Airplane - Knowledge (XXG)

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of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage. When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of

1637: 1044: 454: 1020:. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally-opposed cylinders. 59: 839: 1394: 1324: 874: 1248: 690: 2041: 1446: 1454: 934: 1517: 1194: 1996: 1702: 777: 1792: 4076: 657: 607: 435: 1885: 2115: 1917: 1968:

Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 70s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest

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located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes.

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Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear)

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Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are

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When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel. Air travel insurance is relatively expensive

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Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production

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When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the

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and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn

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built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a 110-foot (34 m) wingspan that was powered by two 360-horsepower (270 kW) steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The

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Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added.

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A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with

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comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or

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The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts

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English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as

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relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop

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in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical

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During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do

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served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed

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section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most

1116:, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the 1034:

A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop.

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for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic. There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.

653:. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately 50 m (160 ft) at a height of approximately 200 mm (7.9 in). Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight. 979:; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is 497:

was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m (660 ft). This machine may have been suspended for its flight.

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set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying

3212: 1585:, a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. 1436:

to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly. To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.

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Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes.

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transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage.

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Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body.

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has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type.

1171:, such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An 1899:

Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide

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Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength.

649:. The engine weighed no more than 4 kilograms per kilowatt (6.6 lb/hp). The wings had a span of 14 m (46 ft). All-up weight was 300 kilograms (660 lb). On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the 1381:

In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company,

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The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an

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A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The

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When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing.

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Grewe, V.; D. Brunner; M. Dameris; J. L. Grenfell; R. Hein; D. Shindell; J. Staehelin (July 2001). "Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes".

1843:. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical 2608:

In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).

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When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards.

1214:. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust. 598:

that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.

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was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight.

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or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial

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design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a

3822: 1378:, or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering. 298:, who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight. Following its limited use in 1233:, an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly 12,100 kilometers per hour (7,500 mph). 1485:

were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of

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At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The

3109: 2260: 2026:" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. 975:. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the 674: 1348:

initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics.

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of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be

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is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high

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crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.

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may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use

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Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly

2709: 2464: 2352: 1364: 2395: 1691:). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). 2802: 1946:, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at 2838: 963:-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis. Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include 1870:

systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber.

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In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the

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smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems.

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or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's

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can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.

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dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying

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White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition".

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bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled

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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.

2448: 2420: 1124:, which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. 4101: 4035: 2109: 1648:

The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central

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and turbine engines and diesel engines – neither of which require lead – are used on some newer

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speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic,

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in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ

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in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". They built on the works of

1569:, usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's 862:, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The 2890: 2864: 1406: 1013: 996: 780: 3350: 1570: 1549: 1509: 1271: 579:

craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.

326:, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019. 72: 40: 2916: 2620: 1652:

into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged

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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.

3123: 2221: 587:" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers. 36: 4039: 2507: 1661: 1328: 1294: 58: 3615: 2717: 1462: 1274: 1092: 948: 924: 838: 381: 299: 272: 334:

First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word

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Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines

2582: 1721:, it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even 1684: 1318: 1290: 897: 896:, which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a 763: 709: 552: 200: 3239: 4027: 4019: 3900: 3372: 2816: 2154:) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, 1921: 1561: 1088: 719: 701: 252: 2842: 873: 712:

by flying 220 meters (720 ft) in less than 22 seconds. This flight was also certified by the FAI.

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formation – cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.

1725:. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. 1393: 3629: 2119: 2057: 2053: 1840: 1823: 1729: 1574: 1544: 1286: 1168: 749: 689: 256: 216: 3814: 3189: 3090: 2040: 1263:

in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.

4008: 2078: 1855: 1827: 1767: 1631: 1486: 1425: 1367:(CAA). In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is 855: 556: 544: 486: 474: 438: 319: 302:, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of 244: 236: 3153: 795:. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German 559:

made a controlled flight in a glider. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were

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governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production.

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the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the

1091:. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and 4043: 3905: 3778: 3551: 3531: 3511: 3472: 3447: 3422: 3401: 3245: 3159: 3129: 3071: 2968: 2201: 2067: 1808: 1706: 1641: 1504:

cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating

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when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage.

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Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency.

4080: 3651: 3603: 3471:(5 ed.). Newcastle, Washington: Aviation Supplies & Academics. pp. 19, 271. 3184: 3097: 2942:

par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."

2920: 2337: 2231: 2209: 2094: 2082: 1947: 1831: 1754: 1536: 1453: 1418: 1336: 1211: 1176: 1080: 928: 913: 734: 669: 560: 540: 502: 470: 457: 442: 295: 291: 279: 208: 68: 2066:. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the 1818:

The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by

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other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The

933: 682:, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". By 1905, the 4051: 4011:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust. 2197: 2189: 2178: 2147: 2143: 1414: 1068: 1058: 976: 972: 824: 610: 568: 524: 490: 311: 161: 102: 64: 3747: 2436: 1128:

provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle.

4090: 3684: 2491: 1819: 1815:. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure. 1402: 1278: 1242: 1207: 1125: 1084: 1048: 1009: 992: 755: 731: 564: 535: 347: 287: 232: 166: 3655: 3914: 3854: 3596: 2596: 2171: 2163: 2127: 2045: 1970: 1935: 1929: 1905: 1879: 1836: 1718: 1688: 1581: 1521: 1505: 1302: 1267: 1193: 1153: 1109: 938: 866:

was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the

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Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.

2479: 2000: 1939: 1889: 1867: 1803:. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions 1786: 1758: 1676: 1657: 1433: 1398: 1332: 1172: 1141: 1017: 1000: 980: 968: 867: 808: 740: 679: 575: 124: 120: 2882: 2871:. Aeronautical engineers. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 214. 2740: 2370: 2085:, navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. 1850:

Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low

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researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his

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Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.

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Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other

1298: 1113: 1104: 1076: 893: 892:, have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their 863: 859: 843: 831:, the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German 796: 759: 638: 374: 323: 240: 224: 3654:; Lister, David; Griggs, David J.; Dokken, David J.; McFarland, Mack (1999). 3265: 1753:

is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape

4031: 3996: 3756: 3712: 2839:"European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader" 2508:"Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece" 2015: 1986: 1973:

lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the

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A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The

1668: 1566: 1535:, a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape 1466: 1458: 1230: 1161: 1072: 1029: 832: 716: 646: 268: 32: 2559: 1965:. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. 1210:

was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a

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The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes

2511: 3992: 3970: 3965: 3875: 3870: 3846: 2226: 2193: 2167: 2123: 1962: 1943: 1812: 1749: 1742: 1653: 1649: 1531: 1479: 1282: 1251: 1223: 1198: 1157: 1137: 1121: 889: 878: 727: 705: 642: 595: 494: 478: 260: 128: 17: 3572:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS" 3492:

Ackert, Shannon (2013). "Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization".

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The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3

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is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible

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to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight.

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problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the

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the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated

960: 941: 629: 615: 606: 434: 84: 2114: 1765:, fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a 1524:, which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers. 4047: 3850: 2192:(TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded 1924:

was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.

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Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation

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A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces

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made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by

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need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.

2913:"Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds" 2185: 2113: 2039: 1994: 1915: 1908:

generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.

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forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).

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0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.

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appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was

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were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet

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induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.

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Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.

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To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an

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for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include

2396:"Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection" 1916: 523:(1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the 393: 377:, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. 2181:, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations. 1904:-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to 1508:

to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in

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and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later

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The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde

2586:, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101). 2237:

List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types

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Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of

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constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the

3266:"UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020" 3213:"An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion" 2660:

The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3

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FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality

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from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.

405: 396: 3689:"On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production" 3398:

AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition

2803:"Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs" 715:

An early aircraft design that brought together the modern

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instruments provide information to the pilots, including

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Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop.

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also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American

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transports more than four billion passengers annually on

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Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space

2869:

Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History

678:(FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for 637:

of his own invention, with four cylinders developing 20

469:

Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the

2990:

On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation

3444:

Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management

3238:

Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (27 December 2016).

1095:, but there are some production models on the market. 594:

conducted research on wing structures and developed a

4064: 3510:, page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. 3211:

Weber, Richard J.; Mackay, John S. (September 1958).

2967:. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 21 and 22. 1698:

is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards.

791:

Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of

408: 31:"Aeroplane" redirects here. For the comedy film, see 3530:, page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. 3446:. Hershey: Business Science Reference. p. 211. 2621:"Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)" 2212:, mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. 547:

made the first powered flight, by having his glider

402: 399: 239:. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes 235:. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and 2340:

posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.

390: 369:" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a 294:) and the work of German pioneer of human aviation 175: 154: 146: 138: 108: 98: 90: 80: 51: 2353:"Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007" 2058:Fixed-wing aircraft § Cockpit instrumentation 1942:, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional 3400:, pages 1-164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. 3122:Cumpsty, Nicholas; Heyes, Andrew (22 July 2015). 2671:Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies 708:and set the first world record recognized by the 3421:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 128. 2299:Crabtree, Tom; Hoang, Tom; Tom, Russell (2016). 1053:, a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors. 633:. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight 3528:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition 3508:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition 2158:Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the 1417:from aircraft engines in response to increased 551:pulled by a horse on a beach. Then the Russian 2926:, 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009. 1556:, which controls its rotation along that axis. 3830: 3067:Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach 2208:Another environmental impact of airplanes is 1144:to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air 8: 2054:Fixed-wing aircraft § Aircraft controls 1656:achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged 583:seen as the beginning of human flight, the " 501:Some of the earliest recorded attempts with 3219:. NASA Scientific and Technical Information 3155:Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines 2965:Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft 2019:more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. 2011:recently, electronic artificial stability. 3837: 3823: 3815: 2142:and other pollutants into the atmosphere. 737:-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909. 57: 4030:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. 3755: 3618:. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999). 2782:. Vol. 9. Melbourne University Press 2070:(roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. 1355:In the United States, this agency is the 1281:in level flight was a rocket plane – the 827:, which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the 672:'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the 513:; both experiments injured their pilots. 373:moving through the air. In an example of 3863: 3110:Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line 3054:, Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews". 2801:Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (3 April 1959). 1363:(EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the 416:) is usually applied to these aircraft. 4071: 4026:are not included in the table, nor are 3064:Sadraey, Mohammad H. (1 January 2017). 2326: 2324: 2252: 2138:, fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release 1675:has two stacked one above the other, a 1339:'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP). 3810:How Airplanes Work – Howstuffworks.com 2475: 2473: 2451:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2423:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2348: 2346: 1156:. They represent a compromise between 1008:in aircraft have three main variants, 675:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 48: 3291:Canada, Transport (15 October 2019). 3244:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29. 3147: 3145: 2883:"Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com" 2301:"World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017" 1757:smooth. The fuselage may contain the 1413:Regulations have resulted in reduced 263:and transports more than 200 billion 7: 3318:"Aerospace Welding | Helander Metal" 2439:, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2261:"Global air traffic hits new record" 1552:(turn left or right) and mounts the 3025:Filseth, Trevor (4 December 2021). 2482:, Oxford English Dictionary online. 1018:flat or horizontally opposed engine 664:'s first flight on 17 December 1903 3672:from the original on 29 June 2007. 3657:Aviation and the Global Atmosphere 3188:. 26 November 1965. Archived from 3152:El-Sayed, Ahmed F. (6 July 2017). 3027:"Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?" 2893:from the original on 30 March 2013 2780:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2494:, "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at 1605:and is shaped like a bird's wing. 1492:Typical structural parts include: 509:and the 11th-century English monk 25: 3550:, page 10 (27th revised edition) 3546:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, 3442:Christiansen, Bryan, ed. (2016). 3353:from the original on 11 June 2020 3180:"Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe" 2673:. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125 2267:. 18 January 2018. Archived from 1664:designs have had little success. 1573:(tilt up or down) and mounts the 955:, converts rotary motion from an 4074: 4046:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. 3631:Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? 3469:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms 2776:"Hargrave, Lawrence (1850–1915)" 2558:. Automata.co.uk. Archived from 2184:Most light piston aircraft burn 2110:Environmental impact of aviation 1888:Computer-generated model of the 1709:prototypes, one with wings swept 1449:Major components of an airplane. 803:, and the American and Japanese 386: 3693:Journal of Geophysical Research 3568:Federal Aviation Administration 3158:. CRC Press. pp. 43, 770. 2741:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 2710:"The Lilienthal glider project" 2685:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 2371:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam" 1361:European Aviation Safety Agency 1357:Federal Aviation Administration 1277:. The first plane to break the 1197:Artist's concept of X-43A with 766:, also known as the Red Baron. 445:, Albatros II, photographed by 273:remotely or computer-controlled 3128:. Cambridge University Press. 2357:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2134:Like all activities involving 2036:Aircraft flight control system 2022:Some types have a horizontal " 1577:, which provide pitch control. 1359:(FAA). In the European Union, 858:, was introduced in 1952. The 460:in mid-flight, Berlin, c. 1895 322:, was introduced in 1952. The 1: 3748:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 2992:. Gale Research. p. 192. 2646:E. Hendrickson III, Kenneth. 2510:. Tmth.edu.gr. Archived from 2170:, both of which can increase 1644:wire-braced parasol monoplane 1496:One or more large horizontal 1071:with electricity coming from 881:supersonic transport aircraft 585:Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat 219:that is propelled forward by 3004:"Concorde grounded for good" 2865:Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard 1975:Space Shuttle design process 1920:The Martin Aircraft Company 1179:to slow down after landing. 1140:jet engines, which employ a 748:occurred in 1915, by German 543:in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman 520:Codex on the Flight of Birds 361:, "level", or Greek πλάνος ( 181:; 121 years ago 4112:Vehicles introduced in 1903 3924:Tethered (static or towed) 3683:Lin, X.; Trainer, M. & 2988:C. Brunco, Leonard (1993). 2815:(2619): 468. Archived from 2200:. Some non-polluting light 1854:reflection cross-sections. 1671:has a single wing plane, a 1407:Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder 1270:, the Germans deployed the 997:Inline engine (aeronautics) 886:Supersonic airliner flights 815:Development of jet aircraft 781:North American P-51 Mustang 27:Powered aircraft with wings 4128: 3882:Lift: Lighter than air gas 3602:September 7, 2001, at the 3343:"Our Mission: Your Safety" 3241:Rocket Propulsion Elements 3070:. CRC Press. p. 137. 2204:are already in production. 2166:) emit aerosols and leave 2126:. These may contribute to 2122:left by high-altitude jet 2107: 2092: 2051: 2033: 1984: 1927: 1877: 1826:in the United States, and 1784: 1740: 1629: 1593: 1477: 1371:Civil Aviation Authority. 1316: 1240: 1221: 1186: 1102: 1056: 1027: 990: 922: 907: 423: 342:, derives from the French 73:Amsterdam Schiphol Airport 41:Aeroplane (disambiguation) 29: 3985: 3874: 3866: 3861: 2764:Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228. 2336:January 13, 2011, at the 2222:Aircraft flight mechanics 1295:rocket-assisted take offs 1201:attached to the underside 888:, including those of the 56: 37:Airplane (disambiguation) 3052:Aeronautical Engineering 2739:Otto-Lilienthal-Museum. 2683:Otto-Lilienthal-Museum. 2400:South China Morning Post 2369:Otto-Lilienthal-Museum. 2030:Controls and instruments 1365:Civil Aviation Authority 1093:unmanned aerial vehicles 645:), driving a four-blade 384:, the term "aeroplane" ( 4102:Aircraft configurations 3728:Atmospheric Environment 3713:10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 3417:Porte, Todd R. (1991). 2453:A Greek-English Lexicon 2425:A Greek-English Lexicon 2062:Airplanes have complex 1981:Empennage and foreplane 1761:, passengers, cargo or 1463:unmanned aerial vehicle 1275:rocket-powered aircraft 925:Propeller (aeronautics) 700:In 1906, the Brazilian 696:, between 1906 and 1907 549:"L'Albatros artificiel" 346:, which comes from the 4020:Ground-effect vehicles 3896:Unpowered free flight 2669:Beril, Becker (1967). 2583:Technology and Culture 2131: 2064:flight control systems 2049: 2003: 1925: 1892: 1811:which has no definite 1804: 1710: 1645: 1525: 1470: 1450: 1410: 1340: 1319:Aerospace manufacturer 1313:Design and manufacture 1255: 1202: 1136:Most jet aircraft use 1054: 944: 882: 847: 788: 764:Manfred von Richthofen 697: 665: 620: 553:Alexander F. Mozhaisky 461: 450: 282:invented and flew the 201:North American English 4028:experimental aircraft 3888:Lift: Unpowered rotor 3031:The National Interest 2467:, Oxford Dictionaries 2117: 2052:Further information: 2043: 1998: 1919: 1887: 1794: 1704: 1639: 1562:horizontal stabilizer 1519: 1456: 1448: 1396: 1327:Assembly line of the 1326: 1289:broke many speed and 1250: 1196: 1160:(with no bypass) and 1046: 1006:Reciprocating engines 967:(or piston engines), 965:reciprocating engines 936: 876: 841: 779: 720:tractor configuration 702:Alberto Santos-Dumont 692: 659: 609: 602:Early powered flights 456: 437: 247:of goods and people, 3942:(None – see note 2) 3919:(None – see note 2) 3891:Lift: Powered rotor 3795:The Aeroplane centre 3699:(D12): 15879–15888. 3606:. Numberwatch.co.uk. 3578:on 20 September 2008 3467:Crane, Dale (2012). 3377:aviationbenefits.org 2963:Crouch, Tom (1982). 2745:Lilienthal-museum.de 2689:Lilienthal-museum.de 2375:Lilienthal-museum.de 2104:Environmental impact 2073:On manned aircraft, 1991:Canard (aeronautics) 1307:Rocket Racing League 987:Reciprocating engine 898:deadly crash in 2000 829:Messerschmitt Me 262 819:The first practical 694:Santos-Dumont 14-bis 511:Eilmer of Malmesbury 430:First flying machine 354:), "air" and either 35:For other uses, see 4107:American inventions 4097:Aircraft categories 3740:2001AtmEn..35.3421G 3705:1988JGR....9315879L 3666:1999aga..book.....P 3597:The risks of travel 2720:on 15 February 2020 2536:. Pressconnects.com 2514:on 26 December 2008 1938:. In contrast to a 1841:B-52 Stratofortress 1824:Cheston L. Eshelman 1807:A flying wing is a 1730:variable-sweep wing 1545:vertical stabilizer 1487:composite materials 1403:final assembly line 1287:North American X-15 1169:Supersonic aircraft 710:Aéro-Club de France 330:Etymology and usage 314:in 1939. The first 257:commercial aviation 237:wing configurations 217:fixed-wing aircraft 4009:balloon helicopter 3548:From the Ground Up 3096:2013-02-17 at the 2919:2016-03-16 at the 2845:on 20 October 2007 2597:"Aviation History" 2562:on 5 December 2002 2556:"Automata history" 2179:nitrogen compounds 2132: 2050: 2048:DR400/500) cockpit 2044:A light aircraft ( 2004: 1926: 1893: 1856:Stealth technology 1828:Alexander Lippisch 1805: 1711: 1646: 1632:Wing configuration 1626:Wing configuration 1526: 1471: 1451: 1426:homebuilt aircraft 1411: 1369:Transport Canada's 1341: 1256: 1203: 1055: 949:aircraft propeller 945: 883: 856:de Havilland Comet 848: 789: 698: 666: 621: 613:of Clement Ader's 557:John J. Montgomery 545:Jean-Marie Le Bris 529:center of pressure 462: 451: 320:de Havilland Comet 4062: 4061: 4044:flettner airplane 3980: 3979: 3628:Mantakos, Harry, 3478:978-1-56027-864-1 3453:978-1-46669-640-2 3428:978-9-40113-400-2 3251:978-1-118-75365-1 3165:978-1-4665-9517-0 3135:978-1-316-43263-1 2924:earlyaviators.com 2534:"Modern rocketry" 2402:. 24 January 2019 2359:, 25 August 2007. 2271:on 3 January 2021 2265:Channel News Asia 2202:electric aircraft 2188:, which contains 1874:Blended wing body 1809:tailless aircraft 1707:Dassault Mirage G 1642:Morane-Saulnier L 1112:are propelled by 1065:electric aircraft 807:campaigns of the 801:Battle of Britain 592:Lawrence Hargrave 531:of flying birds. 515:Leonardo da Vinci 365:), "wandering". " 193: 192: 16:(Redirected from 4119: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4070: 4055: 4012: 4000: 3928:Tethered balloon 3885:Lift: Fixed wing 3864: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3805:Aerospaceweb.org 3773:Blatner, David. 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757:2060/20000060827 3723: 3717: 3716: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3652:Penner, Joyce E. 3648: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3574:. Archived from 3564: 3558: 3544: 3538: 3524: 3518: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3494:Aircraft Monitor 3489: 3483: 3482: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3373:"Reducing noise" 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3297:Transport Canada 3293:"Civil Aviation" 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3061: 3055: 3050:Beaumont, R.A.; 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2960: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2933: 2927: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2841:. Archived from 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2774:Inglis, Amirah. 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2716:. 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211:), informally 191: 190: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 162:Orville Wright 158: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147:Self-propelled 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 110: 106: 105: 103:Transportation 100: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 82: 81:Classification 78: 77: 65:Boeing 777-200 62: 54: 53: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4124: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4072: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800:Airliners.net 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783:0-8027-7691-4 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 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