39:. PTSD in turn may prevent women from seeking HIV treatment. Rates of HIV in South Africa are high. PTSD in a pregnant woman may lead to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Childhood trauma may also increase the risk of PTSD. This trauma may be physical, sexual, or emotional in nature. Rates of crime and violence are high in many poor areas of South African cities. Exposure to violence and drug abuse leads to increased PTSD among South African men, and this in turn leads to increased rates of violent crime among young South African men due to increased aggression. PTSD may also further exacerbate drug abuse due to attempts to self-medicate.
48:
treatment. Other treatment options involve “virtual reality simulations” to make it seem more realistic and “to beef up their effectiveness”. ”Stress-inoculation training, another form of CBT, where practitioners teach clients techniques to manage and reduce anxiety, such as breathing, muscle relaxation and positive self-talk”. There are many different up and coming treatment options for those suffering with PTSD, each needing their own specific treatment type due to their severity. With more research being drawn to
47:
Treatment methods include cognitive therapy. Alternatively, a multi-modal integrated system of treatment can be employed. New treatment systems may involve using a grading system which allows the person to receive a letter ranging from A-E which determines the severity of that specific persons
118:
Sikkema, Kathleen J.; Mulawa, Marta I.; Robertson, Corne; Watt, Melissa H.; Ciya, Nonceba; Stein, Dan J.; Cherenack, Emily M.; Choi, Karmel W.; Kombora, Matapelo; Joska, John A. (March 2018).
86:
Jalal, Baland; Kruger, Qunessa; Hinton, Devon E. (May 2018). "Adaptation of CBT for
Traumatized South African Indigenous Groups: Examples from Multiplex CBT for PTSD".
226:
Sommer, Jessica; Hinsberger, Martina; Elbert, Thomas; Holtzhausen, Leon; Kaminer, Debra; Seedat, Soraya; Madikane, Solomon; Weierstall, Roland (January 2017).
172:
Choi, Karmel W.; Sikkema, Kathleen J.; Velloza, Jennifer; Marais, Adele; Jose, Cicyn; Stein, Dan J.; Watt, Melissa H.; Joska, John A. (October 2015).
318:
Edwards, David J. A. (January 2009). "Treating
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in South Africa: An Integrative Model Grounded in Case-Based Research".
228:"The interplay between trauma, substance abuse and appetitive aggression and its relation to criminal activity among high-risk males in South Africa"
386:
120:"Improving AIDS Care After Trauma (ImpACT): Pilot Outcomes of a Coping intervention Among HIV-Infected Women with Sexual Trauma in South Africa"
381:
61:
66:
24:
174:"Maladaptive coping mediates the influence of childhood trauma on depression and PTSD among pregnant women in South Africa"
277:"A review of the transportability of cognitive therapy for the treatment of PTSD among South African rape survivors"
327:
332:
345:
257:
203:
149:
35:
Women may be especially likely to suffer from PTSD as a result of sexual abuse or contracting
337:
298:
288:
247:
239:
193:
185:
139:
131:
95:
252:
227:
198:
173:
144:
119:
375:
349:
341:
20:
243:
99:
293:
276:
189:
135:
261:
207:
153:
303:
49:
36:
19:
arose to treat the victims of physical violence and
221:
219:
217:
167:
165:
163:
113:
111:
109:
52:, it is becoming a more viewed topic by many.
8:
361:
359:
331:
302:
292:
251:
197:
143:
275:Padmanabhanunni, Anita (December 2017).
78:
7:
62:Mental health care in South Africa
14:
178:Archives of Women's Mental Health
88:Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
23:, who often display symptoms of
320:Journal of Psychology in Africa
67:Sexual violence in South Africa
387:Post-traumatic stress disorder
342:10.1080/14330237.2009.10820278
25:post-traumatic stress disorder
17:PTSD treatment In South Africa
1:
382:Mental health in South Africa
244:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.008
100:10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.07.003
403:
294:10.1016/j.hsag.2017.01.005
190:10.1007/s00737-015-0501-8
136:10.1007/s10461-017-2013-1
281:Health SA Gesondheid
232:Addictive Behaviors
124:AIDS and Behavior
394:
366:
363:
354:
353:
335:
315:
309:
308:
306:
296:
272:
266:
265:
255:
223:
212:
211:
201:
169:
158:
157:
147:
130:(3): 1039–1052.
115:
104:
103:
83:
402:
401:
397:
396:
395:
393:
392:
391:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
357:
333:10.1.1.834.6137
317:
316:
312:
274:
273:
269:
225:
224:
215:
171:
170:
161:
117:
116:
107:
85:
84:
80:
75:
58:
45:
33:
12:
11:
5:
400:
398:
390:
389:
384:
374:
373:
368:
367:
355:
326:(2): 189–198.
310:
267:
213:
184:(5): 731–738.
159:
105:
94:(2): 335–349.
77:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
64:
57:
54:
44:
41:
32:
31:PTSD incidence
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
399:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
377:
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
329:
325:
321:
314:
311:
305:
300:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
271:
268:
263:
259:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
220:
218:
214:
209:
205:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
168:
166:
164:
160:
155:
151:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
114:
112:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
82:
79:
72:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
55:
53:
51:
42:
40:
38:
30:
28:
26:
22:
18:
323:
319:
313:
284:
280:
270:
235:
231:
181:
177:
127:
123:
91:
87:
81:
46:
34:
21:sexual abuse
16:
15:
287:: 268–274.
376:Categories
304:10566/3965
73:References
365:DeAngelis
350:146169428
328:CiteSeerX
238:: 29–34.
43:Treatment
27:(PTSD).
262:27540760
208:25578632
154:29270789
56:See also
253:5102240
199:4500677
145:5828984
348:
330:
260:
250:
206:
196:
152:
142:
346:S2CID
258:PMID
204:PMID
150:PMID
50:PTSD
338:doi
299:hdl
289:doi
248:PMC
240:doi
194:PMC
186:doi
140:PMC
132:doi
96:doi
37:HIV
378::
358:^
344:.
336:.
324:19
322:.
297:.
285:22
283:.
279:.
256:.
246:.
236:64
234:.
230:.
216:^
202:.
192:.
182:18
180:.
176:.
162:^
148:.
138:.
128:22
126:.
122:.
108:^
92:25
90:.
352:.
340::
307:.
301::
291::
264:.
242::
210:.
188::
156:.
134::
102:.
98::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.