Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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PMDD to be more easily distinguished from other mood disorders. With PMDD, mood symptoms are present only during the luteal phase, or last two weeks, of the menstrual cycle. While PMDD mood symptoms are of a cyclical nature, other mood disorders are variable or constant over time. Although there is a lack of consensus on the most efficient instrument by which to confirm a PMDD diagnosis, several validated scales for recording premenstrual symptoms include the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE), Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP), and Prospective Record of the Severity of Menstruation (PRISM). In the context of research, standardized numerical cutoffs are often applied to verify the diagnosis. The difficulty of diagnosing PMDD is one reason that it can be challenging for lawyers to cite the disorder as a defense of crime, in the very rare cases where PMDD is allegedly associated with criminal violence.

757:(CBT) has been shown to be effective for reducing premenstrual symptoms in women with (retrospectively-reported) PMS. CBT is an evidence-based approach for treating depression and focuses on the link between mood, thoughts, and actions to help women address current issues and symptoms. When CBT was compared to SSRI alone or in combination with SSRI, groups receiving CBT had significant improvement of PMS symptoms. Through the practice of CBT, women are better able to recognize and modify recurrent issues as well as thought and behavior patterns that interfere with functioning well or that make depressive symptoms worse. However, a recent meta-analysis suggests that existing psychotherapies may be primarily useful for reducing impairment (rather than symptom severity) in PMDD. 315:(after ovulation) and end or are markedly reduced shortly after menstruation begins. On average, the symptoms last six days but can start up to two weeks before menses, meaning symptoms can be felt for up to three weeks out of a cycle. Severe symptoms can begin and worsen until the onset of menstruation, with many not feeling relief until a few days after menstruation ends. The most intense symptoms occurring in the week and days leading up to the first day of menstrual blood flow. The symptoms usually cease shortly after the start of the menstrual period or a few days after it ends. Various symptom and severity tracking questionnaires exist to document presence and severity of symptoms throughout consecutive menstrual cycles. 391:(BDNF), a gene that helps support neurons in their function and survival in the brain by creating a protein that helps in the growth, maturation, and maintenance of these cells, may play a role in causing PMDD symptoms. This is because the result of this polymorphism mimics the hallmarks of PMDD: volatile moods, depression and irritability centered around the menstrual cycle. This gene has been studied extensively in its association with depression and, promisingly for PMDD research, mice homozygous for the BDNF polymorphism exhibited anxiety-like traits that fluctuated and changed around the mice's estrus, analogous to the human's menstruation, therefore mimicking some of the symptoms of PMDD. 426:

patients who retrospectively met the diagnostic criteria for PMDD and found that Major Depressive Disorder, Seasonal affective disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder often co-occur in PMDD. Another systematic review study suggests that patients with bipolar disorder, type I or II, have a higher incidence of PMDD. While the diagnosis of PMDD requires a mental health provider to determine that the symptoms a woman is facing is not due to an underlying mental or physical health condition, it is important to note that other conditions often co-occur and impact the quality of life and treatment plan for people with PMDD.

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violence, physical or emotional trauma, or substance abuse) or seasonal changes (making PMDD potentially comorbid with Seasonal Affective Disorder) having an impact on PMDD risk. But the most common pre-existing disorder found in those diagnosed with PMDD is major depression, wherein they either actually had it or were misdiagnosed when they should have only been diagnosed with PMDD. Finally, an easily modifiable risk factor for PMDD is cigarette smoking. One meta-analysis found dramatically increased risk of developing PMDD in menstruating women who smoke.

777:(progestin) taken on a 24-4 schedule (24 active pills, 4 inactive pills). Hormonal birth control containing drospirenone and low levels of estrogen (ethinylestradiol) helps relieve severe symptoms related to premenstrual dysphoric disorder, for at least the first three months that it is used. It is not clear if this approach is effective for more than three menstrual cycles. The placebo effect has not been ruled out. The idea behind using oral contraceptives is to suppress ovulation, therefore suppressing sex hormone fluctuations. 655:

improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and then become minimal or absent within approximately 1 week following the onset of menses. The temporal relationship of the symptoms and luteal and menstrual phases of the cycle may be confirmed by a prospective symptom diary. The symptoms are severe enough to cause significant distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning and do not represent the exacerbation of a mental disorder.

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such instances, … an unusual vehemence of feeling and expression is observed … or there is torpor and dejection of mind with a despondent disposition". In 1827 a German mother was acquitted of infanticide on the grounds of menstrual mood disorder. Premenstrual tension was also described in the French literature of the early 19th century. Nearly one hundred years later, there were American descriptions of a cyclic personality change appearing 10–14 days before, and ending dramatically at the menses.

884:, a psychologist who had served on the committee for the DSM-IV, noted at the time of the DSM-IV-TR decision that there was evidence that calcium supplements could treat PMDD but the committee gave it no attention. She had also claimed that the diagnostic category is harmful to women with PMDD, leading them to believe they are mentally ill, and potentially leading others to mistrust them in situations as important as job promotions or child custody cases. She has called PMDD a fake disorder. 716:(SSRIs) are the first-line medication. Women taking SSRIs to ease PMDD generally report >50% alleviation in symptoms, which was significant improvement compared to placebo. Two approaches to dosing have been studied: continuous dosing (daily) and luteal dosing (14 days before menstruation and discontinuing at the onset of menses). Both dosing schedules have similar effectiveness with some recent studies demonstrating greater symptom control with continuous dosing. 665:

experts. The group's diagnostic criteria for PMDD focuses on the cyclic nature of the symptoms occurring during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, as well as the symptoms being absent after menstruation and before ovulation and causing significant impairment. The ISPMD diagnostic criteria for PMDD do not specify symptom characteristics or number of symptoms.

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ideation or action is not more likely to occur during the late luteal phase when PMDD symptoms would occur. It is difficult to study whether treatment reduces suicidality because of the multifaceted reasons provided for suicidal ideation. However, treatment has been well documented to reduce physical and emotional symptoms of PMDD.

680:– there is potential for patients to have psychiatric disorders with superimposed PMDD or psychiatric disorders. In order to establish the timeline of symptoms required for a diagnosis of PMDD symptoms need to be tracked using scales like the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences or the Daily Record of Severity of Problems. 722:(SNRIs) have also been studied in the treatment of PMDD and shown efficacy in reducing symptoms. These are an alternative for patients who do not respond to SSRI's. However, they are more likely to be dosed continuously due to SNRI discontinuation syndrome - a flu-like feeling caused by dropping blood levels of SNRI. 371:

hypothesized that women with PMDD are more sensitive to normal levels of hormone fluctuations, predominantly estrogen and progesterone, which produces biochemical events in the nervous system that cause the premenstrual symptoms. These symptoms are more predominant in women who have a predisposition to the disorder.

412:. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is primarily a mood disorder that is associated with onset of menstruation; pregnancy, menopause, and hysterectomies all cause menstruation to cease, thereby stopping the proposed sex steroid-/serotonin-caused symptoms from occurring. Although one might expect a higher rate of 692:—patients with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism may present with affective symptoms. The patient's history is very important to determine whether the provider should suspect thyroid disorders. Patients should also have thyroid hormone levels checked to ensure no underlying thyroid disorder is present. 484:: During most menstrual cycles throughout the past year, at least 5 of the symptoms outlined in Criterion B and Criterion C must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, must start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week post-menses. 303:

hopelessness, difficulty concentrating, appetite changes, sleeping more or less than usual, or feeling out of control. The physical symptoms are similar to the symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). These include breast tenderness or swelling, joint pain, muscle pain, gaining weight, or feeling bloated.

746:. Alprazolam carries a risk of abuse and causes central nervous system depression and results of clinical trials have not shown benefit to treatment. Buspirone showed lower efficacy than SSRI, but may be used as an adjunctive treatment or alternative if SSRI side effects are intolerable to the patient. 399:

Environmental stressors have also been found to prospectively increase risk for PMDD symptoms. Environmental components such as stress, hormonal fluctuation, and epigenetics play a key role in the pathology and onset of the disorder. Some studies have noted evidence of interpersonal trauma (domestic

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reproductive hormones called the hypothalamic, pituitary, gonadal axis. As a result, GnRH therapy presents increased risk of osteopenia (decreased bone density) and cardiovascular disease. This therapy is often reserved for patients considering surgical menopause to test the outcome of the surgery.

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Other organizations that have published diagnostic criteria for PMDD include the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the International Society for the Study of Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD). The ISPMD was a consensus group established by an international multidisciplinary group of

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Previous links to suicidality and PMS have been made, but women with PMDD are more likely still to consider and attempt suicide even when controlling for mental health comorbidities. Despite the increase in suicidal ideation and attempts in this population, the data currently suggests that suicidal

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The lifetime incidence of other psychiatric disorders is high among women with PMDD. An older review article (2002) utilizing the previous edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) used studies from 1966 to 2002 on PMS and mental health disorders and selected for

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Core PMD has six characteristics, all mainly focusing on the cyclical nature of PMDD and its typical onset pre-menses tracked over the course of more than two menstrual cycles. The four classified Variant PMDs involve more unexpected variables that cause the onset of premenstrual distress; such as,

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The exact cause of PMDD is currently unknown. Ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do not differ between individuals with PMDD and the general population. However, because the symptoms are only present during ovulatory cycles and resolve after menstruation, it is believed to be caused

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In the 18th century, there were early accounts of weeping and other symptoms recurring almost every month, and in 1822 Prichard gave this description: "Many women … display a degree of excitement and irritation … at the period of menstruation; these are chiefly females of very irritable habits. In

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Another treatment, typically used when other options have failed, is injection of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) agonist with adjunctive estrogen and progesterone or tibolone. This is a last resort because GnRH antagonists can cause medical menopause by shutting down the body's pathway for

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During a majority of menstrual cycles within the past year, a pattern of mood symptoms (depressed mood, irritability), somatic symptoms (lethargy, joint pain, overeating), or cognitive symptoms (concentration difficulties, forgetfulness) that begin several days before the onset of menses, start to

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According to the DSM-5, a diagnosis of PMDD requires the presence of at least five of these symptoms with one of the symptoms being numbers 1–4. These symptoms should occur during the week before menses and remit after initiation of menses. In order to meet criteria for the diagnosis, the symptoms

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and not a biological condition; she also claimed it unnecessarily pathologized the hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle. Jean Endicott, another psychiatrist and chair of the committee, has argued that it was a valid condition from which women suffer and should be diagnosed and treated, and has

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Diagnostic criteria for PMDD are provided by a number of expert medical guides. Diagnosis can be supported by having women who are seeking treatment for PMDD use a daily charting method to record their symptoms. Daily charting helps to distinguish when mood disturbances are experienced and allows

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among those with PMDD, a large study of women with prospectively-confirmed PMDD did not find a higher prevalence of postpartum depression than in controls. If a woman had experienced PPD beforehand, there was found to be a less-than 12% chance of PMDD pathology emerging—hardly any differentiation

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Whether or not this disorder has a specific genetic basis is still being discussed in the academic community. The possible genetic factors contributing to PMDD also have yet to be thoroughly researched. However, multiple genetic factors that contribute to the moodiness, depression, irritability,

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Clinicians consider mood symptoms, physical symptoms and impact on the patient's life in making the diagnosis of PMDD. Mood symptoms include emotional lability (rapidly changing emotions, sensitivity to rejection, etc.), irritability and anger that may lead to conflict, anxiety, feeling on edge,

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Other proposed treatments include dietary modification, herbal remedies including St John's Wort and chasteberry, acupuncture, and exercise. Some evidence suggests caffeine, sugar and alcohol intake may increase PMS symptoms. A review article claimed significant improvement of PMS symptoms with

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It is apparent that the premenstrual disorders are biologically driven and are not only psychological or cultural phenomena. PMDD has been reported by menstruating women worldwide, indicating a biological basis that is not geographically selective. Most psychologists infer that this disorder is

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A critical part of diagnosing PMDD is ruling out underlying psychiatric disorder or physical illness that can cause similar symptoms. That exhibits premenstrual exacerbation, the menopausal transition, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, as well as other mood disorders. Furthermore, many medical

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While the timing of symptoms suggests hormonal fluctuations as the cause of PMDD, a demonstrable hormonal imbalance in women with PMDD has not been identified. In fact, levels of reproductive hormones and their metabolites in women with and without PMDD are indistinguishable. It is instead

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led to debate about whether to keep the category at all, only keep it in the appendix, or remove it entirely; the reviewers determined that the condition was still too poorly studied and defined, so it was kept in the appendix but elaborated with diagnostic criteria to aid further study.

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PMDD mood symptoms are only present in menstruating women. Thus, symptoms do not occur during pregnancy, after menopause, or in women who have anovulatory cycles. Other mood disorders typically persist across all reproductive life events and are independent of a woman's menstrual cycle.

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The symptoms observed in Criteria A-C are associated with clinically significant distress or interference with work, school, usual social activities, or relationships with others (e.g., avoidance of social activities; decreased productivity and efficiency at work, school, or home).

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caused by both a reaction to hormone flux and also genetic components. There is evidence of heritability of (retrospectively-reported) premenstrual symptoms from several twin and family studies done in the 1990s, with the heritability of PMDD proving to be about 56%.

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Because of the broad variety in clinical presentation, the onset of symptoms only during or around the luteal phase is key for diagnosing someone with PMDD rather than any other mood disorders. PMDD follows a predictable, cyclic pattern. Symptoms begin in the late

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should be charted prospectively for two consecutive ovulation cycles in order to confirm a temporal and cyclical nature of the symptoms. The symptoms should also be severe enough to affect normal work, school, social activities, and/or relationships with others.

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Oral contraceptives have been effective in reducing PMS symptoms, but only certain formulations have proven to be modestly effective in the treatment of PMDD. Transdermal estrogen and intrauterine devices containing levonorgestrel have also had modest efficacy.

294:, whether in combination with SSRIs or alone, has shown to be effective in reducing impairment. Dietary modifications and exercise may also be helpful, but studies investigating these treatments have not demonstrated efficacy in reducing PMDD symptoms. 4274: 4259: 641: 789:

In a minority of patient who meet specific criteria and drug-based treatments are ineffective or produce significant side effects, hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy followed by estrogen replacement therapy is an option Typically, the

632:, where it has been critiqued by multiple scholars as being too vague, and potentially detrimental for those who have symptoms of depression, anxiety, or other mood disorders because they do not meet the clinical significance requirement. 456:

which established seven criteria (A through G) for the diagnosis of PMDD which is paraphrased below. There is overlap between the criteria for PMDD in the DSM-5 and the criteria found in the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP).

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herbal treatments and acupuncture but the studies selected for review did not stratify severity of symptoms. Finally, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends regular aerobic exercise to reduce PMS symptoms.

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It concluded that women have historically been under-treated and told that they were making their symptoms up, and that the formal diagnostic criteria would spur more funding, research, diagnosis and treatment for women with PMDD.

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in 1995. Other studies have been conducted as well, wherein all found that approximately 60% of women with PMDD in the trials improved with the drug; representatives from Lilly & Co. and the FDA participated in the discussion.

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in 2013. It has 11 main symptoms, and a woman has to exhibit at least five to be diagnosed with PMDD. Roughly 20% of females have some symptoms of PMDD, but either have less than five or do not have functional impairment.

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The rapid onset of anxiolytic and anti-dysphoric effects of SSRIs and SNRIs in PMDD contrast with their delayed efficacy in major depressive disorder (MDD). Some SSRI and SNRIs have been demonstrated to induce inhibitory

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The current consensus on the cause of PMDD is a combination of heightened sensitivity to fluctuating levels of certain hormones (i.e. the reproductive hormones), environmental stress, and genetic predisposition. The sex

686:– affective symptoms associated with the menopausal transition most commonly start when menstrual cycle starts to become irregular or anovulatory whereas PMDD symptoms occur during the luteal phase of ovulatory cycles. 225:

and menstruation), improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and are minimal or absent in the week after menses. PMDD has a profound impact on a woman’s quality of life and dramatically increases the risk of

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or may be facing difficult circumstances—such domestic abuse—and therefore may have their true issues remain undiagnosed and mismanaged if their gynecologist diagnoses them with PMDD and gives them drugs to treat it.

802:. There are five guidelines that should be considered before undergoing a surgical treatment. The vast majority of women with PMDD will not require surgical treatment to experience resolution of symptoms. 464:

The symptoms of Criteria A-C must have been met for most menstrual cycles that occurred in the preceding year, and have to have cause significant impairment in family, work, school, or social functioning.

282:(SSRIs), which can be administered continuously throughout the menstrual cycle or intermittently, with treatment only during the symptomatic phase (approximately 14 days per cycle). Hormonal therapy with 417:

from the regular population of those who have never experienced postpartum depression. However, PMDD symptoms can get worse following pregnancy, or other associated events such as birth and miscarriage.

844:(1987), in which the proposed condition was named "Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder" and was included in the appendix as a proposed diagnostic category needing further study. Preparations for the 730:, with a select few observed to do so at doses inactive on serotonin reuptake. It has been proposed that this effect may underlie the accelerated efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs in PMDD relative to MDD. 3075:

Eriksson E, Endicott J, Andersch B, Angst J, Demyttenaere K, Facchinetti F, et al. (2002). "New perspectives on the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder".

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McEvoy K, Osborne LM, Nanavati J, Payne JL (October 2017). "Reproductive Affective Disorders: a Review of the Genetic Evidence for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Postpartum Depression".

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Kleinstäuber M, Witthöft M, Hiller W (September 2012). "Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological interventions for premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a meta-analysis".

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Steiner M, Pearlstein T, Cohen LS, Endicott J, Kornstein SG, Roberts C, et al. (2006). "Expert guidelines for the treatment of severe PMS, PMDD, and comorbidities: the role of SSRIs".

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Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Corey LA, Neale MC (September 1998). "Longitudinal population-based twin study of retrospectively reported premenstrual symptoms and lifetime major depression".

880:

The decision has been criticized as being driven by Lilly's financial interests, and possibly by financial interests of members of the committee who had received funding from Lilly.

853: 845: 841: 629: 270: 3493:"An overview of four studies of a continuous oral contraceptive (levonorgestrel 90 mcg/ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg) on premenstrual dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome" 2492:

Cirillo, Patricia Carvalho; Passos, Roberta Benitez Freitas; Bevilaqua, Mario Cesar do Nascimento; López, Jose Ramón Rodriguez Arras; Nardi, Antônio Egidio (December 2012).

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PMD with absent menstruation or premenstrual exacerbation, wherein the symptoms of another preexisting psychological disorder may be heightened as a result of PMDD onset.

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Criterion A should be confirmed by prospective daily ratings during at least two symptomatic cycles. The diagnosis may be made provisionally prior to this confirmation.

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Various strong stances were taken in said discussion. Sally Severino, a psychiatrist, argued that because symptoms were more prevalent in the United States, PMDD was a

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claimed that if the symptoms were felt by males, far more effort and research would have been done by that moment. In the end the committee kept PMDD in the appendix.

719: 1831:"The steroid metabolome in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder during GnRH agonist-induced ovarian suppression: effects of estradiol and progesterone addback" 1686:

Eisenlohr-Moul, Tory A.; Girdler, Susan S.; Schmalenberger, Katja M.; Dawson, Danyelle N.; Surana, Pallavi; Johnson, Jacqueline L.; Rubinow, David R. (2017-01-01).

4508: 2872:"The impact of DSM-IV symptom and clinical significance criteria on the prevalence estimates of subthreshold and threshold anxiety in the older adult population" 384:

increased appetite, trouble sleeping, acne, fluid retention, headaches, nausea, and other symptoms associated with this disorder have recently been identified.

79:, anger insomnia/hypersomnia, breast tenderness, decreased interest in usual social activities, reduced interest in sexual activity, difficulty in concentration 1204:"The ESC/E(Z) complex, an effector of response to ovarian steroids, manifests an intrinsic difference in cells from women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder" 3491:

Freeman, Ellen W.; Halbreich, Uriel; Grubb, Gary S.; Rapkin, Andrea J.; Skouby, Sven O.; Smith, Lynne; Mirkin, Sebastian; Constantine, Ginger D. (May 2012).

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GnRH agonist therapy must be the only medical therapy that has been effective and it must have been effective continuously for a minimum of six months

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The International Society for the Study of Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD) defines two categories of premenstrual disorders: core PMD and variant PMD.

2827:

Spitzer RL, Wakefield JC (December 1999). "DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for clinical significance: does it help solve the false positives problem?".

713: 279: 3391:"Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake" 3716:"Effects and treatment methods of acupuncture and herbal medicine for premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disorder: systematic review" 2016:

Wilson CA, Turner CW, Keye WR (March 1991). "Firstborn adolescent daughters and mothers with and without premenstrual syndrome: a comparison".

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Another FDA approved treatment for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder who have impairments with function is an oral contraceptive with

525:

One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present additionally, to reach a total of 5 symptoms when combined with present symptoms from

4112: 3549: 3215:"Intermittent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials" 3059: 1743:

Douma SL, Husband C, O'Donnell ME, Barwin BN, Woodend AK (October 2005). "Estrogen-related mood disorders: reproductive life cycle factors".

4486: 4476: 4147:

Hartlage SA, Breaux CA, Yonkers KA (January 2014). "Addressing concerns about the inclusion of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in DSM-5".

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causing significant distress or functional impairment. Within this population of reproductive age, some will meet the criteria for PMDD.

4632: 2803: 261:, as well as their chemical derivatives. The researchers believe that this increased sensitivity may be responsible for PMDD symptoms. 3622:

Johnson SR (October 2004). "Premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and beyond: a clinical primer for practitioners".

2956:"Towards a consensus on diagnostic criteria, measurement and trial design of the premenstrual disorders: the ISPMD Montreal consensus" 2709:"Toward the Reliable Diagnosis of DSM-5 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS)" 1688:"Toward the Reliable Diagnosis of DSM-5 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS)" 1256:"The bidirectional association between premenstrual disorders and perinatal depression: A nationwide register-based study from Sweden" 3989: 4019: 3961: 388: 234:. Many women of reproductive age experience discomfort or mild mood changes prior to menstruation. However, 5–8% experience severe 4812: 865: 996:"Suicidal Risk in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 4642: 4037:"Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. Canadian Fluoxetine/Premenstrual Dysphoria Collaborative Study Group" 901: 994:

Prasad, Divya; Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, Bianca; Kidd, Katrina N.; de Azevedo Cardoso, Taiane; Frey, Benicio N. (December 2021).

4356: 250: 551:

Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of "bloating", or weight gain.

4676: 4627: 2647:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a meta-analysis" 754: 291: 181: 2759:

Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W (January 2006). "Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP): reliability and validity".

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disorders are worsened prior to ordering menses, but these typically do not present strictly during the luteal phase.

660:

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the International Society for the Study of Premenstrual Disorders

584:

The disturbance is not merely an exacerbation of the symptoms of another disorder, such as major depressive disorder,

253:

discovered that women with PMDD have genetic changes that make their emotional regulatory pathways more sensitive to

4201: 3213:

Reilly, Thomas J; Wallman, Phoebe; Clark, Ivana; Knox, Clare-Louise; Craig, Michael C; Taylor, David (March 2023).

1305:

Steiner M, Macdougall M, Brown E (August 2003). "The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians".

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in 2008. In the end it was moved out of the appendix and into the main text as a formal category. A review in the

4571: 4481: 889: 137: 2494:"Bipolar disorder and Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder comorbidity: a systematic review" 1786:

Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ (July 2006). "Gonadal steroid regulation of mood: the lessons of premenstrual syndrome".

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characterized by emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. PMDD causes significant distress or impairment in

4786: 4766: 4728: 4349: 4289: 2939: 2707:

Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Girdler SS, Schmalenberger KM, Dawson DN, Surana P, Johnson JL, Rubinow DR (January 2017).

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Reid RL, Soares CN (February 2018). "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Contemporary Diagnosis and Management".

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as a potential treatment for the condition that was then conducted by Canadian academics and published in the

2922: 2135:

Gollenberg AL, Hediger ML, Mumford SL, Whitcomb BW, Hovey KM, Wactawski-Wende J, Schisterman EF (May 2010).

3438:"A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Options for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder" 1254:

Yang Q, Bränn E, Bertone-Johnson ER, Sjölander A, Fang F, Oberg AS, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Lu D (March 2024).

4556: 4513: 4445: 3005:"Measurement properties of the calendar of premenstrual experience in patients with premenstrual syndrome" 2300:

Reid RL (June 2012). "When should surgical treatment be considered for premenstrual dysphoric disorder?".

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Shah, Nirav R.; Jones, J. B.; Aperi, Jaclyn; Shemtov, Rachel; Karne, Anita; Borenstein, Jeff (May 2008).

2364:"History of postpartum depression in a clinic-based sample of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder" 4756: 4741: 4718: 4650: 4500: 3113:

Rapkin AJ, Winer SA (February 2008). "The pharmacologic management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder".

857: 413: 331: 265: 235: 133: 3884:

Hitzig JE (1827). "Mord in einem durch Eintreten des Monatsflusses herbeigeführten unfreien Zustande".

2954:

O'Brien PM, Bäckström T, Brown C, Dennerstein L, Endicott J, Epperson CN, et al. (February 2011).

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Several medications have been shown to effectively reduce the physical and emotional symptoms of PMDD.

1829:

Nguyen TV, Reuter JM, Gaikwad NW, Rotroff DM, Kucera HR, Motsinger-Reif A, et al. (August 2017).

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while there has been financial conflict of interest, it has not made the available research unusable.

727: 2543:"Suicidality in patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder-A systematic review and meta-analysis" 4691: 4660: 4622: 4471: 4278: 2437:

Kim, D. R.; Gyulai, L.; Freeman, E. W.; Morrison, M. F.; Baldassano, C.; Dubé, B. (February 2004).

504: 4120: 4523: 4093: 3539: 3473: 3156:

Marjoribanks, Jane; Brown, Julie; O'Brien, Patrick Michael Shaughn; Wyatt, Katrina (2013-06-07).

3138: 3092: 2852: 2784: 2474: 2325: 2076: 1998: 1955: 1811: 1768: 1659:

Biggs WS, Demuth RH (October 2011). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder".

1493: 1400: 1330: 1181: 799: 738:

Two medications typically given to reduce acute anxiety have been studied in treatment for PMDD:

283: 173: 58: 4011: 3953: 3324:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes" 1418:

Lopez, Laureen M.; Kaptein, Ad A.; Helmerhorst, Frans M. (2009-04-15). Lopez, Laureen M (ed.).

4318: 4224: 4164: 4058: 4015: 3957: 3851: 3802: 3794: 3755: 3737: 3696: 3678: 3639: 3604: 3586: 3545: 3520: 3512: 3465: 3457: 3418: 3410: 3371: 3353: 3304: 3286: 3252: 3234: 3195: 3177: 3130: 3055: 3024: 3016: 2985: 2901: 2844: 2776: 2738: 2684: 2666: 2627: 2609: 2570: 2562: 2523: 2515: 2466: 2458: 2393: 2317: 2277: 2259: 2218: 2166: 2117: 2068: 2033: 1990: 1947: 1912: 1860: 1803: 1760: 1725: 1707: 1668: 1641: 1583: 1541: 1485: 1443: 1435: 1392: 1322: 1287: 1233: 1173: 1129: 1121: 1090: 1072: 1033: 1015: 367:—the regions most known for their involvement in regulating one's mood and cognition overall. 360: 227: 118: 113:

Family history, history of violence/trauma, smoking, presence of other mental health disorders

64: 46: 2187:

Epperson CN, Steiner M, Hartlage SA, Eriksson E, Schmidt PJ, Jones I, Yonkers KA (May 2012).

934:

no equivalent hormone-driven disorder has been discovered in men despite research seeking it;

4771: 4751: 4711: 4681: 4617: 4561: 4391: 4156: 4085: 4048: 4007: 3949: 3927: 3841: 3833: 3786: 3745: 3727: 3686: 3670: 3631: 3594: 3578: 3504: 3449: 3402: 3361: 3343: 3294: 3242: 3226: 3185: 3169: 3122: 3084: 3047: 2975: 2967: 2891: 2883: 2836: 2768: 2728: 2720: 2674: 2658: 2617: 2601: 2554: 2505: 2450: 2383: 2375: 2309: 2267: 2249: 2208: 2200: 2156: 2148: 2107: 2060: 2025: 1982: 1939: 1902: 1894: 1850: 1842: 1795: 1752: 1715: 1699: 1631: 1623: 1575: 1533: 1477: 1427: 1382: 1314: 1277: 1267: 1223: 1215: 1202:

Dubey N, Hoffman JF, Schuebel K, Yuan Q, Martinez PE, Nieman LK, et al. (August 2017).

1163: 1080: 1064: 1023: 1007: 770: 141: 2870:

Grenier S, Préville M, Boyer R, O'Connor K, Béland SG, Potvin O, et al. (April 2011).

2590:"Suicidality in women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: a systematic literature review" 888:

has expressed concern that women with PMDD may actually have a more serious condition like

507:(e.g., mood swings, feeling suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection) 355:—are neuroactive; they have been noted in rat models to be involved in serotonin pathways. 4761: 4746: 4596: 4581: 4541: 4372: 4193: 3981: 622: 618: 312: 231: 218: 4329: 4035:

Steiner M, Steinberg S, Stewart D, Carter D, Berger C, Reid R, et al. (June 1995).

3599: 3566: 3508: 3339: 3247: 3214: 2096:"Work stress, premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder: are there any associations?" 1282: 1255: 4781: 4591: 4586: 3846: 3821: 3750: 3715: 3691: 3658: 3635: 3299: 3274: 3190: 3157: 2980: 2955: 2896: 2871: 2733: 2708: 2679: 2646: 2622: 2589: 2388: 2363: 2272: 2237: 2213: 2188: 2161: 2136: 2112: 2095: 1907: 1882: 1855: 1830: 1720: 1687: 1636: 1611: 1228: 1203: 1085: 1052: 1028: 995: 795: 739: 640:

Diagnostic criteria for PMDD are also provided by the 2016 World Health Organization's

585: 1627: 1068: 4806: 4706: 4701: 4686: 4601: 4551: 4455: 4097: 3931: 3657:

Cunningham, Joanne; Yonkers, Kimberly Ann; O'Brien, Shaughn; Eriksson, Elias (2009).

3366: 3323: 2029: 1756: 982:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 625.4. 885: 617:

The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g.,

206: 152: 4283: 3477: 3142: 3096: 2856: 2788: 2329: 2080: 2002: 1497: 1404: 1334: 1185: 908:

the PMDD label will harm women economically, politically, legally, and domestically;

904:

published in 2014 examined the arguments against inclusion, which it summarized as:

359:

is involved in mood regulation alongside estrogen, whose receptors are found in the

4576: 4546: 4401: 4386: 3582: 3173: 2724: 2478: 2204: 1959: 1815: 1772: 1703: 1431: 896:

The validity of PMDD was once more heavily debated when it came time to create the

881: 791: 774: 592:), or a personality disorder—although it may co-occur with any of these disorders. 352: 308: 287: 258: 214: 210: 169: 1168: 1151: 937:

the research base has matured and many more reputable studies have been performed;

4294: 3453: 2887: 2662: 1272: 4566: 4536: 4313: 4053: 4036: 1799: 364: 243: 177: 108: 3905:

De la Menstruation considerée dans ses Rapports Physiologiques et Pathologiques

3328:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2605: 1537: 4791: 4531: 4268: 4183: 3837: 3674: 3406: 3230: 3051: 2971: 2772: 2558: 2510: 2493: 2454: 2254: 2064: 1898: 1481: 1318: 861: 533:

Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies).

160: 51: 4212: 3798: 3741: 3682: 3590: 3516: 3461: 3414: 3357: 3348: 3290: 3238: 3181: 3126: 3020: 2670: 2613: 2566: 2519: 2462: 2263: 2137:"Perceived stress and severity of perimenstrual symptoms: the BioCycle Study" 1711: 1439: 1125: 1076: 1051:

Yonkers, Kimberly Ann; O'Brien, P. M. Shaughn; Eriksson, Elias (2008-04-05).

1019: 513:

Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts

4736: 4422: 4396: 4324: 3732: 3390: 2840: 743: 589: 409: 356: 222: 4228: 4168: 3855: 3806: 3774: 3759: 3700: 3643: 3608: 3524: 3492: 3469: 3437: 3422: 3375: 3308: 3256: 3199: 3134: 3028: 3004: 2989: 2905: 2848: 2780: 2742: 2688: 2631: 2574: 2542: 2527: 2470: 2438: 2397: 2321: 2313: 2281: 2222: 2170: 2121: 2072: 1943: 1916: 1864: 1807: 1764: 1729: 1672: 1645: 1587: 1579: 1545: 1489: 1447: 1419: 1396: 1326: 1291: 1237: 1177: 1133: 1109: 1094: 1037: 268:

after pregnancy. PMDD was added to the list of depressive disorders in the

4160: 4089: 4062: 3946:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition Revised

3790: 3088: 2152: 2037: 1994: 1986: 1951: 1011: 4417: 3275:"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and treatment update" 2379: 348: 254: 4251: 2588:

Osborn, E.; Brooks, J.; O'Brien, P. M. S.; Wittkowski, A. (April 2021).

2238:"Association Between Smoking and Premenstrual Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis" 2189:"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5" 1846: 1219: 3567:"Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome" 1420:"Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome" 264:

Studies have found that those with PMDD are more at risk of developing

76: 72: 68: 1387: 1370: 1152:"Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Therapeutic Challenges" 621:, a medication, other treatments) or another medical condition (e.g., 4776: 4696: 4450: 4263: 4205: 3659:"Update on research and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder" 516:

Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge

408:

Women with PMDD usually see their symptoms disappear while they are

17: 3389:

Pinna, Graziano; Costa, Erminio; Guidotti, Alessandro (June 2006).

3158:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome" 1973:

Condon JT (April 1993). "The premenstrual syndrome: a twin study".

923:

PMDD was fabricated by pharmaceutical companies for financial gain.

4341: 4004:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition

3886:

Zeitschrift für Criminal-rechts-pflege in den Preussischen Staaten

3775:"Exercise and premenstrual symptomatology: a comprehensive review" 897: 453: 330:

About 5-8% of women who are of reproductive age experience severe

628:

Clinically significant distress is not defined explicitly by the

542:

Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific food cravings.

510:

Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts

387:

Many studies have noted that a polymorphism of the brain-derived

2923:"Premenstrual Syndrome, Management (Green-top Guideline No. 48)" 920:

PMDD is due to situational, rather than biological, factors; and

794:

during the same surgery, and the women is prescribed a low-dose

290:

have demonstrated efficiency in reducing PMDD symptoms as well.

165: 4345: 2412: 2362:

Kepple AL, Lee EE, Haq N, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ (April 2016).

2439:"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity" 2804:"The overlooked condition that can trigger extreme behaviour" 1883:"Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Epidemiology and Treatment" 911:

there is no equivalent hormone-based medical label for males;

4213:"Diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder" 3042:

Agyemang AA (2018). Kreutzer JS, DeLuca J, Caplan B (eds.).

2498:

Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)

1110:"Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder" 2094:

Namavar Jahromi B, Pakmehr S, Hagh-Shenas H (March 2011).

3822:"The monthly malady: a history of premenstrual suffering" 3544:. Philadelphia, PA, USA: F.A. Davis Company. p. 32. 812:

Tolerance of estrogen replacement therapy has been tested

499:

One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present:

3714:

Jang, Su Hee; Kim, Dong Il; Choi, Min-Sun (2014-01-10).

4076:

Caplan PJ (2004). "The Debate About PMDD and Sarafem".

940:

several cases of PMDD have been reported or identified;

818:

The woman's age warrants several more years of therapy

539:

Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy.

3436:

Maharaj, Shalini; Trevino, Kenneth (September 2015).

980:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

271:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

4241: 4236:

International Association for Premenstrual Disorders

4235: 3003:

Feuerstein, Michael; Shaw, William S. (April 2002).

2541:

Yan, Haohao; Ding, Yudan; Guo, Wenbin (2021-12-01).

943:

a small minority of women do have the condition; and

334:; most of these people also meet criteria for PMDD. 4727: 4669: 4641: 4610: 4522: 4499: 4464: 4438: 4431: 4410: 4379: 4304: 4245: 3322:Griffin, Lisa D.; Mellon, Synthia H. (1999-11-09). 927:Each argument was addressed and researchers found: 188: 159: 147: 127: 117: 107: 99: 91: 83: 57: 45: 37: 32: 1470:Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 221:. The symptoms occur in the luteal phase (between 2927:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 1610:Yonkers KA, O'Brien PM, Eriksson E (April 2008). 103:Likely neuro-sensitivity to reproductive hormones 1108:Hofmeister, Sabrina; Bodden, Seth (2016-08-01). 2940:ICD-11: GA34.41 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 646: 548:A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control. 4509:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive 3918:Israel SL (May 1938). "Premenstrual tension". 3873:. Vol. 1. London: Underwood. p. 195. 1371:"Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder" 852:As preparations were underway in 1998 for the 246:or variations in sensitivity to sex hormones. 4357: 3273:Pearlstein, Teri; Steiner, Meir (July 2008). 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 840:The diagnostic category was discussed in the 8: 3871:A Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System 2876:The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1526:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 720:Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 573:Consideration of Other Psychiatric Disorders 3920:Journal of the American Medical Association 3571:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3162:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1424:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 87:Can occur anytime during reproductive years 4435: 4364: 4350: 4342: 4242: 4113:"A Clash of Science and Politics Over PMS" 4012:10.1176/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr 4006:. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. 3954:10.1176/appi.books.9780890420188.dsm-iii-r 3948:. American Psychiatric Association. 1987. 3720:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 815:The woman does not desire further children 29: 4052: 3975: 3973: 3845: 3749: 3731: 3690: 3598: 3365: 3347: 3298: 3246: 3189: 2979: 2895: 2732: 2678: 2621: 2509: 2387: 2271: 2253: 2212: 2160: 2111: 1906: 1854: 1719: 1635: 1386: 1364: 1281: 1271: 1227: 1167: 1084: 1027: 3279:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 3044:Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology 1981:(4). Cambridge University Press: 481–6. 1881:Hantsoo L, Epperson CN (November 2015). 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 648:GA34.41 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 642:International Classification of Diseases 3565:Ma, Siyan; Song, Sae Jin (2023-06-23). 960: 806:The diagnosis of PMDD must be confirmed 714:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 536:Subjective difficulty in concentration. 404:Relationship to pregnancy and menopause 280:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 4142: 4140: 4138: 3268: 3266: 2949: 2947: 2754: 2752: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2236:Choi, So Hee; Hamidovic, Ajna (2020). 2182: 2180: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1156:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 278:First line treatment for PMDD is with 4211:Bhatia SC, Bhatia SK (October 2002). 3108: 3106: 2917: 2915: 2295: 2293: 2291: 1876: 1874: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1369:Rapkin AJ, Lewis EI (November 2013). 1197: 1195: 823:Adjunctive and alternative treatments 7: 3009:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2100:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 1249: 1247: 1145: 1143: 192:Up to about 8% of menstruating women 41:Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder 4041:The New England Journal of Medicine 3509:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.09.010 860:paid for a large clinical trial of 798:to reduce the symptoms produced by 4149:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 3636:10.1097/01.AOG.0000140686.66212.1e 2829:The American Journal of Psychiatry 2713:The American Journal of Psychiatry 2368:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2193:The American Journal of Psychiatry 1932:The American Journal of Psychiatry 1692:The American Journal of Psychiatry 917:PMDD is a culture-bound condition; 588:, persistent depressive disorder ( 25: 3115:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3077:Archives of Women's Mental Health 2960:Archives of Women's Mental Health 2761:Archives of Women's Mental Health 2594:Archives of Women's Mental Health 2443:Archives of Women's Mental Health 1975:The British Journal of Psychiatry 1307:Archives of Women's Mental Health 4186: 3992:from the original on 2018-06-17. 3932:10.1001/jama.1938.02790210001001 3779:Journal of Women's Health (2002) 2018:The Journal of Adolescent Health 1757:10.1097/00012272-200510000-00008 1000:Journal of Women's Health (2002) 123:Based on symptoms & criteria 4656:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 4202:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 3907:. Paris: Baillière. p. 37. 3442:Journal of Psychiatric Practice 3046:. Switzerland: Springer, Cham. 1788:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 914:the research on PMDD is faulty; 866:New England Journal of Medicine 856:, the conversation changed, as 199:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 33:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 3980:Spartos C (December 5, 2000). 3583:10.1002/14651858.CD006586.pub5 3174:10.1002/14651858.CD001396.pub3 2725:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15121510 2547:Journal of Affective Disorders 2205:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081302 1704:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15121510 1432:10.1002/14651858.CD006586.pub3 902:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1: 3903:Brière de Boisment A (1842). 3219:Journal of Psychopharmacology 1628:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9 1169:10.1586/17512433.2016.1142371 1069:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9 251:National Institutes of Health 4677:Menstrual hygiene management 4628:Premenstrual water retention 4602:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 4567:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 3663:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 3454:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000099 2888:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ff416c 2663:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31816fd73b 2030:10.1016/0197-0070(91)90455-U 1273:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004363 800:surgically induced menopause 755:Cognitive behavioral therapy 597:Confirmation of the Disorder 292:Cognitive behavioral therapy 249:In 2017, researchers at the 182:cognitive behavioral therapy 155:, lifestyle change, surgery 4111:Chen I (18 December 2008). 4054:10.1056/NEJM199506083322301 3773:Daley, Amanda (June 2009). 3541:Maternal-Child Nursing Care 2411:Liisa H (14 January 2019). 1800:10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.02.003 1745:Advances in Nursing Science 1150:Pearlstein T (April 2016). 421:Mental health comorbidities 242:by fluctuations in gonadal 67:, irritability, agitation, 4829: 2606:10.1007/s00737-020-01054-8 2053:Current Psychiatry Reports 1887:Current Psychiatry Reports 1538:10.1016/j.jogc.2017.05.018 4572:Metropathia haemorrhagica 4482:Billings Ovulation Method 4217:American Family Physician 3838:10.1017/S0025727300066722 3675:10.1080/10673220902891836 3407:10.1007/s00213-005-0213-2 3231:10.1177/02698811221099645 3052:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9 2972:10.1007/s00737-010-0201-3 2773:10.1007/s00737-005-0103-y 2651:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2559:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.082 2511:10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.010 2455:10.1007/s00737-003-0027-3 2255:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575526 2141:Journal of Women's Health 2065:10.1007/s11920-017-0852-0 1899:10.1007/s11920-015-0628-3 1661:American Family Physician 1568:Journal of Women's Health 1482:10.1007/s10880-012-9299-y 1319:10.1007/s00737-003-0018-4 1114:American Family Physician 890:major depressive disorder 95:6 days – 3 weeks of cycle 4787:Sustainable menstruation 4767:Menstruation celebration 3820:Stolberg M (July 2000). 3349:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13512 3127:10.1517/14656566.9.3.429 1835:Translational Psychiatry 709:Antidepressant treatment 545:Hypersomnia or insomnia. 389:neurotrophic factor gene 4729:In culture and religion 3733:10.1186/1472-6882-14-11 2841:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1856 2302:Menopause International 2242:Frontiers in Psychiatry 1612:"Premenstrual syndrome" 1053:"Premenstrual syndrome" 4813:Gynaecologic disorders 4557:Irregular menstruation 4514:Lactational amenorrhea 4477:Calendar-based methods 4446:Basal body temperature 2314:10.1258/mi.2012.012009 1944:10.1176/ajp.155.9.1234 1580:10.1089/jwh.2006.15.57 874:culture-bound syndrome 728:neurosteroid synthesis 669:Differential diagnosis 657: 129:Differential diagnosis 71:, change in appetite, 4757:Menstrual suppression 4719:Menstrual Hygiene Day 4651:Premenstrual syndrome 4161:10.4088/JCP.13cs08368 4090:10.1300/J015v27n03_05 3791:10.1089/jwh.2008.1098 3089:10.1007/s007370200009 2153:10.1089/jwh.2009.1717 1987:10.1192/bjp.162.4.481 1012:10.1089/jwh.2021.0185 858:Eli Lilly and Company 684:Menopausal transition 414:postpartum depression 332:premenstrual syndrome 266:postpartum depression 236:premenstrual syndrome 134:Premenstrual syndrome 3869:Prichard JC (1822). 2380:10.4088/JCP.15m09779 1208:Molecular Psychiatry 931:No evidence of harm; 63:Severe mood swings, 4692:Cloth menstrual pad 4661:Menstrual psychosis 4623:Menstrual synchrony 4472:Fertility awareness 4078:Women & Therapy 3340:1999PNAS...9613512G 3334:(23): 13512–13517. 1847:10.1038/tp.2017.146 1220:10.1038/mp.2016.229 1063:(9619): 1200–1210. 984:Code: 625.4 (N94.3) 284:oral contraceptives 174:oral contraceptives 4305:External resources 4117:The New York Times 3395:Psychopharmacology 785:Surgical menopause 761:Hormonal treatment 505:affective lability 298:Signs and symptoms 4800: 4799: 4495: 4494: 4380:Events and phases 4339: 4338: 3551:978-0-8036-3665-1 3061:978-3-319-57111-9 1622:(9619): 1200–10. 1388:10.2217/whe.13.62 1006:(12): 1693–1707. 792:uterus is removed 690:Thyroid disorders 361:prefrontal cortex 228:suicidal ideation 213:women during the 196: 195: 119:Diagnostic method 27:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4820: 4772:Menstruation hut 4752:Menstrual stigma 4712:Period underwear 4682:Feminine hygiene 4618:Folliculogenesis 4562:Menometrorrhagia 4436: 4392:Follicular phase 4366: 4359: 4352: 4343: 4243: 4232: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4173: 4172: 4144: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4119:. Archived from 4108: 4102: 4101: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3982:"Sarafem Nation" 3977: 3968: 3967: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3735: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3602: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3369: 3351: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3250: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2951: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2929:. December 2016. 2919: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2704: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2657:(5): 1175–1182. 2642: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2513: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2391: 2359: 2334: 2333: 2297: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2257: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2164: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1858: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1723: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1639: 1607: 1592: 1591: 1563: 1550: 1549: 1521: 1502: 1501: 1465: 1452: 1451: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1390: 1366: 1339: 1338: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1285: 1275: 1251: 1242: 1241: 1231: 1214:(8): 1172–1184. 1199: 1190: 1189: 1171: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1031: 991: 985: 983: 976: 771:ethinylestradiol 232:suicide attempts 142:anxiety disorder 30: 21: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4762:Menstrual taboo 4747:Menstrual leave 4723: 4665: 4637: 4633:Sexual activity 4606: 4597:Polymenorrhagia 4582:Oligoamenorrhea 4542:Cryptomenorrhea 4518: 4491: 4487:Creighton Model 4460: 4427: 4406: 4375: 4373:Menstrual cycle 4370: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4300: 4299: 4254: 4210: 4194:Medicine portal 4192: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4146: 4145: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4047:(23): 1529–34. 4034: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3826:Medical History 3819: 3818: 3814: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3577:(6): CD006586. 3564: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3538:Ward S (2016). 3537: 3536: 3532: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3168:(6): CD001396. 3155: 3154: 3150: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2835:(12): 1856–64. 2826: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2413:"What is PMDD?" 2410: 2409: 2405: 2361: 2360: 2337: 2299: 2298: 2289: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1609: 1608: 1595: 1565: 1564: 1553: 1523: 1522: 1505: 1467: 1466: 1455: 1426:(2): CD006586. 1417: 1416: 1412: 1368: 1367: 1342: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1266:(3): e1004363. 1253: 1252: 1245: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1050: 1049: 1045: 993: 992: 988: 978: 977: 962: 957: 834: 825: 787: 763: 752: 736: 711: 703: 698: 671: 662: 638: 623:hyperthyroidism 450: 441: 432: 423: 406: 397: 381: 379:Genetic factors 340: 338:Pathophysiology 328: 313:menstrual cycle 300: 219:menstrual cycle 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4826: 4824: 4816: 4815: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4782:Period poverty 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4611:Related events 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4592:Oligoovulation 4589: 4587:Oligomenorrhea 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4451:Cervical mucus 4448: 4442: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330:article/293257 4321: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4286: 4271: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246:Classification 4240: 4239: 4233: 4223:(7): 1239–48. 4208: 4198: 4197: 4181: 4180:External links 4178: 4175: 4174: 4134: 4103: 4084:(3–4): 55–67. 4068: 4027: 4020: 3995: 3969: 3962: 3937: 3926:(21): 1721–3. 3910: 3895: 3876: 3861: 3812: 3785:(6): 895–899. 3765: 3706: 3669:(2): 120–137. 3649: 3624:Obstet Gynecol 3614: 3557: 3550: 3530: 3503:(5): 437–445. 3483: 3448:(5): 334–350. 3428: 3401:(3): 362–372. 3381: 3314: 3285:(4): 291–301. 3262: 3225:(3): 261–267. 3205: 3148: 3102: 3083:(4): 111–119. 3067: 3060: 3034: 3015:(4): 279–289. 2995: 2943: 2932: 2911: 2862: 2819: 2794: 2748: 2694: 2637: 2600:(2): 173–184. 2580: 2533: 2504:(4): 467–479. 2484: 2429: 2403: 2374:(4): e415-20. 2335: 2287: 2228: 2176: 2127: 2106:(3): 199–202. 2086: 2043: 2008: 1965: 1938:(9): 1234–40. 1922: 1870: 1821: 1778: 1735: 1678: 1651: 1593: 1551: 1532:(2): 215–223. 1503: 1453: 1410: 1375:Women's Health 1340: 1297: 1243: 1191: 1162:(4): 493–496. 1139: 1120:(3): 236–240. 1100: 1043: 986: 959: 958: 956: 953: 948: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 925: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 833: 830: 824: 821: 820: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 796:estrogen patch 786: 783: 762: 759: 751: 748: 735: 732: 710: 707: 702: 699: 697: 694: 678:Mood disorders 670: 667: 661: 658: 637: 634: 586:panic disorder 553: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 518: 517: 514: 511: 508: 449: 446: 440: 437: 431: 428: 422: 419: 405: 402: 396: 393: 380: 377: 339: 336: 327: 324: 299: 296: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 163: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 131: 125: 124: 121: 115: 114: 111: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 73:severe fatigue 61: 55: 54: 49: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4825: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4707:Menstrual pad 4705: 4703: 4702:Menstrual cup 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4687:Menstrual pad 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4643:Mental health 4640: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Hypomenorrhea 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4456:Mittelschmerz 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4184: 4179: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4123:on 2011-01-23 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4021:0-89042-024-6 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3986:Village Voice 3983: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3963:0-89042-018-1 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832:(3): 301–22. 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:(4): 845–59. 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497:Contraception 3494: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121:(3): 429–45. 3120: 3116: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2882:(4): 316–26. 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199:(5): 465–75. 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147:(5): 959–67. 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751:(4): 364–75. 1750: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1667:(8): 918–24. 1666: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476:(3): 308–19. 1475: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1381:(6): 537–56. 1380: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 987: 981: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 961: 954: 952: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 929: 928: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 906: 905: 903: 899: 894: 891: 887: 886:Nada Stotland 883: 878: 875: 870: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 847: 843: 838: 831: 829: 822: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 804: 803: 801: 797: 793: 784: 782: 778: 776: 772: 767: 760: 758: 756: 750:Psychotherapy 749: 747: 745: 741: 733: 731: 729: 723: 721: 717: 715: 708: 706: 700: 695: 693: 691: 687: 685: 681: 679: 675: 668: 666: 659: 656: 652: 649: 645: 644:(ICD-11-CM): 643: 635: 633: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 614: 609: 607: 605: 600: 599: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 581: 576: 575: 574: 569: 566: 565: 560: 559: 558: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 531: 530: 528: 524: 523: 515: 512: 509: 506: 502: 501: 500: 498: 497: 492: 491: 490: 485: 483: 482: 477: 476: 475: 470: 468: 462: 458: 455: 447: 445: 438: 436: 429: 427: 420: 418: 415: 411: 403: 401: 394: 392: 390: 385: 378: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 344: 337: 335: 333: 325: 323: 319: 316: 314: 310: 304: 297: 295: 293: 289: 286:that contain 285: 281: 276: 273: 272: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 239: 237: 233: 229: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207:mood disorder 204: 200: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130: 126: 122: 120: 116: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 60: 56: 53: 50: 48: 44: 40: 36: 31: 19: 4655: 4577:Metrorrhagia 4547:Dysmenorrhea 4402:Luteal phase 4387:Menstruation 4323: 4312: 4288: 4273: 4258: 4220: 4216: 4152: 4148: 4125:. Retrieved 4121:the original 4116: 4106: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4003: 3998: 3985: 3945: 3940: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3540: 3533: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3282: 3278: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3118: 3114: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3043: 3037: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2966:(1): 13–21. 2963: 2959: 2935: 2926: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2811:. Retrieved 2807: 2797: 2764: 2760: 2719:(1): 51–59. 2716: 2712: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2449:(1): 37–47. 2446: 2442: 2432: 2420:. Retrieved 2416: 2406: 2371: 2367: 2308:(2): 77–81. 2305: 2301: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2196: 2192: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2024:(2): 130–7. 2021: 2017: 2011: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1890: 1886: 1841:(8): e1193. 1838: 1834: 1824: 1794:(2): 210–6. 1791: 1787: 1781: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1698:(1): 51–59. 1695: 1691: 1681: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1619: 1615: 1574:(1): 57–69. 1571: 1567: 1529: 1525: 1473: 1469: 1423: 1413: 1378: 1374: 1313:(3): 203–9. 1310: 1306: 1300: 1263: 1259: 1211: 1207: 1159: 1155: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1003: 999: 989: 979: 949: 926: 895: 882:Paula Caplan 879: 871: 851: 839: 835: 826: 788: 779: 775:drospirenone 768: 764: 753: 742:(Xanax) and 737: 724: 718: 712: 704: 689: 688: 683: 682: 677: 676: 672: 663: 653: 651:Description 650: 647: 639: 627: 612: 611: 610: 603: 602: 601: 596: 595: 594: 579: 578: 577: 572: 571: 570: 564:Criterion D: 563: 562: 561: 556: 555: 554: 526: 522:Criterion C: 521: 520: 519: 496:Criterion B: 495: 494: 493: 488: 487: 486: 480: 479: 478: 473: 472: 471: 466: 463: 459: 451: 442: 433: 424: 407: 398: 395:Risk factors 386: 382: 373: 369: 353:progesterone 345: 341: 329: 326:Epidemiology 320: 317: 309:luteal phase 305: 301: 288:drospirenone 277: 269: 263: 259:progesterone 248: 244:sex hormones 240: 215:luteal phase 211:menstruating 202: 198: 197: 178:GnRH analogs 172:-containing 170:drospirenone 151:Medication, 109:Risk factors 4537:Anovulation 4501:Suppression 4411:Life stages 4314:MedlinePlus 4155:(1): 70–6. 2808:www.bbc.com 2767:(1): 41–9. 2553:: 339–346. 734:Anxiolytics 613:Criterion G 604:Criterion F 580:Criterion E 527:Criterion B 481:Criterion A 467:Criterion D 430:Suicidality 365:hippocampus 153:counselling 84:Usual onset 38:Other names 4792:Tampon tax 4532:Amenorrhea 3892:: 239–331. 2813:2020-01-04 2248:: 575526. 2059:(12): 94. 1893:(11): 87. 955:References 862:fluoxetine 740:alprazolam 701:Medication 619:drug abuse 161:Medication 138:depression 69:uneasiness 65:depression 52:Psychiatry 4737:Chhaupadi 4524:Disorders 4423:Menopause 4397:Ovulation 4325:eMedicine 4098:141754567 3799:1931-843X 3742:1472-6882 3683:1465-7309 3591:1469-493X 3517:1879-0518 3462:1538-1145 3415:0033-3158 3358:0027-8424 3291:1180-4882 3239:0269-8811 3182:1469-493X 3021:0024-7758 2671:0029-7844 2614:1435-1102 2567:1573-2517 2520:1809-452X 2463:1434-1816 2264:1664-0640 1712:1535-7228 1440:1469-493X 1126:1532-0650 1077:1474-547X 1020:1931-843X 854:DSM-IV-TR 744:buspirone 696:Treatment 590:Dysthymia 439:Diagnosis 357:Serotonin 347:steroids— 230:and even 223:ovulation 189:Frequency 148:Treatment 47:Specialty 4807:Category 4742:In Islam 4432:Tracking 4418:Menarche 4229:12387436 4169:24345853 4127:27 April 3990:Archived 3856:10954967 3807:19514832 3760:24410911 3701:19373620 3644:15458909 3609:37365881 3600:10289136 3525:22152588 3478:12492648 3470:26352222 3423:16432684 3376:10557352 3309:18592027 3257:35686687 3248:10074750 3200:23744611 3143:72888643 3135:18220493 3097:10427915 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