth, Gilles d'Abos served as his governor, a role for which he would be rewarded during the Cardinal's career with a place in his household. His education was conservative, led by a Benedictine scholar, contrasting greatly with the humanist education of his uncle Lorraine.
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meanwhile led the opposition on the council, arguing that there could never be peace in France if this measure was enforced. The civil war would continue for several more months before the disintegration of the royal army due to lack of finances led to the conclusion of the
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which afforded generous provisions to Protestants generally and their aristocratic leaders in particular, Cardinal Guise saw advantage for his family in affiliation. The only member of his family currently in the episcopate he brought his spiritual backing to their cause.
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to his office. This brought him into conflict with Cardinal Guise, who attempted through his relationship with the d'Estrées family to obstruct this appointment. Henri complained to the Cardinal about his efforts, and ultimately Épernon would receive the governorship.
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saying that he expected Henri to submit an appeal for absolution to him in writing. On 9 January Sixtus held a consistory in which he discussed the death of the Cardinal. He expounded upon the 'infinite pain' he had been in upon receiving the news, and how Emperor
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however continued to refuse their entry, noting that he had not received any countermanding orders to those he had been provided with yesterday, so the party headed to another gate via which they gained entry, proceeding to Cardinal Guise's residence of the
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one of the two great abbeys of Normandie, which was resigned to him by Lorraine in 1574. Cardinal Lorraine had worked hard even in his final year, to ensure that Henri would agree to the transfer of his benefices upon his death, including the critical
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With Châlons secured, the duke of Guise united with his brother the Cardinal and together they marched on Reims, hoping the city would welcome them. They were unpleasantly surprised at their reception, having been beaten in a race to the city by the
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in 1578 among the first cohort. Finally reaching the ecclesiastical age at which he could assume his responsibilities as Archbishop of Reims in 1583 he entered the city in triumph and oversaw a council at which he pushed for the promulgation of the
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and the Manifesto of PĂ©ronne. Protestantism was banned, all preachers expelled and a number of surety towns granted to the Guise family and their clients. On the happy occasion of their political victory, Cardinal Guise met with his two brothers,
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assumed control of the city. In the wake of this humiliation, Henri was forced into further concessions, among them promising to get the Pope to make Cardinal Guise the Legate of Avignon. The Cardinal now had grander ambitions, and he headed to
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arrived he requested an interview with several officials of the town so that he might make the will of Henri and the duke of Guise known to them. By now his plans for a coup were underway and the following day he gained entry with the aid of
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of the Third Estate, Cardinal Guise tried to convince him that his deputies inflexibility in their fiscal demands, would destroy the French state. Henri for his part saw the hand of the Guise behind the Third Estates radical demands.
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Now committed to war against his heir Navarre, Henri pursued the conflict half-heartedly, continually sending out feelers for negotiation with his cousin. The duke of Guise met with his Cardinal brother and Cardinal Bourbon at the
753:. While the duke of Guise initially made a poor impression upon the grandees of the city, Cardinal Guise worked to distribute privileges to a number of leading notables, bribing many others, thus securing their hold on Reims.
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alliance with the Third Estate deputies, the duke of Guise and his brother were increasingly frustrated by the intransigence of the Third Estate as the Estates General continued. At a meeting with La Chapelle-Marteau, the
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in July 1585, by which Henri agreed to a series of humiliating concessions, and promised to pursue a war against heresy. His pursuit of the war was half-hearted, and in 1586 Cardinal Guise met with his brothers at the
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Despite the prohibitions of the ecclesiastical profession, Guise was not celibate, and with his mistress Aymerie de Lescherenne he would have four illegitimate children. He would further enter into dispute with
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Cardinal Guise, Henri promised to acquire the legateship of Avignon for him from the Pope. Cardinal Guise was not satisfied however, and urged his brother to seize his advantage, and march on the king in his
601:, Henri's brother, from court in February 1578, the favourites of Henri turned their violent attentions to the favourites of those young men in the entourage of the duke of Guise. In April they would fight a
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preferred to deal with the Guise brothers via the normal legal process, but their threats to his authority were too immediate. Morosini was disgusted, and informed the king he had violated the Papal bull
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to excommunicate the king. While Henri sought to justify himself to the Pope as acting in self-defence, the Pope found his excuses insufficient, and was preparing to excommunicate him for the crime, when
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for their participation entered his cell and butchered him with halberds. Shortly after his murder his body and that of his brother were burned, so that their bones could not become a tool of martyrdom.
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and the Cardinal was arrested. After being interrogated he was butchered in his cell on 24 December. France exploded in outrage over the murder of the duke and his brother. Meanwhile the legal-minded
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The situation between the Guise and Henri was thus increasingly strained. At a dinner party on 17 December, Cardinal Guise raised a toast to his brother, describing him as the king, meanwhile
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through less militant means, offering a bribe to the mayor, Roussat in the form of a large pension. Roussat however refused, an act which was celebrated by the city in its official memory.
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delegates to represent the city in the Estates: Yves Le Tartrier, Philippe de Verd and Jacques Angenoust. For his own participation, he had secured election through the assembly of Rouen.
316:, formerly declaring war on the crown. Cardinal Guise and his brother marched on Reims and succeeded in gaining entry, assuming authority over the religious capital of the kingdom for the
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was dispatched the following month to continue entreating with the Pope, he was received several times into Sixtus' presence, but failed to achieve absolution for the king.
683:, a distant cousin of Henri and a Protestant was now heir to the throne, revitalised the movement in 1584. The duke of Guise and his two brothers, met with family allies at
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400:. At the estates, he clashed with Henri, brow-beating the king into deleting parts of his opening address that were critical of nobles who were participating in the
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put his hand on his sword and warned Guise and Lyon to stay seated. The two men were arrested shortly thereafter. For the rest of the day Guise was interrogated by
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passed his ecclesiastical empire on to him upon his death in 1578. At which time the king made him Cardinal. Cardinal Guise actively involved himself in the first
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council in the key city. While the population of Paris was largely upset about the murder of their Catholic hero, the duke of Guise, for the legally tactical
511:. In 1578 upon the death of the first Cardinal of Guise, Guise was elevated to the Cardinalate. His elevation came in great part due to the efforts of Henri.
718:. Henri reacted with fury to the discovery, a fury equalled by the duke of Guise, who claimed the arms were for his protection at Joinville. On 21 March the
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which denounced the failure of the king to suppress Protestantism, the problems of succession and the king's choice of favourites. Several days earlier the
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404:. Cardinal Guise was by now increasingly incautious in his contempt for the king, and on 17 December toasted his brother as the king, and joined his
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In the wake of the dual assassination Paris and France at large exploded in fury. The streets rang with cries of 'Murder!' 'Fire!' 'Vengeance!' The
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With news of the calling of an Estates General, Guise prepared to depart Troyes, ensuring before he left that he would be accompanied by suitably
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candidate to succeed Henri, published a remonstrance in which they denounced the court as a sinful place and advocated reform on the lines of the
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where they affirmed that even if the king made peace with the Protestant Navarre they would defy him and continue the fight regardless. Guise and
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had been excommunicated for far less. He warned that if Henri was allowed to get away with the murder, other Cardinals would be vulnerable also.
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to reunite his subjects in the Catholic faith. This manifesto was likely written by a member of Cardinal Guise's entourage, Claude Mathieu.
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in September, at which they agreed to form an association to exclude Navarre from the succession. To this end, they sought the support of
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Guise succeeded to many of their benefices providing him with a great number of lucrative revenues. Among the abbeys he inherited was the
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as his personal surety. Further negotiations not involving Guise conducted by Catherine would bring the short war to an end with the
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1010:. Henri yielded to the threat and removed the offending phrases. This new humiliation added to Henri's grievances with the Guise.
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favourite to Henri III over their mutual desire for one of the daughters of Mme d'Estrées. This reputation as a womanizer led to
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could be convinced to carry out the deed. Captain Michel de Gast and several soldiers who were each compensated several hundred
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sacrilegious prospect of murdering a Cardinal did not appeal to even the members of his personal bodyguard and only one of the
773:, however, these were unable to achieve an acceptable compromise. During the negotiations, Cardinal Guise demanded the city of
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sympathisers inside who were in control of Croncels and allowed him to enter alongside Esclavolles and an armed escort.
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which had recently paid host to both Dinteville and Guise in one of their showdowns. He sought to bring the city to the
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his brother's good intentions, and successfully convinced the council to countermand the order. The commander of the
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June he attempted a new strategy, conscious that he might not have the advantage for long if the lieutenant-general
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plan of action for the province of Champagne. In February of that year, a shipment of arms (7000 arquebuses and 250
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which ruled Paris, vowed that they would expend every last drop of blood to avenge the two princes. In early 1589,
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published the Manifesto of PĂ©ronne, outlining the reason they had recently taken arms, as with Guise's seizure of
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died, and as the king had no children, the inheritance of the throne was due to default to Henri's distant cousin
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Cardinal Guise arrived to attend the king's council on 23 December, alongside his brother the duke of Guise and
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tolerated in France, Cardinal Guise lined himself up in support of the measure, alongside his brother the duke,
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Henri opened the Estates with a polished speech. In it he mentioned 'some grandees' who in the past had formed
947:. Guise was delighted with Chaumont, and dispatched the prince de Joinville to the city to congratulate them.
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on 31 December of that year, by which Felipe offered financial support in return for various concessions.
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was having a more difficult time in Picardie. Unlike Guise he had failed to secure the city he desired,
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Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy
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Polemical image denouncing Henri and Épernon for their roles in killing the duke and his brother.
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for a series of festivities. Among the celebrations was a ritual burning of an effigy of heresy.
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Henri desired for his favourite, Épernon to succeed the present governor of the key port city of
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and force him into a monastery. With Troyes in hand, Cardinal Guise integrated the city into the
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coup and purged the administration of royalists while urging his brother to march on the king in
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on 16 March. PĂ©ronne was chosen by the Guise as the location, so as to symbolically link their
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Change and Continuity in the French Episcopate: The Bishops and the Wars of Religion 1547-1610
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The duke of Guise and Cardinal Guise met with allied ecclesiastics in 1585, to strategize the
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general purge of the administration, to remove all the councillors who were hostile to the
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was concluded. Over the following years of peace, he would feud with Épernon, and receive
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recognised the king's folly in having the Cardinal executed, and began campaigning for
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coup, and servants of the deceased Cardinal would be among those who composed the new
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and remain unified in their loyalty to the movement. On 16 May representatives of the
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was born in 1552. Unlike his elder brothers, Louis was destined for a church career.
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ascendency by securing the family possession of the towns of Champagne. He wrote to
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In July 1581, the family received a major boon when a marriage was arranged between
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in September of that year. On 21 March 1585, the Guise and their allies issued the
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In 1578, Henri decided to create a new chivalric order, to supersede the previous
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While Cardinal Guise had achieved success in Troyes for the family, his cousin
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In May 1588 Henri pushed for a confrontation with the duke of Guise during the
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exile and seize him, so that he might be deposed and confined to a monastery.
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on 31 December 1578. Cardinal Guise, alongside Cardinal Bourbon was created
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which had in the 1560s been debased through its widespread awarding. The
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having been born in 1549 and 1554 respectively, while his elder sister
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in Paris radically altered the balance of power between Henri and the
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La Faveur du Roi: Mignons et Courtisans au Temps des Derniers Valois
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of Blois for his murder of Cardinal Guise and was absolved by him.
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in Paris and Reims met in Troyes to affirm their allegiance to the
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it to the Pope to decide. On 25 December, Henri confessed to the
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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe
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in the kingdom. On 5 June the king was forced to concede to the
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succeeded in resuming the civil war the next year and a harsher
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which brought the fifth war of religion to a close in 1576. The
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A City in Conflict: Troyes during the French Wars of Religion
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in July. The peace was an almost total capitulation to the
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in September, Guise secured for himself the position of
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François de Lorraine, duc de Guise entre Dieu et le Roi
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offered to them out of fear that it might be poisoned.
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Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
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and after having assured himself of an appropriately
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Un RĂ©gicide au nom de Dieu: L'Assassinat d'Henri III
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Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589
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promised that he would meet all the Pope's demands.
855:Cardinal Guise sought to take advantage of the new
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408:in joking about tonsuring Henri. On 23 December
2264:Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450-1650
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871:urging them to provide support to the
505:Claude de Lorraine, chevalier d'Aumale
247:Louis I de Lorraine, Cardinal de Guise
2381:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition
2336:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age
2101:
1255:
1208:
559:in 1576, formed in opposition to the
507:held the other great Norman abbey of
423:the king was assassinated on 1 August
296:of 1576, agreeing to establish a new
7:
2089:
643:chevalier de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit
274:chevalier de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit
452:François de Lorraine, duke of Guise
231:François de Lorraine, duke of Guise
189:François de Lorraine, duke of Guise
1143:In early January Henri dispatched
410:the duke of Guise was assassinated
14:
2338:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2421:
2409:
2397:
1062:as to the 'true designs' of the
654:Marguerite de Lorraine-Vaudémont
652:, chief favourite of Henri, and
446:, Cardinal Guise is on the right
985:of the first estate, alongside
388:. In September Henri called an
81:
2347:. Manchester University Press.
2199:Baumgartner, Frederic (1986).
987:Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon
482:Upon the death of his uncles,
442:Portrait of the three sons of
272:new honour when he was made a
1:
2459:16th-century French cardinals
2275:. Cambridge University Press.
2244:Constant, Jean-Marie (1996).
2212:. Cambridge University Press.
2190:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009).
996:reçeveur général de Champagne
912:He reached out in letters to
880:town's loyalty to the crown.
2479:16th-century peers of France
2228:Henri III: Roi Shakespearien
928:on 21 July while staying in
714:Rochette was intercepted at
606:alongside their cousins the
2379:Sutherland, Nicola (1980).
2262:Eire, Carlos M. N. (2016).
2226:Chevallier, Pierre (1985).
838:, agreeing to establish an
484:the first Cardinal of Guise
2500:
2469:Assassinated French people
2221:. Oxford University Press.
1013:Despite their theoretical
478:Ecclesiastical inheritance
176:24 December 1588 (aged 33)
2361:Le Roux, Nicolas (2006).
2352:Le Roux, Nicolas (2000).
2280:Jouanna, Arlette (1998).
284:In 1584, Henri's brother
45:
34:
2383:. Yale University Press.
2266:. Yale University Press.
2217:Carroll, Stuart (2011).
2208:Carroll, Stuart (2005).
706:) being smuggled up the
675:had collapsed after the
241:resigned his offices of
2343:Roberts, Penny (1996).
2334:Pitts, Vincent (2012).
2307:Knecht, Robert (2016).
2298:Knecht, Robert (2014).
2289:Knecht, Robert (2010).
962:Estates General of 1588
952:Charles, Duke of Aumale
788:the Prince of Joinville
733:Estates General of 1576
227:French Wars of Religion
2370:Salmon, J.H.M (1979).
2325:Konnert, Mark (2006).
2316:Konnert, Mark (1997).
2271:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
2235:Cloulas, Ivan (1979).
1101:
1092:Consequences of murder
1048:the Archbishop of Lyon
802:a few kilometres from
614:, all departed court.
597:With the departure of
501:premier pair de France
497:Archbishopric of Reims
447:
2257:. Classiques Garnier.
1099:
1037:Catherine de Lorraine
828:Day of the Barricades
822:Day of the Barricades
645:in the first intake.
635:Ordre du Saint-Esprit
631:Ordre de Saint-Michel
574:their brother Mayenne
468:Catherine de Lorraine
441:
429:Early life and family
346:Day of the Barricades
59:Roman Catholic Church
2464:Archbishops of Reims
2300:Catherine de' Medici
2253:Durot, Éric (2012).
2237:Catherine de MĂ©dicis
1070:had planned for the
790:son of the duke and
444:François de Lorraine
221:– 24 December 1588,
29:Louis II de Lorraine
2374:. Metheun & Co.
1388:, pp. 269–271.
1022:mayor of Paris and
763:Catherine de Medici
751:Abbey of Saint-RĂ©my
637:received its first
582:Catherine de Medici
464:Charles de Lorraine
243:Archbishop of Reims
229:. The third son of
95:Charles de Lorraine
40:Archbishop of Reims
1102:
677:Treaty of Bergerac
612:the duke of Elbeuf
587:Treaty of Bergerac
540:Reign of Henri III
448:
279:Tridentine Decrees
105:Nicolas de Pellevé
1158:Claude d'Angennes
977:that gathered at
914:Châlons-sur-Marne
800:Abbey of Ourscamp
757:Treaty of Nemours
724:Châlons-sur-Marne
623:Antoine d'Estrées
561:Peace of Monsieur
488:Cardinal Lorraine
460:Henri de Lorraine
386:Châlons-sur-Marne
327:Abbey of Ourscamp
322:Treaty of Nemours
314:Châlons-sur-Marne
306:PĂ©ronne Manifesto
258:Peace of Monsieur
239:Cardinal Lorraine
212:
211:
144:Pope Gregory XIII
2491:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2078:Baumgartner 1986
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1829:Baumgartner 1986
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1470:Baumgartner 1986
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1374:Baumgartner 1986
1371:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1145:Cardinal Joyeuse
1112:would fall to a
779:Peace of Nemours
767:Cardinal Bourbon
671:While the first
339:Council of Trent
331:Cardinal Bourbon
300:at a council in
223:Château de Blois
208:
150:Personal details
140:21 February 1578
137:Created cardinal
86:24 December 1588
78:26 December 1574
50:
19:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2356:. Champ Vallon.
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:, p. 1057.
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1614:Chevallier 1985
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1386:Sutherland 1980
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1362:Chevallier 1985
1360:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:, p. 1056.
1309:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1174:
1094:
1033:
989:. In total the
964:
853:
824:
759:
669:
650:Anne de Joyeuse
595:
550:
542:
525:
492:Abbey of FĂ©camp
480:
436:
431:
390:Estates General
192:
179:Château de Bois
177:
168:
159:
141:
128:
30:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:House of Guise
2451:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:, p. 304.
2166:
2164:, p. 286.
2154:
2152:, p. 285.
2142:
2140:, p. 284.
2130:
2128:, p. 272.
2118:
2116:, p. 271.
2106:
2104:, p. 137.
2094:
2092:, p. 132.
2082:
2080:, p. 163.
2070:
2068:, p. 218.
2058:
2056:, p. 145.
2046:
2044:, p. 597.
2034:
2022:
2020:, p. 292.
2010:
2008:, p. 212.
1998:
1986:
1984:, p. 346.
1974:
1972:, p. 122.
1959:
1957:, p. 268.
1944:
1942:, p. 157.
1929:
1927:, p. 208.
1917:
1915:, p. 263.
1905:
1903:, p. 289.
1893:
1891:, p. 195.
1881:
1879:, p. 188.
1869:
1867:, p. 345.
1857:
1855:, p. 286.
1845:
1843:, p. 199.
1833:
1831:, p. 162.
1821:
1809:
1807:, p. 258.
1797:
1795:, p. 243.
1785:
1783:, p. 205.
1773:
1771:, p. 203.
1761:
1759:, p. 174.
1744:
1742:, p. 143.
1729:
1727:, p. 198.
1717:
1715:, p. 176.
1705:
1703:, p. 197.
1693:
1691:, p. 173.
1678:
1676:, p. 172.
1666:
1664:, p. 283.
1654:
1652:, p. 589.
1642:
1640:, p. 263.
1630:
1628:, p. 192.
1618:
1616:, p. 579.
1606:
1604:, p. 241.
1594:
1592:, p. 369.
1582:
1580:, p. 187.
1570:
1568:, p. 236.
1558:
1556:, p. 506.
1546:
1544:, p. 509.
1534:
1532:, p. 168.
1522:
1520:, p. 167.
1510:
1508:, p. 234.
1498:
1496:, p. 232.
1486:
1484:, p. 127.
1474:
1472:, p. 160.
1462:
1460:, p. 247.
1450:
1448:, p. 488.
1438:
1436:, p. 479.
1426:
1424:, p. 433.
1414:
1412:, p. 242.
1402:
1400:, p. 395.
1390:
1378:
1376:, p. 157.
1366:
1364:, p. 440.
1351:
1349:, p. 308.
1339:
1337:, p. 225.
1327:
1325:, p. 107.
1315:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1258:, p. 111.
1248:
1236:
1234:, p. 224.
1213:
1211:, p. 738.
1201:
1199:, p. 311.
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:House of Guise
1173:
1170:
1160:the bishop of
1133:In Cena Domini
1093:
1090:
1072:duke of Nevers
1056:Marshal Aumont
1032:
1029:
963:
960:
926:Edict of Union
852:
849:
840:Edict of Union
823:
820:
758:
755:
746:porte de Vesle
668:
662:
658:hĂ´tel de Guise
608:duke of Aumale
594:
593:Years of peace
591:
589:in September.
549:
543:
541:
538:
524:
521:
479:
476:
435:
432:
430:
427:
217:(6 July 1555,
210:
209:
202:
198:
197:
186:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
160:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
138:
134:
133:
125:
121:
120:
119:2 January 1579
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
28:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2496:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2032:, p. 72.
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:Constant 1996
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Constant 1996
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:Constant 1996
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:Constant 1996
1873:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1819:, p. 71.
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:Constant 1996
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:, p. 86.
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:, p. 27.
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:, p. 35.
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1246:, p. 65.
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:Pope Sixtus V
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:Quarante Cinq
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Quarante Cinq
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:Assassination
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
961:
959:
957:
953:
948:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
909:were burned.
908:
902:
900:
894:
892:
887:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
850:
848:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
747:
742:
736:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
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539:
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535:
534:Pope Sixtus V
531:
523:Relationships
522:
520:
518:
512:
510:
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503:. His cousin
502:
498:
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311:
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131:Nicolas Fumée
127:13 March 1580
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2380:
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2365:. Gallimard.
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2311:. Routledge.
2308:
2302:. Routledge.
2299:
2293:. Routledge.
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2066:Carroll 2005
2061:
2054:Konnert 1997
2049:
2042:Cloulas 1979
2037:
2025:
2018:Carroll 2011
2013:
2001:
1994:Jouanna 1998
1989:
1982:Jouanna 1998
1977:
1940:Le Roux 2006
1920:
1908:
1901:Carroll 2011
1896:
1884:
1872:
1865:Jouanna 1998
1860:
1853:Carroll 2011
1848:
1841:Konnert 2006
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1781:Konnert 2006
1776:
1769:Konnert 2006
1764:
1757:Roberts 1996
1740:Konnert 1997
1725:Konnert 2006
1720:
1713:Roberts 1996
1708:
1701:Konnert 2006
1696:
1689:Roberts 1996
1674:Roberts 1996
1669:
1662:Carroll 2011
1657:
1650:Cloulas 1979
1645:
1633:
1626:Konnert 2006
1621:
1609:
1597:
1590:Babelon 2009
1585:
1578:Konnert 2006
1573:
1561:
1554:Cloulas 1979
1549:
1542:Cloulas 1979
1537:
1530:Konnert 2006
1525:
1518:Konnert 2006
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1446:Le Roux 2000
1441:
1434:Le Roux 2000
1429:
1422:Cloulas 1979
1417:
1405:
1398:Le Roux 2000
1393:
1381:
1369:
1347:Jouanna 1998
1342:
1335:Carroll 2011
1330:
1323:Le Roux 2006
1318:
1311:Jouanna 1998
1292:Carroll 2005
1287:
1280:Konnert 2006
1275:
1268:Carroll 2005
1263:
1251:
1244:Carroll 2005
1239:
1232:Carroll 2011
1204:
1197:Carroll 2011
1192:
1166:
1154:Theodosius I
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1060:Marshal Retz
1051:
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1034:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1002:
1000:
995:
990:
982:
972:
967:
965:
949:
945:Sainte-Union
944:
941:
937:
921:
918:Sainte-Union
917:
911:
906:
903:
898:
895:
890:
882:
876:
872:
856:
854:
835:
831:
825:
815:
809:
796:
782:
760:
745:
741:baron de Lux
737:
727:
719:
711:
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647:
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628:
616:
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566:
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481:
472:
449:
413:
401:
393:
372:, alongside
370:Sainte-Union
369:
366:
358:
349:
343:
334:
317:
297:
293:
283:
261:
252:
214:
213:
201:Coat of arms
124:Consecration
24:His Eminence
2449:1588 deaths
2444:1555 births
2416:Catholicism
2284:. Bouquins.
2174:Knecht 2016
2162:Knecht 2016
2150:Knecht 2016
2138:Knecht 2016
2126:Knecht 2016
2114:Knecht 2016
2030:Knecht 2010
1970:Knecht 2010
1955:Knecht 2016
1913:Knecht 2016
1817:Knecht 2010
1805:Knecht 2016
1793:Salmon 1979
1638:Knecht 2014
1602:Knecht 2016
1566:Knecht 2016
1506:Knecht 2016
1494:Knecht 2016
1458:Knecht 2014
1410:Knecht 2016
792:Esclavolles
710:by Guise's
603:famous duel
456:Anne d'Este
270:Henri III's
235:Anne d'Este
194:Anna d'Este
158:6 July 1555
91:Predecessor
65:Archdiocese
2438:Categories
2329:. Ashgate.
2102:Pitts 2012
1256:Pitts 2012
1209:Durot 2012
1184:References
886:Dinteville
639:chevaliers
116:Ordination
83:Term ended
2404:Biography
2248:. Fayard.
2239:. Fayard.
2230:. Fayard.
2194:. Fayard.
2090:Holt 2005
1138:theologal
1024:président
983:Président
693:Joinville
689:Felipe II
554:Catholic
406:Catherine
251:Catholic
219:Dampierre
191:(father)
162:Dampierre
101:Successor
75:Appointed
2246:La Ligue
2192:Henri IV
1172:See also
1122:ligueurs
956:Boulogne
934:Chaumont
845:Chartres
720:ligueurs
704:Corslets
619:Boulogne
517:Holy See
418:Sixtus V
414:ligueurs
374:Chaumont
363:Chartres
196:(mother)
129:by
36:Cardinal
2390:Portals
2184:Sources
1162:Le Mans
1118:ligueur
1114:ligueur
1020:ligueur
1015:ligueur
975:Estates
973:In the
968:ligueur
942:ligueur
891:ligueur
857:ligueur
812:Langres
771:Épernay
700:ligueur
681:Navarre
664:Second
599:Alençon
530:Épernon
394:ligueur
367:ligueur
359:ligueur
335:ligueur
290:Navarre
286:Alençon
185:Parents
2428:France
1085:livres
1003:ligues
936:, the
865:Troyes
851:Troyes
712:Ă©cuyer
578:Nevers
545:First
486:, and
355:Troyes
166:France
111:Orders
55:Church
1110:Rouen
1106:Seize
1068:ligue
1064:ligue
1008:Blois
991:ligue
979:Blois
938:Seize
930:Rouen
922:ligue
907:ligue
899:ligue
877:ligue
873:ligue
861:Rouen
836:ligue
832:ligue
816:ligue
804:Noyon
783:ligue
775:Reims
728:ligue
716:Lagny
708:Marne
685:Nancy
673:ligue
666:ligue
569:ligue
556:ligue
547:ligue
434:Youth
402:ligue
398:Blois
382:Paris
378:Reims
350:Seize
318:ligue
302:Nancy
298:ligue
294:ligue
266:peace
262:ligue
253:Ligue
69:Reims
1149:Rome
869:Sens
867:and
826:The
731:the
610:and
576:and
567:The
462:and
454:and
380:and
333:the
233:and
173:Died
155:Born
1147:to
769:at
509:Bec
341:.
281:.
142:by
2440::
1962:^
1947:^
1932:^
1747:^
1732:^
1681:^
1354:^
1299:^
1216:^
1043:.
958:.
863:,
660:.
621:,
580:.
519:.
425:.
376:,
164:,
38:,
2392::
2203:.
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