261:
40:
130:
3958:
2749:
109:
309:
2894:
292:). The shoes were sometimes stuffed to make the extension firmer and more erect. The end of the toe was sometimes adorned with a small bell. The points of pigaches were, however, more moderate in length than the later
324:
The pigache was worn in the late 11th and early 12th century and excited the ridicule of poets and historians and the censure of clergy to the point it is sometimes described as "notorious".
522:
After its initial excesses reaching about 2 inches (5 cm) beyond the foot, the style settled into a more conservative and compact form for a century until the
2828:
2783:
1142:
1157:
Dittmar, Jenna M.; et al. (December 2021), "Fancy Shoes and
Painful Feet: Hallux Valgus and Fracture Risk in Medieval Cambridge, England",
1529:
1493:
1452:
1419:
1386:
1250:
1217:
1103:
1039:
994:
3991:
1590:
558:
553:
2776:
1294:
A History of the
English Church: First Period: From the Planting of the Church in Britain to the Accession of Henry VIII. (596–1509)
380:
260:
1073:
2792:
329:
1535:
1499:
1458:
1425:
1392:
1324:
1298:
1256:
1223:
1109:
1045:
1000:
962:
930:
668:
625:
548:
83:
1356:
3981:
2769:
3986:
2163:
1280:
3703:
2988:
1147:
505:, while no less dismissive, associated the style more with women and blamed its origin on footwear exported from
333:
265:
166:
3713:
1583:
1314:
373:
3821:
3518:
3261:
498:
377:
48:
509:
39:
3733:
3096:
2823:
2000:
1125:
400:
325:
317:
145:
3033:
2752:
2213:
1984:
1872:
1718:
1485:
1031:
986:
415:, which they had extended to a point and turned down in the late 11th century to better hold their
369:
3743:
3668:
3638:
3413:
3303:
3186:
3159:
2925:
2604:
2082:
1611:
1559:
423:
341:
137:
115:
2998:
3914:
3866:
3806:
3623:
3563:
3523:
3346:
3191:
3131:
3091:
3071:
2973:
2910:
2818:
2448:
2409:
2039:
1576:
1525:
1489:
1448:
1415:
1382:
1340:
1276:
1246:
1213:
1190:
1099:
1035:
1017:
990:
895:
806:
790:
769:
741:
710:
691:
652:
502:
404:
365:
349:
241:
141:
95:
91:
946:
914:
879:
863:
592:
3904:
3851:
3738:
3723:
3698:
3488:
3483:
3388:
3139:
3121:
3048:
2833:
2662:
2634:
2178:
2092:
1834:
1819:
1814:
1744:
1739:
1474:
Yarrow, Simon (2011), "Men and
Masculinities at the Courts of the Anglo-Norman Kings in the
1209:
1180:
1170:
1162:
337:
158:
3962:
3934:
3929:
3420:
3256:
3246:
3231:
3076:
3043:
2376:
2356:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2118:
1944:
1882:
1655:
1272:
531:
516:
494:
490:
384:
297:
279:
225:
170:
118:
1130:
Clothing the Past: Surviving
Garments from Early Medieval to Early Modern Western Europe
3889:
3811:
3791:
3628:
3513:
3425:
3241:
3216:
3154:
3106:
2902:
2553:
2548:
2533:
2346:
2301:
2283:
2077:
2034:
1867:
1675:
1551:
1515:
1372:
1348:
1185:
1062:
456:
392:
388:
189:
133:
87:
54:
32:
This article is about the 12th-century
Western European shoe. Not to be confused with
3975:
3831:
3801:
3658:
3653:
3381:
3174:
2993:
2930:
2682:
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2609:
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2158:
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2010:
1911:
1804:
1759:
543:
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427:
312:
60:
129:
3693:
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3643:
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3111:
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3028:
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2228:
2198:
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2113:
2057:
2049:
1916:
1713:
1695:
1680:
1645:
506:
486:
361:
63:
extended into absurdly long horns, a style later actually worn as the 14th-century
3003:
1378:
Nebuchadnezzar's Dream: The
Crusades, Apocalyptic Prophecy, and the End of History
1519:
1479:
1442:
1409:
1376:
1318:
1292:
1240:
1203:
1093:
1025:
980:
3939:
3816:
3728:
3678:
3593:
3568:
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3440:
3408:
3318:
3298:
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3211:
2983:
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2067:
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2005:
1979:
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1969:
1954:
1949:
1764:
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1670:
1650:
523:
448:
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1166:
3613:
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3398:
3328:
3251:
2935:
2853:
2843:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2652:
2558:
2341:
2311:
2278:
2258:
2072:
1921:
1794:
1703:
1660:
1637:
1621:
1344:
1018:"Orderic's Secular Rulers and Representations of Personality and Power in the
466:
174:
108:
44:
501:
similarly condemned the shoes in terms questioning the wearers' masculinity.
493:, while simultaneously describing how most courtiers adopted the fashion to "
3957:
3909:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3826:
3786:
3748:
3648:
3608:
3558:
3493:
3445:
3430:
3403:
3276:
3201:
2707:
2619:
2563:
2523:
2458:
2326:
2188:
2153:
2097:
2022:
1964:
1839:
1769:
1665:
1626:
1297:, The Student's English Church History (5th ed.), London: John Murray,
293:
269:
185:
182:
1194:
17:
1161:, vol. 35, Los Angeles: Paleopathology Association, pp. 90–100,
244:
footwear from as early as the 5th century. It is also simply glossed as a
203:
195:
3856:
3841:
3763:
3573:
3553:
3528:
3475:
3450:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3206:
3144:
3116:
2978:
2968:
2955:
2945:
2883:
2727:
2717:
2697:
2583:
2573:
2453:
2414:
2263:
2015:
1959:
1892:
1799:
1789:
1685:
1599:
527:
476:
438:
353:
283:
249:
112:
64:
33:
3465:
3924:
3894:
3796:
3781:
3718:
3708:
3683:
3673:
3618:
3533:
3498:
3361:
3313:
3308:
3266:
3164:
2963:
2915:
2858:
2624:
2538:
2518:
2487:
2473:
2273:
2268:
2248:
2143:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1708:
1138:
416:
412:
408:
308:
178:
2761:
1175:
3944:
3899:
3776:
3771:
3753:
3633:
3603:
3588:
3393:
3376:
3351:
3323:
3271:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3196:
3181:
3149:
3086:
3066:
3038:
2920:
2863:
2813:
2722:
2513:
2508:
2480:
2468:
2443:
2424:
2419:
2399:
2392:
2351:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2306:
1906:
1809:
1749:
721:
719:
396:
357:
345:
272:
407:
Ruth Wilcox offers that it may have been a simple adaptation of the
2893:
3846:
3663:
3578:
3281:
3169:
3058:
3015:
2878:
2868:
2848:
2838:
2578:
2436:
2404:
2361:
1899:
1887:
1862:
465:). Orderic blamed the spread as caused by and contributing to the
452:
395:(1043–1109), claiming he used it to disguise the deformity of his
307:
259:
128:
107:
38:
3543:
3081:
2940:
2873:
2801:
Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings
2734:
2712:
2336:
1877:
1854:
1616:
79:
2765:
1572:
512:, whose residents he separately associated with effeminacy and
3919:
2383:
94:. The same name is also sometimes applied to earlier similar
1568:
29:
11th and 12th century
European shoe with long upturned toe
1355:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 103–105,
1481:
The
Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History
2732:
2478:
2434:
2020:
1897:
372:
from wearing them in August 1215. The same year, the
2390:
2381:
725:
3865:
3762:
3474:
3337:
3130:
3057:
3014:
2954:
2901:
2806:
2675:
2633:
2592:
2496:
2292:
2136:
2106:
2048:
1993:
1937:
1930:
1853:
1782:
1727:
1694:
1636:
173:, where the name was originally used for a kind of
830:
315:in pigaches in a 1915 illustration of the life of
240:is also sometimes also applied to earlier pointed
188:longer on one side than the other. It appeared in
1411:Chaucer's Queer Poetics: Rereading the Dream Trio
1027:Orderic Vitalis: Life, Works, and Interpretations
842:
818:
451:to curl the ends of his shoes into the form of a
278:The pigache had a pointed and curved toe, which
228:'s terms of opprobrium are reworked into names:
982:Robert Curthose Duke of Normandy (c. 1050–1134)
1353:University Records and Life in the Middle Ages
1151:(in French), vol. XII, Paris, p. 610
604:
2777:
1584:
125:, sometimes conflated with the later pigaches
82:with a sharp upturned point at the toes that
8:
765:
526:and the spread of the still more excessive
480:
470:
460:
442:
287:
201:
193:
52:
2784:
2770:
2762:
2748:
2630:
1934:
1691:
1591:
1577:
1569:
875:
782:
780:
778:
588:
1521:Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Costume
1184:
1174:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
1414:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1245:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1061:Alberigo, J.; et al., eds. (1973),
958:
926:
855:
853:
851:
683:
681:
679:
677:
664:
621:
1285:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1159:International Journal of Paleopathology
786:
753:
648:
617:
615:
613:
574:
248:and sometimes conflated with the later
910:
906:
904:
737:
702:
700:
687:
584:
582:
580:
578:
387:blamed the creation of the pigache on
1676:Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes)
1447:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
1098:, New York: Parkstone International,
942:
859:
802:
7:
891:
706:
1538:from the original on 14 August 2023
1502:from the original on 14 August 2023
1488:: Boydell Press, pp. 115–124,
1461:from the original on 14 August 2023
1428:from the original on 14 August 2023
1395:from the original on 14 August 2023
1381:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1301:from the original on 14 August 2023
1259:from the original on 14 August 2023
1226:from the original on 14 August 2023
1112:from the original on 14 August 2023
1048:from the original on 14 August 2023
1034:: Boydell Press, pp. 189–216,
1003:from the original on 14 August 2023
208:. The pigache is also known as the
1345:"Rules of the University of Paris"
1202:Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011),
1063:"Concilium Lateranense IV a. 1215"
25:
1327:from the original on 12 July 2023
1079:from the original on 12 July 2023
1070:Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta
148:, from the Chronicle of St Denis
3956:
2892:
2747:
1359:from the original on 5 July 2022
1242:Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages
1556:Costume of the Western World...
1323:, London: Chatto & Windus,
1205:The Complete Costume Dictionary
1291:Perry, George Gresley (1890),
1092:Bossan, Marie-Josèphe (2012),
1072:(in Latin), pp. 230–271,
497:with every kind of lewdness".
1:
2829:Court dress (Empire of Japan)
1282:The Ecclesiastical History...
559:1200–1300 in European fashion
554:1100–1200 in European fashion
432:
422:The pigache became common in
47:, depicted in a 1120 copy of
1441:Wilcox, Ruth Turner (1948),
368:banned other faculty of the
282:compared with the tail of a
2733:
2479:
2435:
2391:
2382:
2164:Cross country running shoes
2021:
1898:
1320:A Cyclopaedia of Costume...
726:Coatsworth & al. (2018)
4008:
2890:
1408:Schibanoff, Susan (2006),
1167:10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.04.012
264:Pigaches in an 11th cent.
75:
31:
3992:Medieval European costume
3953:
2799:
2745:
1606:
1524:, London: B.T. Batsford,
1016:Aird, William M. (2016),
979:Aird, William M. (2008),
831:Alberigo & al. (1973)
534:in the mid-14th century.
352:, and the inheritance of
336:, alongside enacting the
334:1102 Synod of Westminster
843:Dittmar & al. (2021)
819:Robert de Courson (1215)
495:seek the favors of women
1315:Planché, James Robinson
364:, the former professor
289:quasi caudas scorpionum
59:with pigaches or their
2137:Sport-related footwear
1709:Prince Albert slippers
1476:Ecclesiastical History
1239:Mills, Robert (2015),
1128:; et al. (2018),
1020:Historia Ecclesiastica
481:
471:
461:
443:
374:Fourth Lateran Council
321:
288:
275:
202:
194:
154:
126:
67:
53:
3822:Manchu platform shoes
2001:Australian work boots
1478:of Orderic Vitalis",
1126:Coatsworth, Elizabeth
499:William of Malmesbury
399:from his young bride
376:also banned them for
311:
300:in the 14th century.
263:
132:
111:
42:
3734:Stephane (headdress)
2214:Mountaineering boots
1740:High-heeled footwear
1719:Venetian-style shoes
1444:The Mode in Footwear
462:instar cornu arietis
3982:Historical footwear
3963:Clothing portal
2793:Historical clothing
2753:List of shoe styles
2497:Historical footwear
2083:Over-the-knee boots
1873:Cantabrian albarcas
1562:: Lutterworth Press
1212:: Scarecrow Press,
1139:D'Alembert, Diderot
1095:The Art of the Shoe
370:University of Paris
356:and other forms of
3987:Byzantine clothing
2605:Blake construction
2449:Peshawari chappals
2410:Kolhapuri chappals
1612:Abandoned footwear
1277:Chibnall, Marjorie
766:Lewandowski (2011)
485:) involved in the
444:Robertus Cornardus
441:Robert the Horny (
328:banned its use by
322:
296:which spread from
276:
155:
127:
68:
3969:
3968:
3807:Episcopal sandals
3072:Close-bodied gown
2974:Sompot Chong Kben
2759:
2758:
2671:
2670:
2593:Shoe construction
2132:
2131:
1790:Driving moccasins
1778:
1777:
1531:978-0-486-43380-6
1495:978-1-84383-889-0
1454:978-0-486-46761-0
1421:978-0-8020-9035-5
1388:978-0-19-027420-7
1341:Robert de Courson
1252:978-0-226-16926-2
1219:978-0-8108-4004-1
1105:978-1-78042-958-8
1041:978-1-78327-125-2
996:978-1-84383-660-5
989:: Boydell Press,
876:Schibanoff (2006)
605:D'Alembert (1751)
589:Rubenstein (2019)
503:Guibert of Nogent
405:fashion historian
366:Robert de Courson
360:. As a returning
350:clerical marriage
152:
124:
92:Romanesque Period
16:(Redirected from
3999:
3961:
3960:
3852:Tiger-head shoes
3122:Zaju chuishao fu
3007:
2896:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2631:
2484:
2440:
2396:
2387:
2209:Motorcycle boots
2204:Minimalist shoes
2119:Wellington boots
2093:Thigh-high boots
2026:
1945:Ammunition boots
1935:
1903:
1835:Tiger-head shoes
1815:Self-tying shoes
1692:
1656:Brothel creepers
1593:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1484:, vol. 23,
1469:
1468:
1466:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1286:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1197:
1188:
1178:
1152:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1011:
1010:
1008:
966:
956:
950:
940:
934:
924:
918:
908:
899:
889:
883:
873:
867:
857:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
800:
794:
784:
773:
763:
757:
751:
745:
735:
729:
723:
714:
704:
695:
685:
672:
662:
656:
646:
629:
619:
608:
602:
596:
586:
484:
474:
464:
446:
436:
434:
340:and prohibiting
338:Gregorian Reform
320:
291:
246:pointed-toe shoe
207:
199:
153:
150:
122:
78:, was a kind of
58:
21:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3955:
3949:
3930:Perfumed gloves
3861:
3758:
3470:
3333:
3232:Mackinaw jacket
3126:
3053:
3010:
3001:
2950:
2897:
2888:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2760:
2755:
2741:
2667:
2629:
2588:
2549:Flowerpot shoes
2492:
2288:
2284:Wrestling shoes
2128:
2102:
2078:Knee-high boots
2044:
2035:Steel-toe boots
1989:
1926:
1855:Wooden footwear
1849:
1774:
1723:
1690:
1632:
1631:
1602:
1597:
1567:
1552:Yarwood, Doreen
1550:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1516:Yarwood, Doreen
1514:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1373:Rubenstein, Jay
1371:
1362:
1360:
1349:Thorndyke, Lynn
1339:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1290:
1273:Orderic Vitalis
1271:
1262:
1260:
1253:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1201:
1156:
1141:, ed. (1751), "
1137:
1132:, Leiden: Brill
1124:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1015:
1006:
1004:
997:
978:
974:
969:
959:Chibnall (1973)
957:
953:
941:
937:
927:Chibnall (1973)
925:
921:
909:
902:
890:
886:
874:
870:
858:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
801:
797:
785:
776:
764:
760:
752:
748:
736:
732:
724:
717:
705:
698:
686:
675:
665:Chibnall (1973)
663:
659:
647:
632:
622:Chibnall (1973)
620:
611:
603:
599:
587:
576:
572:
567:
540:
482:foedi catamitae
430:
419:during battle.
385:Orderic Vitalis
330:English clerics
316:
306:
280:Orderic Vitalis
258:
234:ram's horn shoe
230:scorpion's tail
226:Orderic Vitalis
222:pulley-toe shoe
149:
123:(5th–8th cent.)
106:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Cravat (early)
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Chinese styles
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Matron's badge
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Liberty bodice
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Norfolk jacket
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Inverness cape
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Cardinal cloak
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Sack-back gown
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2991:
2989:Knickerbockers
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:Stiletto heels
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Duckbill shoes
2541:
2536:
2534:Chinese styles
2531:
2529:Cavalier boots
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Football boots
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Climbing shoes
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Athletic shoes
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Platform boots
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2011:Engineer boots
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Platform shoes
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Peep-toe shoes
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1548:
1530:
1512:
1494:
1471:
1453:
1438:
1420:
1405:
1387:
1369:
1337:
1311:
1288:
1269:
1251:
1236:
1218:
1199:
1154:
1148:L'Encyclopédie
1135:
1122:
1104:
1089:
1058:
1040:
1013:
995:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:
951:
935:
919:
900:
884:
868:
847:
835:
823:
811:
795:
787:Yarwood (1978)
774:
758:
756:, p. 163.
754:Yarwood (1980)
746:
730:
728:, p. 349.
715:
696:
673:
657:
649:Planché (1876)
630:
609:
597:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
539:
536:
305:
302:
257:
254:
224:. Less often,
190:Medieval Latin
105:
102:
88:Western Europe
84:became popular
76:by other names
55:Liber Floridus
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4004:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Motoring hood
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:Waist cincher
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:Kinsale cloak
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Pedal pushers
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Peascod belly
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Goodyear welt
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Bespoke shoes
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Areni-1 shoes
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Hnyat-phanats
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2294:Folk footwear
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Roller skates
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Kung fu shoes
2197:
2195:
2194:Inline skates
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Cycling shoes
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Jodhpur boots
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:Chelsea boots
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2050:Fashion boots
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:British clogs
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1696:Slip-on shoes
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Winklepickers
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1002:
998:
992:
988:
984:
983:
977:
976:
971:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
912:
911:Wilcox (1948)
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
839:
836:
832:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
750:
747:
743:
739:
738:Yarrow (2011)
734:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Bossan (2012)
684:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
581:
579:
575:
569:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Pointed shoes
547:
545:
544:Duckbill shoe
542:
541:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
435:. 1087–1100),
429:
428:William Rufus
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:in 1089. The
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
314:
313:William Rufus
310:
303:
301:
299:
295:
290:
285:
281:
274:
271:
267:
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
205:
198:
197:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
120:
117:
114:
110:
103:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:, also known
73:
66:
62:
57:
56:
50:
46:
41:
35:
27:
19:
3836:
3484:Anthony Eden
3436:Open drawers
3287:Galway shawl
3102:Robe de cour
2648:Kitten heels
2568:
2254:Safari boots
2239:Roller shoes
2234:Riding boots
2229:Racing shoes
2224:Racing flats
2184:Hiking boots
2149:Ballet shoes
2124:Ballet boots
2068:Chukka boots
2062:Beatle boots
2030:Rigger boots
2006:Cowboy boots
1980:Trench boots
1975:Tanker boots
1970:Jungle boots
1955:Combat boots
1765:Saddle shoes
1735:Ballet flats
1555:
1540:, retrieved
1520:
1504:, retrieved
1480:
1475:
1463:, retrieved
1443:
1430:, retrieved
1410:
1397:, retrieved
1377:
1361:, retrieved
1352:
1329:, retrieved
1319:
1303:, retrieved
1293:
1281:
1261:, retrieved
1241:
1228:, retrieved
1204:
1158:
1146:
1129:
1114:, retrieved
1094:
1081:, retrieved
1069:
1050:, retrieved
1026:
1019:
1005:, retrieved
981:
972:Bibliography
954:
943:Mills (2015)
938:
922:
887:
871:
860:Mills (2015)
838:
826:
814:
803:Perry (1890)
798:
761:
749:
733:
660:
600:
521:
487:royal courts
475:) and "foul
421:
362:papal legate
323:
277:
266:illumination
245:
237:
233:
229:
221:
217:
213:
209:
162:
156:
151:(14th cent.)
100:
71:
69:
26:
3940:Shoe buckle
3867:Accessories
3817:Lotus shoes
3594:Jeongjagwan
3569:French hood
3519:Blessed hat
3441:Pantalettes
3409:Farthingale
3319:Ulster coat
3299:Smock-frock
3212:Houppelande
3002: [
2807:Body-length
2693:Dress socks
2688:Bobby socks
2653:Spool heels
2643:Clear heels
2615:Shoe buckle
2559:Lotus shoes
2367:Haferlschuh
2342:Espadrilles
2279:Water shoes
2259:Skate shoes
2073:Go-go boots
1985:Munson Last
1950:Bunny boots
1783:Other shoes
1704:Court shoes
1638:Dress shoes
1116:21 December
961:, pp.
929:, pp.
894:, pp.
892:Aird (2008)
707:Aird (2016)
667:, pp.
624:, pp.
530:style from
524:Black Death
236:. The name
214:pulley shoe
181:term for a
138:King Philip
90:during the
18:Pulley shoe
3976:Categories
3910:Lavallière
3827:Pampooties
3584:Gable hood
3461:Union suit
3456:Pettipants
3399:Hoop skirt
3329:Witzchoura
2999:SaragĂĽells
2936:Poet shirt
2854:Justacorps
2844:Frock coat
2703:Knee highs
2635:High heels
2564:Pampooties
2327:Bast shoes
2312:Alpargatas
2189:Ice skates
2154:Boat shoes
1965:Jump boots
1840:Veldskoens
1795:Flip-flops
1770:Slingbacks
1745:Mary Janes
1622:Shoemaking
1486:Woodbridge
1176:2164/17718
1032:Woodbridge
987:Woodbridge
945:, p.
913:, p.
878:, p.
862:, p.
805:, p.
789:, p.
768:, p.
740:, p.
709:, p.
690:, p.
651:, p.
591:, p.
565:References
514:homosexual
472:effeminati
467:effeminate
218:pulley toe
98:footwear.
45:Antichrist
3885:Cointoise
3880:Belt hook
3875:Ascot tie
3857:Turnshoes
3842:Poulaines
3802:Duckbills
3787:Carbatina
3749:Welsh Wig
3699:Printer's
3659:Mounteere
3649:Mooskappe
3609:Kokoshnik
3494:Arakhchin
3446:Petticoat
3431:Loincloth
3404:Crinoline
3339:Underwear
3277:Shadbelly
3247:Overfrock
3202:Greatcoat
3132:Outerwear
3097:Polonaise
3077:Debutante
3034:Safeguard
2824:Brunswick
2728:Toe socks
2708:Pantyhose
2698:Footwraps
2620:Shoelaces
2584:Turnshoes
2574:Poulaines
2524:Carbatina
2459:Tsarouchi
2454:Snowshoes
2415:Moccasins
2264:Ski boots
2219:Plimsolls
2098:Ugg boots
2023:Jika-tabi
2016:Hip boots
1960:Jackboots
1686:Wholecuts
1627:Shoe size
1560:Cambridge
570:Citations
477:catamites
354:benefices
326:St Anselm
318:St Anselm
294:poulaines
270:Aquitaine
242:Byzantine
186:hoofprint
183:wild boar
177:and as a
121:footwear
116:Byzantine
96:Byzantine
65:poulaines
3837:Pigaches
3797:Chopines
3764:Footwear
3689:Phrygian
3669:Nightcap
3644:Monmouth
3574:Fontange
3554:Cornette
3549:Coonskin
3539:Cavalier
3529:Capotain
3476:Headwear
3451:Peignoir
3372:Corselet
3367:Codpiece
3357:Chausses
3207:Himation
3145:Car coat
3117:Tea gown
2979:Culottes
2969:Breeches
2956:Trousers
2946:Suea pat
2884:Xout lao
2718:Stocking
2569:Pigaches
2554:Hessians
2539:Chopines
2474:Valenkis
2377:Huarache
2274:Swimfins
2269:Sneakers
2249:Sabatons
2179:Ghillies
1938:Military
1893:Namaksin
1825:Slippers
1800:Galoshes
1600:Footwear
1554:(1980),
1542:4 August
1536:archived
1518:(1978),
1506:4 August
1500:archived
1465:4 August
1459:archived
1432:4 August
1426:archived
1399:4 August
1393:archived
1375:(2019),
1357:archived
1343:(1944),
1325:archived
1317:(1876),
1305:4 August
1299:archived
1275:(1973),
1263:4 August
1257:archived
1230:4 August
1224:archived
1195:34120868
1110:archived
1074:archived
1052:4 August
1046:archived
1007:4 August
1001:archived
538:See also
528:poulaine
439:courtier
417:stirrups
413:sabatons
401:Bertrade
378:Catholic
284:scorpion
268:from an
250:poulaine
167:borrowed
146:Bertrade
119:Egyptian
113:Priestly
34:poulaine
3925:Partlet
3895:Hairpin
3832:Pattens
3812:Hessian
3782:Caligae
3772:Buskins
3744:Taranga
3729:Smoking
3719:Salakot
3709:Qeleshe
3704:Pudding
3684:Petasos
3679:Pahlavi
3674:Ochipok
3629:Miner's
3619:Malahai
3614:Llawt'u
3534:Caubeen
3514:Bergère
3504:Aviator
3499:Attifet
3414:Pannier
3362:Chemise
3314:Surtout
3309:Surcoat
3304:Spencer
3267:Pelisse
3262:Pallium
3252:Pañuelo
3187:Doublet
3165:Chlamys
3160:Chamail
3059:Dresses
2964:Braccae
2926:Doublet
2916:Bedgown
2859:Paenula
2683:Anklets
2676:Hosiery
2625:Toe box
2519:Caligae
2509:Buskins
2464:Takunya
2425:Mukluks
2420:Mojaris
2347:Furlane
2322:Balghas
2317:Avarcas
2307:Abarkas
1922:Träskor
1912:Pattens
1907:Padukas
1888:Klompen
1829:Uwabaki
1810:Sandals
1728:Women's
1714:Loafers
1671:Oxfords
1651:Brogues
1646:Blucher
1363:12 July
1351:(ed.),
1279:(ed.),
1186:8631459
1143:Pigache
1083:12 July
963:188–189
931:186–189
896:127–128
669:190–193
626:186–187
510:Cordoba
507:Islamic
447:) used
424:England
409:Normans
397:bunions
342:slavery
332:at the
304:History
238:pigache
204:pigatia
196:pigacia
179:hunting
163:pigache
159:English
72:pigache
61:pattens
49:Lambert
3945:Visard
3900:Hatpin
3777:Calcei
3754:Wimple
3739:Tainia
3694:Pileus
3639:Modius
3604:Kausia
3599:Jewish
3589:Hennin
3564:Fillet
3524:Bonnet
3509:Ba tầm
3394:Garter
3389:Dickey
3377:Corset
3352:Bustle
3347:Basque
3324:Visite
3272:Poncho
3237:Nadiri
3227:Kandys
3222:Jerkin
3197:Exomis
3192:Duster
3182:Dolman
3150:Caraco
3140:Capote
3112:Sailor
3092:Mantua
3087:Kirtle
3067:Bliaut
3039:Sompot
3029:Poodle
3024:Hobble
3016:Skirts
2921:Bodice
2911:Basque
2864:Peplos
2834:Chiton
2819:Banyan
2814:Abolla
2723:Tights
2663:Wedges
2514:Calcei
2481:Waraji
2469:Upanah
2444:Opanci
2430:Nalins
2405:Kamiks
2400:Jorabs
2393:Jipsin
2352:Galesh
2332:Ciocie
2302:Abacas
2040:Waders
1820:Slides
1750:Mojari
1528:
1492:
1451:
1418:
1385:
1331:3 July
1249:
1216:
1210:Lanham
1193:
1183:
1102:
1038:
993:
532:Poland
491:Europe
437:whose
426:under
381:clergy
358:simony
346:sodomy
298:Poland
273:tonary
256:Design
210:pigage
171:French
144:, and
142:Bertha
3905:Jabot
3847:Socci
3724:Snood
3664:Nemes
3579:Futou
3559:Dunce
3292:Kullu
3282:Shawl
3257:Palla
3170:Cloak
3049:Train
3006:]
2984:Harem
2879:Tunic
2869:Stola
2849:Hanfu
2839:Frock
2579:Socci
2437:Okobo
2362:Giveh
2337:Clogs
2107:Other
1931:Boots
1917:Sabot
1900:Okobo
1878:Clogs
1863:Bakya
1755:Mules
1666:Monks
1661:Derby
1347:, in
1077:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
469:men (
393:Anjou
220:, or
169:from
161:name
104:Names
3935:Ruff
3915:Muff
3714:Qing
3544:Coif
3489:Apex
3421:Hose
3082:Gown
3044:Sinh
2941:Sbai
2903:Tops
2874:Toga
2735:Tabi
2713:Sock
2488:ZĹŤri
2357:Geta
1994:Work
1883:Geta
1845:ZĹŤri
1617:Shoe
1544:2023
1526:ISBN
1508:2023
1490:ISBN
1467:2023
1449:ISBN
1434:2023
1416:ISBN
1401:2023
1383:ISBN
1365:2023
1333:2015
1307:2023
1265:2023
1247:ISBN
1232:2023
1214:ISBN
1191:PMID
1118:2021
1100:ISBN
1085:2023
1054:2023
1036:ISBN
1009:2023
991:ISBN
517:rape
457:horn
389:Fulk
200:and
165:was
157:The
134:Fulk
80:shoe
70:The
43:The
3920:Oes
3634:Mob
3466:Yáşżm
2384:Hwa
1181:PMC
1171:hdl
1163:doi
1145:",
807:190
791:366
770:229
742:112
711:196
692:266
653:459
489:of
479:" (
455:'s
453:ram
449:tow
391:of
232:or
192:as
175:hoe
86:in
51:'s
3978::
3004:ca
1558:,
1534:,
1498:,
1457:,
1424:,
1391:,
1255:,
1222:,
1208:,
1189:,
1179:,
1169:,
1108:,
1068:,
1044:,
1030:,
1024:,
999:,
985:,
947:83
915:65
903:^
880:36
864:82
850:^
777:^
718:^
699:^
676:^
633:^
612:^
593:38
577:^
519:.
411:'
383:.
348:,
344:,
252:.
216:,
212:,
140:,
136:,
2785:e
2778:t
2771:v
2064:)
2060:(
1831:)
1827:(
1592:e
1585:t
1578:v
1564:.
1547:.
1511:.
1470:.
1437:.
1404:.
1368:.
1336:.
1310:.
1287:.
1268:.
1235:.
1198:.
1173::
1165::
1153:.
1134:.
1121:.
1088:.
1057:.
1022:"
1012:.
965:.
949:.
933:.
917:.
898:.
882:.
866:.
845:.
833:.
821:.
809:.
793:.
772:.
744:.
713:.
694:.
671:.
655:.
628:.
607:.
595:.
459:(
433:r
431:(
286:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
