31:
378:
worked together against the German message traffic. In the interest of security, they themselves corresponded using the supposedly "unbreakable" Enigma cipher. In early 1940, the two centres read some old Enigma messages, and in March they broke some German daily keys, and read some messages "in real
379:
time" (i.e., sometimes as soon as their intended German recipients). During the next few months, the two centres decrypted several thousand Enigma messages, about half at each centre. Some of the messages gave notice of
371:, the British asked that the Polish cryptologists be made available to them in Britain. Langer, however, took the position that they must remain where the Polish army in exile was forming—on French soil.
328:. It was headed by now-Major Bertrand. Its personnel included 15 Poles, 50 Frenchmen, and 7 anti-fascist Spaniards who worked on Spanish and Italian ciphers. The Polish group was led by Lt. Col.
295:
gave French and
British intelligence all their results. Both countries were expanding their decryption efforts in anticipation of war, and this continued after the war started in September 1939.
852:
677:
202:
837:
811:
766:
399:
842:
274:
acquired operation manuals and sample messages for the German Enigma cipher machine. French intelligence officer
Captain
310:, and from there eventually reached France. On 20 October 1939 the Poles resumed work, hosted by French intelligence at
670:
195:
58:
640:
491:
750:
573:
847:
652:
380:
349:
663:
462:
444:
279:
188:
120:
68:
332:
and included the mathematicians who had been breaking Enigma for nearly seven years since
December 1932:
409:
In
September 1940, Bertrand secretly returned them to France. He established a new decryption center at
609:
758:
755:
Enigma: How the German
Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two
496:
479:
467:
321:
175:
93:
83:
73:
48:
817:
644:
589:
337:
648:
474:
299:
78:
627:
360:
271:
807:
762:
414:
353:
772:
698:
618:
384:
284:
275:
598:
584:
503:
341:
333:
98:
636:
603:
368:
259:
249:
105:
38:
831:
799:
789:
288:("Cipher Bureau"), which used it as part of their successful effort to break Enigma.
779:(Enigma: the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945), Paris, Librairie Plon, 1973.
560:
529:
524:
329:
245:
237:
115:
110:
484:
432:
418:
359:
As late as 3–7 December 1939, when Lt. Col. Langer and French Air Force Capt.
241:
88:
352:, who was aware of the use of the Enigma machine by German forces during the
402:; on 24 June he flew the 15 Poles and seven Spaniards in three planes to
30:
410:
403:
307:
508:
364:
225:
221:
692:
541:
423:
325:
233:
229:
157:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
258:
worked in close cooperation with
Britain's decryption center at
387:. However, no effective Allied use was made of these warnings.
820:
Productor: Ismael Gutiérrez and
Playmedia Producciones, RTVE,
385:
the German invasions on
Belgium, the Netherlands, and France
761:, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984,
394:. Just after midnight on 10 June, Bertrand evacuated the
390:
By June 1940, advancing German forces were approaching
777:
Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945
240:, from October 1939 until June 1940. Its function was
796:, 4 volumes, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
300:Poland was overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union
804:Codebreakers: the Inside Story of Bletchley Park
786:, a general account of World War II cryptology.
671:
196:
16:WWII signals–intelligence stations near Paris
8:
794:British Intelligence in the Second World War
443:
320:was located in the Château de Vignolles in
678:
664:
442:
203:
189:
20:
381:the German invasion of Denmark and Norway
433:the German occupation of southern France
720:is an abbreviation for the French term
710:
549:
516:
454:
166:
57:
37:
23:
824:, Documentary, Spain 2019, 61 minutes.
7:
853:Signals intelligence of World War II
421:' of France. This center, codenamed
324:, some 40 kilometres southeast of
232:signals–intelligence station near
14:
806:, Oxford University Press, 1993,
244:of cipher messages, most notably
398:staff from Gretz-Armainvillers.
29:
822:Equipo D: los códigos olvidados
1:
814:: a volume of recollections.
400:France surrendered on 22 June
624:Russian Section cryptologist
579:German Section cryptologists
427:, resumed breaking ciphers.
272:French military intelligence
757:, edited and translated by
568:Chief of Radio Intelligence
248:messages enciphered on the
869:
838:Cryptography organizations
417:coast, in the unoccupied '
278:supplied this material to
24:The Enigma cipher machine
615:Chief of Russian Section
802:and Alan Stripp, eds.,
570:Chief of German Section
302:, the key staff of the
843:Cipher Bureau (Poland)
455:Methods and technology
722:Poste de Commandement
350:Faustino A.V. Camazón
348:– Team D) was led by
759:Christopher Kasparek
641:Stanisław Leśniewski
445:Polish Cipher Bureau
344:. The Spanish team (
322:Gretz-Armainvilliers
270:In the early 1930s,
69:Polish Cipher Bureau
782:Stephen Budiansky,
645:Stefan Mazurkiewicz
451:
374:Bletchley Park and
751:Władysław Kozaczuk
649:Franciszek Pokorny
610:Wiktor Michałowski
574:Maksymilian Ciężki
435:in November 1942.
306:were evacuated to
724:— "Command Post."
688:
687:
653:Wacław Sierpiński
415:Mediterranean Sea
354:Spanish Civil War
291:In July 1939 the
213:
212:
860:
773:Gustave Bertrand
738:
731:
725:
715:
680:
673:
666:
497:Cryptologic bomb
452:
276:Gustave Bertrand
205:
198:
191:
33:
21:
868:
867:
863:
862:
861:
859:
858:
857:
828:
827:
747:
742:
741:
733:Kozaczuk, 1984
732:
728:
716:
712:
707:
684:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:Piotr Smoleński
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
599:Henryk Zygalski
594:
585:Marian Rejewski
576:
572:
569:
567:
563:
559:
504:Zygalski sheets
468:Enigma "double"
447:
441:
431:operated until
361:Henri Braquenié
342:Henryk Zygalski
334:Marian Rejewski
268:
209:
180:
162:
99:Zygalski sheets
59:Breaking Enigma
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
866:
864:
856:
855:
850:
848:Enigma machine
845:
840:
830:
829:
826:
825:
815:
797:
787:
784:Battle of Wits
780:
770:
746:
743:
740:
739:
726:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
696:
686:
685:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
657:
656:
637:Jan Kowalewski
631:
622:
613:
607:
606:
604:Antoni Palluth
601:
595:
593:
592:
587:
581:
577:
564:
555:
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
533:
532:
527:
519:
518:
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
500:
499:
494:
488:
487:
482:
477:
471:
470:
465:
457:
456:
440:
437:
369:Bletchley Park
267:
264:
260:Bletchley Park
250:Enigma machine
211:
210:
208:
207:
200:
193:
185:
182:
181:
179:
178:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
161:
160:
155:
150:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
106:Bletchley Park
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
52:
51:
45:
42:
41:
39:Enigma machine
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
865:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
823:
819:
816:
813:
812:0-19-820327-6
809:
805:
801:
798:
795:
791:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
771:
768:
767:0-89093-547-5
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
748:
744:
737:, pp. 84, 99.
736:
730:
727:
723:
719:
714:
711:
704:
700:
699:Biuro Szyfrów
697:
695:
694:
690:
689:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
661:
659:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
620:
619:Jan Graliński
616:
611:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
591:
590:Jerzy Różycki
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
575:
571:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
450:
449:Biuro Szyfrów
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Jerzy Różycki
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
304:Biuro Szyfrów
301:
296:
294:
293:Biuro Szyfrów
289:
287:
286:
285:Biuro Szyfrów
281:
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
186:
184:
183:
177:
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
159:
156:
154:
151:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
64:
63:
60:
56:
50:
49:Enigma rotors
47:
46:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
19:
821:
803:
800:F.H. Hinsley
793:
790:F.H. Hinsley
783:
776:
754:
734:
729:
721:
717:
713:
691:
632:
623:
614:
578:
566:Deputy Chief
565:
561:Gwido Langer
556:
536:
530:Kabaty Woods
525:Saxon Palace
492:Card catalog
448:
428:
422:
408:
395:
391:
389:
375:
373:
358:
345:
330:Gwido Langer
317:
316:
311:
303:
297:
292:
290:
283:
269:
255:
254:
238:World War II
216:
215:
214:
152:
18:
116:Herivel tip
111:Banburismus
832:Categories
818:J. Laplace
745:References
485:Cyclometer
242:decryption
89:Cyclometer
550:Personnel
517:Locations
419:Free Zone
413:near the
537:PC Bruno
439:See also
392:PC Bruno
376:PC Bruno
363:visited
346:Equipo D
318:PC Bruno
312:PC Bruno
256:PC Bruno
217:PC Bruno
153:PC Bruno
792:, ed.,
404:Algeria
383:and of
308:Romania
266:History
236:during
230:Spanish
167:Related
74:Doubles
810:
765:
735:Enigma
633:Others
509:Lacida
365:London
340:, and
280:Poland
246:German
226:French
222:Polish
220:was a
705:Notes
693:Cadix
557:Chief
542:Cadix
480:Clock
475:Grill
463:"ANX"
429:Cadix
424:Cadix
396:Bruno
326:Paris
298:When
234:Paris
176:Ultra
158:Cadix
146:Hut 8
141:Hut 6
136:Hut 4
131:Hut 3
126:Bombe
94:Bomba
84:Clock
79:Grill
808:ISBN
763:ISBN
718:"PC"
411:Uzès
367:and
121:Crib
356:.
282:'s
252:.
834::
775:,
753:,
406:.
336:,
314:.
262:.
769:.
679:e
672:t
665:v
228:–
224:–
204:e
197:t
190:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
