994:
1188:
1172:
699:
193:
667:
1137:
837:
893:
20:
1333:
1041:
580:
905:
1298:
683:
178:
631:
647:
596:
738:
1279:
881:
1264:
1117:
1101:
1025:
1060:, but their appearance became more classical, geometric and sober under Louis XVI, and the quality marquetry inlays became much finer. The writing tables varied in size, but had leather tops, tapering legs, and usually three drawers. The corners were often decorated with gilded brass rosettes or other ornaments. The woods used were generally oak, rosewood and amaranth, sometimes with additional mahogany, boxwood and ebony inlays. Some writing tables had additional shelves that could be pulled out for writing surfaces, and some models and a surface that would lift up at an angle. The
1313:
718:
329:
216:
1156:
865:
849:
231:
1010:
616:
993:
773:, half-moon shaped, with a white marble and a simple wooden platform below supporting the legs, it was made of oak and mahogany, with slender tapering straight legs, with small drawers, discreet gilded bronze ornament, and a delicate ring of gilded bronze around the top. Other small consoles featured discreet marquetry of
125:, mistress of Louis XV, had dispatched a group of scholars to Italy to report on the findings. The group included the designer Jean-Charles Delafosse and the Flemish architect, sculptor and engraver Jean-François de Nefforge. Their engravings of Greek and Roman art inspired many furniture designers and particularly the
1187:
986:
At the very end of the reign of Louis XVI, even after the
Revolution had begun in 1789, the Japanese influence was popular. Adam Weisweiler made commodes with Chinese and Japanese decoration made with oak and ebony, coated with Japanese lacquer and varnished, and richly decorated with gilded bronze.
956:
was a type of commode with doors on the front, which, like commodes, had a marble top and a highly decorated face, and was designed to display decorative objects, either porcelain or candlesticks or clocks. Some variations had a central cupboard with a door, and shelves on either side for displaying
799:
During the late reign of Louis XVI, between 1780 and 1790, the
British custom of having a round dining room table permanently positioned in the center of a dining room, gradually took hold in France. These tables often had casters on the legs, so they could be moved more easily, and had an extra two
971:
went even further and designed a commode with no legs, which was simply placed on a wooden base, the version that became common in the 19th century. Later commodes often took a half-moon form, and had less decoration and ornament; their beauty came from the quality of the mahogany employed for the
761:
who created the wooden wall panelling. It was decorated only on the front and sides. The top was made of marble or other stone, and was either rectangular of half-moon shaped. It usual had four feet, joined together an X-shaped or H-shaped brace for stability. The central point of the brace under
1207:
In the reign of Louis XVIII, nobles often received visitors while in bed. The official waking-up of the King was a formal ceremony, could be attended by anyone in the palace. and nobles often received visitors while they were in bed. In the bedchambers of the King and Queen, the bed was behind a
146:
to completely redo the
Cabinet of the Queen. He covered the walls with white satin embroidered with flowers, arabesques and medallions. In 1783, she decided to renew the decor once again, this time with wood panels sculpted and painted white, decorated with gilded neoclassical frames and designs,
818:
made a small oval table with drawers that folded out in around 1780, It was crafted of oak, rosewood, sycamore, boxwood and ebony, ornamented with guilder bronze and extremely fine marquetry in delicate floral patterns made of different colored woods. There were also tables for the popular salon
291:
caused the dispersal of the royal furniture; most of the owners went to the guillotine, or fled into exile. Their furniture confiscated and was sold by the successive governments in enormous lots, with the proceeds helping the finance the long wars of the period. The furnishings of the Palace of
155:
and included a commode, a corner table and a secretary inlaid with cedar wood, amarante, and medallions of gilded bronze. It also included a sofa with a gilded frame placed in a niche surrounded by mirrors, and facing the window. This room, with its combination of comfort, intimacy and luxury, is
936:
or broken stick pattern. Neoclassic themes appeared especially in the gilded bronze decoration; it commonly featured gilded bronze masks of Apollo or
Mercury, gilded bronze drawer handles in the form of garlands of leaves or drapery, and a frieze in a geometric pattern around the top. Another
565:, or office chair. A set was made by Henri Jacob, brother of Georges Jacob, in about 1785, made of carved walnut, cane and lester. The seat was mounted on a circular platform, and could turn around, the first recorded swivel chair. In 1790 Henri Jacob produced a series of drawings of fanciful "
698:
1171:
948:
The marquetry decoration of commodes usually featured trophies or designs representing of love or music, flowers, and sometimes, in the passion for exotic themes, Chinese or
Japanese objects. They began to have panels attached which were varnished to appear like Japanese lacquer.
102:), were deeply interested in the arts, gave their protection to artists, and ordered large amounts of furniture in the neoclassical style, inspired by Greco-Roman art. They were followed by the wealthy nobles who furnished their chateaux and Paris town houses in the new style.
1136:
666:
192:
983:, or cabinets with glass doors, where precious objects could be displayed. These had very ornate marquetry patterns on the doors in the earlier years of the reign, but became much simpler, with mahogany and oak trimmed with gilded bronze, in the later years.
579:
554:, a type invented under Louis XV, remained popular, It featured an armrest on the top, was designed so the person sitting could sit astride with his arms on the top of the chair back, for playing cards. A set of four of these chairs was made by
344:
The fine furniture of the period was made by craftsmen who belonged to guilds or corporations which strictly regulated the work of their members, as well as the access to the profession. The reform-minded prime minister of Louis XVI,
420:
put their names under the crossbeam of bureaus or under the marble tops of consoles. Many of the marks today are difficult to read, and counterfeit marks were not unknown, since they could greatly increase the value of the furniture.
1257:), with the ciel suspended directly over the bed, had first appeared under Louis XV, but was simplified and given a classical look under Louis XVI. Marie Antoinette had a version made for the bath of her apartments in Versailles.
932:, which was cubic in form, with very short gilded bronze feet, and a face covered with inlaid decoration in geometric patterns of rosewood, amaranth, boxwood, and ebony, sometimes in a pattern of cubes, or a checkerboard, or the
646:
1332:
904:
892:
830:, usually used as a dressing table. It had long legs, a semi-circular parquet platform, a drawer, and several small compartments and drawers on top. An oval shelf supported the legs. and oval tray supporting the legs.
292:
Versaille was auctioned off between Sunday, August 25, 1793 until 11 August 1794, and were widely scattered. Many of the buyers were
British, and some of the finest items went to the British royal family and to the
177:
1297:
595:
27:; oak veneered with tulipwood, amaranth, holly, and sycamore; six Sèvres soft-paste porcelain plaques and two painted tin plaques; gilt-bronze mounts; marble shelves; moiré silk (1776) Metropolitan Museum of Art.
737:
836:
1278:
682:
880:
1040:
945:. A more exotic material appeared in a cabinet for medals made for Louis XVI in 1788. The drawers were decorated with gilding and with real feathers and insect wings waxed and applied to the surface.
1312:
349:, attempted to suppress the power of the corporations in 1776, but, meeting fierce resistance from the artisans, he withdrew his reforms, and then, a few months later, was forced to resign himself.
1116:
717:
1990:
630:
19:
138:
Marie-Antoinette was a promoter of the new style even before she became queen. In 1770, after her marriage to the
Dauphin Louis, she took over the apartments of the former queen,
2190:
284:
kept his workshop in
Germany, though many of his clients were in Paris. He became particularly famous for his elaborate desks, which frequently had mechanical folding features.
113:
style to the neoclassical style had begun in about 1760, near the end of the reign of Louis XV. It was advanced by the reports of the discoveries at the archeological sites at
1263:
762:
the console often had a pedestal, where pieces of fine porcelain could be displayed. Some smaller consoles had only a single foot, decorated with carved garlands of flowers.
1079:
also had a writing surface that pulled down, with shelves on either side and drawers beneath. Clocks and other decorative objects could be placed on the marge shelf on top.
2480:
2150:
1155:
2362:
296:. In the 19th century, many of the pieces of furniture migrated again, sold by British aristocrats to wealthy Americans. Extensive collections are found today in the
1100:
769:, with twisting rocaille sculpture, Louis XVI consoles, particularly in the late years, had an elegant simplicity. They included small varieties, such as the
1068:, were made of oak covered with mahogany, and had simple but elegant gilded bronze drawer handles, keyholes, and a lacy decorative trim fence around the top.
1024:
864:
848:
273:, worked primarily for furniture merchants who supplied the wealthy Parisian upper class. They developed a new genre, decorating furniture with plaques of
1094:, the King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria. His desks were famous for the mechanical mechanisms and secret compartments rather than their elegance.
1075:
was a vertical piece of furniture which resembled an armoire. The writing surface was pulled down, and the shelves and drawers inside were reveaed. The
156:
among the most classic examples of Louis XVI style. It has been restored to its original appearance, while some of the original furniture is now in the
543:. The most classical elements of the chairs were the legs; they were usually carved like Roman or Greek columns tapering to the end, a style called
1242:, which had a canopy attached to the wall by sloping poles, which resembled the pulpit attached to the wall of a church. A more casual variant, the
147:
including sphinxes and tripods, given lightness by bouquets of flowers. The fireplace, made of dark red stone, was ornamented with gilded bronze
1009:
757:
The console table, which had first appeared under Louis XV, was designed to be against or attached to the wall, and was often made by the same
484:
The chairs of the Louis XV period were characterized by elegance, lightness and simplicity of form. The most notable craftsmen of chairs were
297:
1246:
or day bed, was midway between a bed and a sofa, with an upholstered chevet or headboard at one end attached to a long cushion with six legs.
975:
Some other specialized cabinets appeared under Louis XVI, thanks to the improved technology for making larger panes of glass. These included
1997:
1772:
249:
were German or of German descent, which gave them a common language with Marie-Antoinette. The most prominent figures under Louis XVI were
2393:
2257:
2204:
1985:
215:
230:
547:. The decoration of upholstery, following the taste of Marie-Antoinette, and to match the decoration on the walls, was usually floral,
2440:
2460:
2241:
1838:
1808:
1790:
1754:
957:
vases or other objects. The commodes at the end of the reign often had friezes of stylized palm leaves abad other vegetal designs.
503:
The basic types of chairs were little changed from the Louis XV style, but a wider variety of forms appeared, particularly in the
2490:
1945:
558:
for Madame
Elizabeth, sister of Marie-Antoinette, and was delivered in 1789, the year of the beginning of the French Revolution.
1972:
823:, as well as small writing tables, which sometimes had surfaces decorated with marquetry images of envelopes, pens, and books.
2220:
2195:
1906:
1211:
The beds of the nobility and wealthy were usually square or rectangular, with four high posts supporting a canopy called the
2516:
2435:
2346:
2180:
1901:
460:
and usually came from South
America or the West Indies. They were often named by their color rather than botanical name;
2465:
2372:
2367:
1930:
1881:
1397:
1343:
1323:
708:
689:
673:
555:
493:
328:
2470:
2160:
1911:
792:
with inlaid marquetry of exotic woods and materials. These included tables for playing cards, tables for writing, and
796:, or dressing tables, which were usually of a simple form covered with fabric with embroidered designs or with lace.
615:
2200:
1960:
1940:
1925:
1916:
1891:
346:
309:
1223:
and could be drawn to enclose the bed. In the 18th century different variants of the canopy appeared. In a bed
2536:
2531:
2455:
1935:
1851:
1816:
449:
was rarely used, because it was hard and difficult to carve. It was usually reserved for frames and mountings.
2521:
2485:
1876:
2278:
2053:
2007:
1955:
1886:
1439:
1402:
1319:
47:
445:
was commonly used for chairs, since it was solid, easily sculpted, and could be easily gilded and painted.
2475:
2377:
2145:
1831:
1382:
1127:
968:
258:
67:
2314:
1231:, or "like an angel", the canopy covered only the head of the bed. The head of the bed, with its ornate
566:
1367:
1107:
2541:
2445:
2425:
2185:
2068:
1270:
337:
206:
43:
2511:
2114:
2073:
1980:
1424:
1387:
1372:
1178:
1162:
1143:
1091:
1083:
1065:
1031:
1000:
911:
313:
250:
152:
122:
99:
55:
2526:
2002:
1429:
1057:
766:
305:
293:
157:
1056:
The basic forms of writing table, the drop-front desk and cylinder desk had all appeared in the
807:, a small round table on a single column, with a base of three legs, often with small wheels or
569:" furniture, inspired by a British movement and anticipating the wave of neoclassicism of the
2430:
2288:
2140:
2109:
1847:
1824:
1804:
1786:
1768:
1750:
1357:
1064:, or roll top desk, had been invented by Oeben for Louis XV in 1760. The updated versions by
586:
288:
2155:
2058:
2033:
1896:
938:
570:
202:
91:
51:
39:
1219:
could either be fixed to the bedposts, or to the wall. Curtains were usually hung from the
2283:
2236:
2048:
2038:
1419:
1407:
1194:
1147:
987:
These pieces were often used to display imported vases and other porcelain placed on top.
472:. The late Louis XVI period, and a passion for things English, brought an enthusiasm for
270:
139:
38:, a return to ancient Greek and Roman models. Much of it was designed and made for Queen
2078:
1950:
397:, the merchants who met with clients, took the orders and commissioned the work, and the
365:
applied the marquetry; very thin plaques of different colored woods, to make the designs.
1082:
The designers who were most celebrated for desks included, besides Jean-Henri Riesener,
2409:
2330:
2309:
2099:
2043:
2028:
2023:
1967:
1392:
1123:
1087:
1015:
871:
855:
815:
281:
127:
87:
2505:
2304:
2175:
2119:
1377:
1362:
1289:
1285:
964:, where the drawers or shelves inside the cabinet were concealed with two doors. The
942:
744:
728:
724:
657:
622:
602:
485:
266:
143:
63:
59:
35:
24:
2063:
1434:
317:
2094:
1871:
804:
800:
legs in the center, so additional sections could be added to enlarge the table.
183:
164:
114:
95:
2450:
2170:
2135:
2104:
1303:
1254:
148:
1208:
balustrade, and a row of stools was placed behind the balustrade for guests.
2273:
416:
made the stamp of their name or initials on the bottom of chairs, while the
163:
Another notable influence to the style was the work of the British designer
132:
83:
90:
at age twenty. The new king had little interest in the arts, but his wife,
54:, and other royal residences. The finest craftsmen of the time, including
1801:
Dictionnaire des Mobiliers et des Objets d'art du Moyen Âge au XXIe siècle
784:
A variety of smaller, more portable tables, also appeared, made either by
1920:
1866:
820:
473:
168:
110:
79:
352:
The work of making furniture was strictly divided into several crafts:
941:, usually with floral patterns. These were a specialty of the designer
118:
106:
937:
popular form late in the period was a chest decorated with plaques of
186:
bookcase (1776); his work helped inspire the French neoclassical style
438:
434:
301:
274:
222:
1238:
Several other variants appeared in the 18th century, including the
886:
Round table with Sevres porcelain top (1774–91), Metropolitan Museum
412:, or stamp of the craftsmen, was required on the finished work. The
924:
The commode was the grand showcase of the marquetry skills of the
778:
774:
442:
327:
18:
1003:
for Comtesse de Provence (1776), Waddeston Manor, Buckinghamshire
142:, who had died in 1768. In 1779, she commissioned the architect
1820:
1715:
1713:
446:
803:
Another type of table adapted from the British model was the
94:, and her brothers-in-law, the Comte de Provence (the future
561:
Another original type that appeared under Louis XVI was the
660:
for the apartments of Marie-Antoinette at Versailles (1781)
1481:
1479:
589:
upholstery, Hotel de Bourvallais (now Ministry of Justice)
383:
painted and gilded wooden furniture, beds and wood panels.
167:, particularly in the design of chairs, and in the use of
1652:
1650:
1601:
1599:
1586:
1584:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1090:, who made desks not only for Louis XVI, but also for
1046:
Commode by Adam Weisweiler (1790), Metropolitan Museum
743:"Etruscan" chair designs by Henri Jacob, brother of
389:
made the upholstery that covered the chairs and beds
257:
of the royal household in 1774. His main rival was
2418:
2402:
2386:
2355:
2339:
2323:
2297:
2266:
2250:
2229:
2213:
2128:
2087:
2016:
1859:
1235:or headboard, was usually placed against the wall.
441:were often used, especially in regional furniture.
1227:the canopy covered the entire bed, while in a bed
960:Later in the reign, a new variant was the commode
135:inlaid ornament that decorated chests and tables.
16:Furniture associated with King Louis XVI of France
70:, were engaged to design and make her furniture.
898:Gueridon Table (circa 1785) Metropolitan Museum
429:The body of the furniture, the part crafted by
1306:(Polish-style bed), Salle de Bains, Versailles
359:were allowed to work only on the wooden frame.
1832:
507:, or back, of the armchairs. These included
433:, was usually made of woods found in France.
393:In addition to the craftsmen, there were the
8:
261:, one of the few who was not German. Other
1765:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
1086:; Claude-Charles Saunier, and particularly
676:with Beauvais tapestry upholstery (1780–85)
171:wood, which was quickly adapted in France.
1839:
1825:
1817:
1783:Le Mobilier Français- Transition Louis XVI
371:made the bronze ornaments on the furniture
42:for the new apartments she created in the
1719:
1704:
1641:
1551:
1485:
1458:
1018:commode with a Chinese scene in marquetry
928:. A new form of commode appeared, called
765:Unlike the highly-ornamented consoles of
151:. The furniture for the room was made by
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1590:
1575:
1563:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1497:
1470:
826:Another new type of small table was the
277:porcelain or lacquered wood panels. The
1451:
1259:
1096:
989:
832:
575:
173:
492:, or furniture depot, from 1774, and
98:) and the Comte d'Artois (the future
7:
1799:Lovreglio, Aurélia and Anne (2006),
1854:in architecture and decorative arts
979:or bookcases with glass doors, and
711:(1787), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
496:who obtained the title of official
14:
1146:for Marie Antoinette, (1780–85),
34:is characterized by elegance and
1749:(in French), Paris: Flammarion,
1740:(in French). Librarie Hacahette.
1331:
1311:
1296:
1277:
1262:
1186:
1170:
1154:
1135:
1115:
1099:
1039:
1023:
1008:
992:
903:
891:
879:
863:
847:
835:
736:
716:
697:
681:
665:
645:
629:
614:
594:
578:
531:. Another popular variation of
229:
214:
191:
176:
1803:(in French), Paris: Le Robert,
1352:Notable designers and craftsmen
1284:Bed of Marie-Antoinette at the
1197:, (c. 1790) Metropolitan Museum
324:Craftsmen, merchants, designers
1781:Wiegandt, Claude-Paul (1995),
1767:(in French), Paris: Gisserot,
1165:Musee Nissim de Camondo, Paris
910:Bonheur-du-Jour attributed to
405:, who designed the furniture.
401:, gradually becoming known as
82:on May 10, 1774, his grandson
1:
874:(1780–83) Metropolitan Museum
858:(1774–80) Metropolitan Museum
1785:(in French), Paris: Massin,
1763:Renault, Christophe (2006),
1738:Histoire des arts décoratifs
253:, who received the title of
1346:(1788), Metropolitan Museum
1318:Bed of Marie Antoinette at
692:(1786), Metropolitan Museum
2558:
1747:Caractéristique des Styles
609:back, Palace of Versailles
585:Armchairs and canape with
310:Victoria and Albert Museum
1736:De Morant, Henry (1970).
1398:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
1344:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
1324:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
709:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
690:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
674:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
556:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
527:, and, the most popular,
494:Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené
488:, furnisher to the Royal
452:The decorative woods for
298:Museum of Decorative Arts
2486:Richardsonian Romanesque
2088:Germany, Austria-Hungary
1998:Spanish Colonial Revival
1181:Waddesdon Manor, England
640:by Louis Delanois (1787)
332:Workshop and tools of a
105:The transition from the
2394:Serbo-Byzantine Revival
2356:Russian Empire and USSR
2279:National Romantic style
2205:Black-and-white Revival
1745:Ducher, Robert (1988),
1440:Neoclassicism in France
1403:Pierre-Philippe Thomire
1320:Palace of Fontainebleau
788:of sculpted wood or by
48:Palace of Fontainebleau
2476:Polish cathedral style
2441:Dutch Colonial Revival
2161:Indo-Saracenic Revival
1240:lit en chair Ă prĂŞcher
1142:Writing table made by
1128:Carnegie Museum of Art
914:, Palace of Versailles
341:
245:A majority of the top
221:Louis XVI room in the
28:
2461:Mediterranean Revival
2315:Soft Portuguese style
2258:Traditionalist School
1077:Secretaire en cabinet
1073:Secretaire an armoire
1058:furniture of Louis XV
920:Commodes and cabinets
537:Ă chapeau du gendarme
377:gilded the ornaments.
331:
316:in New York; and the
22:
2517:History of furniture
2426:American Renaissance
2368:Neoclassical Revival
2069:Louis Philippe style
1271:Palace of Versailles
1269:Bed of the Dauphin,
723:"Etruscan" Chair by
707:for card playing by
207:Palace of Versailles
131:, who made the fine
44:Palace of Versailles
2491:Territorial Revival
2074:Second Empire style
1946:Renaissance Revival
1554:, pp. 262–263.
1461:, pp. 260–265.
1446:Notes and citations
1425:Louis XIV furniture
1388:Jean-Henri Riesener
1383:Jean-François Leleu
1193:Drop-front desk by
1179:Jean-Henri Riesener
1177:Drop-front desk by
1163:Jean-Francois Leleu
1161:Drop-front desk by
1144:Jean-Henri Riesener
1092:Catherine the Great
1084:Jean-Francois Leleu
1066:Jean-Henri Riesener
1032:Jean-Henri Riesener
1001:Jean-Henri Riesener
969:Jean-François Leleu
912:Jean-Henri Riesener
777:, rosewood, tinted
607:Chapeau de Gendarme
314:Metropolitan Museum
259:Jean-François Leleu
251:Jean Henri Riesener
153:Jean Henri Riesener
123:Madame de Pompadour
68:Jean-François Leleu
56:Jean-Henri Riesener
32:Louis XVI furniture
23:Drop-front desk by
2191:Romanesque Revival
2181:Queen Anne Revival
2003:Swiss chalet style
1973:Romanesque Revival
1722:, pp. 242–43.
1430:Louis XV furniture
1304:Lit Ă la polonaise
1251:Lit Ă la polonaise
811:. The German-born
794:tables de toilette
767:Louis XV furniture
525:en anse de pannier
395:marchands-merciers
369:Fondeurs-ciseleurs
342:
306:Wallace Collection
294:Wallace Collection
255:ébéniste ordinaire
158:Wallace Collection
78:With the death of
29:
2499:
2498:
2431:Collegiate Gothic
2289:Nordic Classicism
2221:Mycenaean Revival
2196:Scottish Baronial
2146:Edwardian Baroque
2141:Bristol Byzantine
2110:Nazi architecture
1907:French Provincial
1774:978-2-877-4746-58
1707:, pp. 78–79.
1671:, pp. 86–87.
1620:, pp. 90–91.
1368:Charles Delafosse
1358:Guillaume Beneman
1288:, Versailles, by
1062:bureau Ă cylinder
999:Early Commode by
688:Folding stool by
587:Aubusson tapestry
563:Fauteul de Bureau
338:André Jacob Roubo
289:French Revolution
2549:
2537:Marie Antoinette
2532:French furniture
2481:Queen Anne style
2436:Colonial Revival
2347:Romanian Revival
2267:Nordic countries
2156:Georgian Revival
2151:Egyptian Revival
2059:Directoire style
2034:Louis XIII style
1902:Egyptian Revival
1897:Carpenter Gothic
1841:
1834:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1795:
1777:
1759:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1373:Pierre Gouthière
1335:
1315:
1300:
1281:
1266:
1190:
1174:
1158:
1139:
1122:Rolltop desk by
1119:
1108:Jean-Henri Oeben
1106:Rolltop desk by
1103:
1043:
1027:
1012:
996:
939:Sevres porcelain
907:
895:
883:
867:
851:
839:
781:, and ash wood.
771:Console-Desserte
740:
720:
701:
685:
669:
649:
633:
618:
598:
582:
571:French Directory
480:Chairs and sofas
470:bois d,amaranthe
466:bois de violette
381:Peintres-doreurs
375:Fondeurs-Doreurs
320:in Los Angeles.
312:in London; the
233:
218:
203:Marie-Antoinette
195:
180:
92:Marie-Antoinette
52:Tuileries Palace
40:Marie Antoinette
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2522:Interior design
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2466:Mission Revival
2414:
2398:
2382:
2373:Russian Revival
2351:
2335:
2319:
2293:
2284:Gustavian style
2262:
2246:
2237:Stile Umbertino
2225:
2209:
2124:
2083:
2049:Louis XVI style
2039:Louis XIV style
2012:
1931:Moorish Revival
1882:Baroque Revival
1877:Arts and Crafts
1855:
1845:
1811:
1798:
1793:
1780:
1775:
1762:
1757:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1420:Louis XVI style
1416:
1408:Adam Weisweiler
1354:
1347:
1336:
1327:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1205:
1198:
1195:Adam Weisweiler
1191:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1148:Waddesdon Manor
1140:
1131:
1130:, Pittsburg USA
1120:
1111:
1104:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1004:
997:
922:
915:
908:
899:
896:
887:
884:
875:
868:
859:
852:
843:
840:
828:Bonheur-du-jour
755:
748:
741:
732:
721:
712:
705:Chaise Voyeause
702:
693:
686:
677:
670:
661:
650:
641:
634:
625:
619:
610:
599:
590:
583:
541:policeman's hat
482:
427:
326:
304:in Paris; the
271:Adam Weisweiler
241:
234:
225:
219:
210:
196:
187:
181:
140:Marie Leczinska
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Pueblo Revival
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2331:Zakopane Style
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Louis XV style
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Henry IV style
2026:
2024:Henry II style
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:North American
1988:
1983:
1977:Second Empire
1975:
1970:
1968:Rococo Revival
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1914:
1912:Gothic Revival
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1796:
1791:
1778:
1773:
1760:
1755:
1742:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:Lovreglio 2006
1709:
1705:Lovreglio 2006
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1646:
1644:, p. 264.
1642:Lovreglio 2006
1634:
1622:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1552:Lovreglio 2006
1544:
1529:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1488:, p. 260.
1486:Lovreglio 2006
1475:
1463:
1459:Lovreglio 2006
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:David Roentgen
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1215:, or sky. The
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1124:David Roentgen
1121:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1088:David Roentgen
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1016:David Roentgen
1014:
1007:
1005:
998:
991:
954:meuble d'appui
921:
918:
917:
916:
909:
902:
900:
897:
890:
888:
885:
878:
876:
872:David Roentgen
870:Game table by
869:
862:
860:
856:David Roentgen
854:Oval table by
853:
846:
844:
841:
834:
816:David Roentgen
754:
751:
750:
749:
742:
735:
733:
727:(1787) at the
722:
715:
713:
703:
696:
694:
687:
680:
678:
671:
664:
662:
651:
644:
642:
635:
628:
626:
620:
613:
611:
600:
593:
591:
584:
577:
552:chaise voyeuse
481:
478:
458:Bois des Indes
426:
423:
391:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
325:
322:
282:David Roentgen
243:
242:
235:
228:
226:
220:
213:
211:
197:
190:
188:
182:
175:
88:King of France
75:
72:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2554:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Federal style
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:United States
2417:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Neo-Byzantine
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Neo-Manueline
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2201:Tudor Revival
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Neo-Palladian
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:British India
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:Great Britain
2127:
2121:
2120:Rundbogenstil
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Neoclassicism
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:Palazzo style
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:New Classical
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Mayan Revival
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:Greek Revival
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Neo-Byzantine
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:International
1858:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1810:2-84902-079-6
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1792:2-7072-0281-9
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1756:2-08-011539-1
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:, p. 84.
1694:
1693:Wiegandt 1995
1689:
1686:
1683:, p. 81.
1682:
1681:Wiegandt 1995
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:Wiegandt 1995
1665:
1662:
1659:, p. 78.
1658:
1657:Wiegandt 1995
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1632:, p. 45.
1631:
1630:Wiegandt 1995
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:Wiegandt 1995
1614:
1611:
1608:, p. 88.
1607:
1606:Wiegandt 1995
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:, p. 74.
1592:
1591:Wiegandt 1995
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:, p. 66.
1577:
1576:Wiegandt 1995
1572:
1569:
1566:, p. 67.
1565:
1564:Wiegandt 1995
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1542:, p. 20.
1541:
1540:Wiegandt 1995
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:, p. 18.
1526:
1525:Wiegandt 1995
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:, p. 91.
1511:
1510:Wiegandt 1995
1506:
1503:
1500:, p. 14.
1499:
1498:Wiegandt 1995
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Wiegandt 1995
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Georges Jacob
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Martin Carlin
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:Georges Jacob
1287:
1286:Petit Trianon
1280:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:a la Duchesse
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
984:
982:
978:
977:bibliotheques
973:
970:
967:
963:
958:
955:
950:
946:
944:
943:Martin Carlin
940:
935:
931:
927:
919:
913:
906:
901:
894:
889:
882:
877:
873:
866:
861:
857:
850:
845:
842:Console table
838:
833:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
760:
752:
746:
745:Georges Jacob
739:
734:
730:
729:Petit Trianon
726:
725:Georges Jacob
719:
714:
710:
706:
700:
695:
691:
684:
679:
675:
668:
663:
659:
658:Georges Jacob
655:
648:
643:
639:
632:
627:
624:
623:Georges Jacob
617:
612:
608:
604:
603:Georges Jacob
597:
592:
588:
581:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:Georges Jacob
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
399:ornementistes
396:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
339:
335:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
285:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Martin Carlin
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
239:
238:Petit Trianon
236:Salon of the
232:
227:
224:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
194:
189:
185:
179:
174:
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
154:
150:
145:
144:Richard Mique
141:
136:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
64:Martin Carlin
61:
60:Georges Jacob
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:neoclassicism
33:
26:
25:Martin Carlin
21:
2456:Jeffersonian
2274:Dragon style
2115:Resort style
2079:Belle Époque
2064:Empire style
1951:Châteauesque
1936:Neoclassical
1800:
1782:
1764:
1746:
1737:
1730:Bibliography
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1505:
1493:
1473:, p. 9.
1466:
1454:
1435:Louis Quinze
1340:Lit de Repos
1339:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1055:
985:
980:
976:
974:
965:
961:
959:
953:
951:
947:
933:
929:
925:
923:
827:
825:
812:
808:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
783:
770:
764:
758:
756:
731:, Versailles
704:
672:Armchair by
653:
638:en medallion
637:
621:Armchair by
606:
601:Armchair by
562:
560:
551:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:en médaillon
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
497:
490:Garde-Meuble
489:
483:
469:
465:
462:bois de rose
461:
457:
456:were termed
453:
451:
430:
428:
417:
413:
409:
407:
402:
398:
394:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
351:
343:
333:
318:Getty Museum
286:
278:
265:, including
262:
254:
246:
244:
240:, Versailles
237:
199:Cabinet doré
198:
162:
137:
126:
104:
77:
31:
30:
2542:Louis XVIII
2410:Neo-Mudéjar
2310:Neo-Mudéjar
2251:Netherlands
2100:GrĂĽnderzeit
2095:Biedermeier
1872:Art Nouveau
1848:Historicism
1244:lit de jour
1030:Commode by
934:batons romp
930:a la greque
509:en raquette
403:décorateurs
184:Robert Adam
165:Robert Adam
160:in London.
115:Herculaneum
96:Louis XVIII
2512:French art
2506:Categories
2451:Greco Deco
2171:Jacobethan
2105:Jugendstil
2008:Vernacular
1956:Italianate
1887:Beaux-Arts
1852:Revivalism
1338:Daybed or
1255:Polish bed
786:menuisiers
759:menuisiers
654:Ă la Reine
513:en chapeau
498:fourniseur
431:menuisiers
414:menuisiers
410:estampille
387:Tapissiers
357:Menuisiers
149:caryatides
2527:Louis XVI
2378:Stalinist
2136:Adamesque
962:a vantaux
926:ébénistes
809:roulettes
790:ébénistes
652:Armchair
636:Armchair
500:in 1785.
454:marquetry
437:wood and
425:Materials
418:ébénistes
363:Ébénistes
334:menuisier
263:ébénistes
247:ébénistes
133:marquetry
128:ébénistes
100:Charles X
84:Louis XVI
2298:Portugal
1986:European
1921:Neo-Grec
1867:Art Deco
1414:See also
1229:a l'ange
1126:(1785),
981:Vitrines
972:facing.
966:ébéniste
821:Trictrac
819:game of
813:ebeniste
805:guéridon
567:Etruscan
535:was the
521:en grebe
474:mahogany
279:ébéniste
169:mahogany
111:rocaille
109:and the
80:Louis XV
2340:Romania
2186:Regency
545:effilés
533:dossier
517:en lyre
505:dossier
340:, 1769.
119:Pompeii
107:baroque
86:became
74:History
2387:Serbia
2324:Poland
2214:Greece
2017:France
1981:French
1807:
1789:
1771:
1753:
1326:(1787)
1233:chevet
1110:(1775)
1034:(1785)
753:Tables
747:(1790)
468:, and
439:walnut
435:Cherry
347:Turgot
302:Louvre
275:Sevres
223:Louvre
209:(1783)
66:, and
50:, the
2403:Spain
2242:Milan
2230:Italy
1052:Desks
779:beech
775:ebony
605:with
539:, or
443:Beech
336:, by
1850:and
1805:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1249:The
1221:ciel
1217:ciel
1213:ciel
1203:Beds
1071:The
952:The
550:The
308:and
300:and
287:The
269:and
117:and
1342:by
1322:by
656:by
573:.
447:Oak
408:An
201:of
2508::
2203:/
1919:/
1712:^
1649:^
1598:^
1583:^
1532:^
1517:^
1478:^
523:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
476:.
464:,
205:,
121:.
62:,
58:,
46:,
1840:e
1833:t
1826:v
1253:(
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