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254:(a category between high-wing and mid-wing) is a configuration whereby the wing is mounted near the top of the fuselage but not on the very top. It is so called because it sits on the "shoulder" of the fuselage, rather than on the pilot's shoulder. Shoulder-wings and high-wings share some characteristics, namely: they support a pendulous fuselage which requires no wing dihedral for stability; and, by comparison with a low-wing, a shoulder-wing's limited
38:
86:
313:
304:, the wing is usually located above the cabin, so that the wing spar passes over the occupants' heads, leaving the wing in the ideal fore-aft position. An advantage of the high-wing configuration is that the fuselage is closer to the ground which eases cargo loading, especially for aircraft with a rear-fuselage cargo door. Military cargo aircraft are predominantly high-wing designs with a rear cargo door.
71:
394:
239:
476:
Nonetheless, relatively few monoplane types were built between 1914 and the late 1920s, compared with the number of biplanes. The reasons for this were primarily practical. With the low engine powers and airspeeds available, the wings of a monoplane needed to be large in order to create enough lift
258:
reduces float on landing. Compared to a low-wing, shoulder-wing and high-wing configurations give increased propeller clearance on multi-engined aircraft. On a large aircraft, there is little practical difference between a shoulder wing and a high wing; but on a light aircraft, the configuration is
153:
can be used to improve structural efficiency, reducing weight and cost. For a wing of a given size, the weight reduction allows it to fly slower and with a lower-powered and more economical engine. For this reason, all monoplane wings in the pioneer era were braced and most were up until the early
514:
demonstrator in 1915–16 — they became common during the post–World War I period, the day of the braced wing passed, and by the 1930s, the cantilever monoplane was fast becoming the standard configuration for a fixed-wing aircraft. Advanced monoplane fighter-aircraft designs were mass-produced for
128:
and is the simplest to build. However, during the early years of flight, these advantages were offset by its greater weight and lower manoeuvrability, making it relatively rare until the 1930s. Since then, the monoplane has been the most common form for a fixed-wing aircraft.
472:
fighter from its former "E.V" designation. However, the success of the Fokker was short-lived, and World War I was dominated by biplanes. Towards the end of the war, the parasol monoplane became popular and successful designs were produced into the 1920s.
334:
The first parasol monoplanes were adaptations of shoulder wing monoplanes, since raising a shoulder mounted wing above the fuselage greatly improved visibility downwards, which was useful for reconnaissance roles, as with the widely used
299:
has its upper surface on or above the top of the fuselage. It shares many advantages and disadvantages with the shoulder wing, but on a light aircraft, the high wing has poorer upwards visibility. On light aircraft such as the
492:
with a shallow hull, a parasol wing allows the engines to be mounted above the spray from the water when taking off and landing. This arrangement was popular on flying boats during the 1930s; a late example being the
480:
Towards the end of the First World War, the inherent high drag of the biplane was beginning to restrict performance. Engines were not yet powerful enough to make the heavy cantilever-wing monoplane viable, and the
203:
Placing the wing low allows good visibility upwards and frees the central fuselage from the wing spar carry-through. By reducing pendulum stability, it makes the aircraft more manoeuvrable, as on the
354:
A parasol wing also provides a high mounting point for engines and during the interwar period was popular on flying boats, which need to lift the propellers clear of spray. Examples include the
146:
wing, which carries all structural forces internally. However, to fly at practical speeds the wing must be made thin, which requires a heavy structure to make it strong and stiff enough.
409:
at heavier-than-air flying machines were monoplanes, and many pioneers continued to develop monoplane designs. For example, the first aeroplane to be put into production was the 1907
230:
is mounted midway up the fuselage. The carry-through spar structure can reduce the useful fuselage volume near its centre of gravity, where space is often in most demand.
259:
significant because it offers superior visibility to the pilot. On light aircraft, shoulder-wings tend to be mounted further aft than a high wing, and so may need to be
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807:
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such as tail position and use of bracing, the main distinction between types of monoplane is where the wing is mounted vertically on the
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1930s. However, the exposed struts or wires create additional drag, lowering aerodynamic efficiency and reducing the maximum speed.
537:
Jet and rocket engines have even more power and all modern high-speed aircraft, especially supersonic types, have been monoplanes.
497:. It died out when taller hulls became the norm during World War II, allowing a high wing to be attached directly to the hull.
485:
became popular on fighter aircraft, although few arrived in time to see combat. It remained popular throughout the 1920s.
157:
High-speed and long-range designs tend to be pure cantilevers, while low-speed short-range types are often given bracing.
836:
255:
218:, giving the plane a tendency to float farther before landing. Conversely, this ground effect permits shorter takeoffs.
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military services around the world in both the Soviet Union and the United States in the early–mid 1930s, with the
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339:. The parasol wing allows for an efficient design with good pilot visibility, and was adopted for some
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or a pylon. Additional bracing may be provided by struts or wires extending from the fuselage sides.
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were monoplanes, as have been virtually all aircraft since, except for a few specialist types.
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As ever-increasing engine powers made the weight of all-metal construction and the
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fighter of 1915 which for a time dominated the skies in what became known as the "
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while a biplane could have two smaller wings and so be made smaller and lighter.
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is not directly attached to the fuselage but held above it, supported by either
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501:
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207:; but aircraft that value stability over manoeuvrability may then need some
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A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any
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wing more practical — first pioneered together by the revolutionary
431:
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237:
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The inherent efficiency of the monoplane is best achieved in the
200:
is one which is located on or near the bottom of the fuselage.
429:
monoplane, eventually reaching 1,384 m (4,541 ft).
267:. Examples of light aircraft with shoulder wings include the
464:
prior to 1918 prefixed monoplane type designations with an
405:
Although the first successful aircraft were biplanes, the
784:. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. p. 315.
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configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a
686:
Trevor Thom – The
Aeroplane (Technical) – 1997 page 65
214:
A feature of the low-wing position is its significant
699:, page 379. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
440:
monoplane pioneered all-metal construction in 1915.
401:
was the first production monoplane (replica shown).
27:Fixed-wing aircraft with a single main wing plane
697:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
8:
637:
635:
780:Davilla, James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997).
351:in the later part of the First World War.
774:World Aircraft: Origins–World War I
724:Angelucci and Matricardi, pp. 151, 290-1.
563:
782:French Aircraft of the First World War
759:Angelucci and Matricardi, pp. 109-129.
650:. Cambridge University Press. p.
425:set multiple altitude records in his
7:
571:Loftin, Lawrence K. (January 1985).
772:Angelucci, A.; and Matricardi, P.;
462:Idflieg aircraft designation system
642:Ajoy Kumar Kundu (12 April 2010).
600:. Aviation-history.com. 2009-11-30
169:Besides the general variations in
25:
735:Historical Dictionary of Aviation
482:
737:, History Press, 2008, pp.214-5.
84:
69:
51:
36:
421:in 1909. Throughout 1909–1910,
246:, showing good pilot visibility
715:Davilla, 1997, pp.60 & 315
677:magazine February 1986 page 32
121:, which have multiple planes.
1:
468:, until the approval of the
598:"Ground Effect in Aircraft"
853:
547:Aspect ratio (aeronautics)
78:de Havilland Canada Dash 8
495:Consolidated PBY Catalina
364:Consolidated PBY Catalina
411:Santos-Dumont Demoiselle
399:Santos-Dumont Demoiselle
798:"High wing, low wing",
621:. Avweb.com. 2003-10-22
460:". The German military
521:Boeing P-26 Peashooter
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402:
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247:
193:
802:20 March 1975, Pages
452:, as in the mid-wing
435:
396:
315:
241:
188:
97:Supermarine Air Yacht
776:, Sampson Low, 1977.
318:Pietenpol Air Camper
263:to maintain correct
242:Shoulder wing on an
60:de Havilland Vampire
45:Supermarine Spitfire
837:Wing configurations
483:braced parasol wing
383:ultralight aircraft
111:fixed-wing aircraft
442:
403:
349:Morane-Saulnier AI
321:
316:Parasol wing on a
248:
194:
171:wing configuration
138:Support and weight
126:wing configuration
117:or other types of
661:978-1-139-48745-0
528:military aircraft
337:Morane-Saulnier L
265:center of gravity
16:(Redirected from
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417:flew across the
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91:Parasol wing on
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619:"Ground Effect"
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517:Polikarpov I-16
446:German language
444:The equivalent
419:English Channel
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133:Characteristics
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523:respectively.
458:Fokker scourge
407:first attempts
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369:Compared to a
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189:Low wing on a
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58:Mid wing on a
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43:Low wing on a
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470:Fokker D.VIII
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427:Antoinette IV
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423:Hubert Latham
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360:Dornier Do 18
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345:Fokker D.VIII
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329:cabane struts
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286:
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273:Bölkow Junior
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261:swept forward
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256:ground effect
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252:shoulder wing
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216:ground effect
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163:Wing position
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93:R.J. Mitchell
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767:Bibliography
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623:. Retrieved
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602:. Retrieved
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580:. Retrieved
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490:flying boats
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475:
465:
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413:, while the
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356:Martin M-130
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343:such as the
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325:parasol wing
324:
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296:
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281:Barber Snark
251:
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227:
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213:
202:
197:
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191:Curtiss P-40
168:
156:
148:
141:
123:
106:
104:
29:
509:Junkers J 1
438:Junkers J 1
277:Saab Safari
119:multiplanes
832:Monoplanes
826:Categories
748:Windkiller
625:2012-07-19
604:2012-07-19
582:16 January
553:References
502:cantilever
415:Blériot XI
377:and small
375:amphibians
302:Cessna 152
269:ARV Super2
244:ARV Super2
144:cantilever
750:, p. 227.
558:Citations
450:Eindecker
379:homebuilt
297:high wing
149:External
107:monoplane
577:nasa.gov
541:See also
519:and the
448:term is
362:and the
341:fighters
279:and the
234:Shoulder
228:mid wing
209:dihedral
205:Spitfire
198:low wing
175:fuselage
95:'s 1930
18:Low-wing
816:archive
808:archive
573:"ch4-3"
512:factory
389:History
371:biplane
308:Parasol
151:bracing
115:biplane
800:Flight
788:
746:King,
703:
658:
506:German
271:, the
675:Pilot
526:Most
109:is a
786:ISBN
701:ISBN
656:ISBN
584:2016
532:WWII
436:The
397:The
381:and
347:and
289:High
812:454
804:453
530:of
488:On
222:Mid
181:Low
62:T11
828::
810:)–
654:.
652:78
634:^
575:.
385:.
366:.
358:,
323:A
295:A
283:.
275:,
250:A
226:A
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196:A
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105:A
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814:(
806:(
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466:E
20:)
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