849:
43:
1324:('hand') and /hɑnʲː/ ('he') are differentiated only by the palatalization of the final consonant. Palatalization is generally realised only on stressed syllables, but speakers of the Sør-Trøndelag dialects will generally palatalize the coda of a determined plural as well: e.g.
978:
437:, on the other hand, the palatalization is heard as both an onglide and an offglide. In some cases, the realization of palatalization may change without any corresponding phonemic change. For example, according to Thurneysen, palatalized consonants at the end of a syllable in
390:
996:
1030:
1012:
962:
348:
during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized. "Pure" palatalization is a modification to the articulation of a consonant, where the middle of the tongue is raised, and nothing else. It may produce a
428:
409:
520:
1061:. In other languages, phonemes that were originally phonetically palatalized changed further: palatal secondary place of articulation developed into changes in manner of articulation or primary place of articulation.
735:
706:
765:
372:
before or after the palatalized consonant (onglides or offglides). In such cases, the vowel (especially a non-front vowel) following a palatalized consonant typically has a palatal onglide. In
601:
in others. In
English, consonants are palatalized when they occur before front vowels or the palatal approximant (and in a few other cases), but no words are distinguished by palatalization (
794:
1308:). The palatalized consonants are regarded as "light", and the velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized.
922:. Palatalized consonants appear at the end of the word, and mark the plural in nouns and adjectives, and the second person singular in verbs. On the surface, it would appear then that
1595:
1466:
and
Dunmore, S. (2016), Identity, accent aim, and motivation in second language users: New Scottish Gaelic speakers' use of phonetic variation. J Sociolinguistics, 20: 164–191.
949:
feature. For example, although
Russian makes phonemic contrasts between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, alternations across morpheme boundaries are normal:
1632:
60:
637:
words and often goes unnoticed by native speakers. Phonetic palatalization occurs in
American English. Stops are palatalized before the front vowel
1390:
1503:
875:
107:
79:
1625:
1550:
1495:
126:
874:
829:
in both languages has a palatalized counterpart that is actually palatal rather than palatalized velar . These shifts in primary
1320:
have phonemic palatalized consonants. In many parts of
Northern Norway and many areas of Møre og Romsdal, for example, the words
1882:
86:
2299:
1656:
489:
293:
1855:
605:), whereas in some of the other languages, the difference between palatalized consonants and plain un-palatalized consonants
64:
1850:
1052:
834:
93:
31:
1862:
1845:
813:
Some palatalized phonemes undergo change beyond phonetic palatalization. For instance, the unpalatalized sibilant (Irish
1837:
1618:
899:
or part of a morpheme. In some cases, a vowel caused a consonant to become palatalized, and then this vowel was lost by
1877:
1872:
2294:
527:⟩, apart from two palatalized fricatives which were written instead with curly-tailed variants, namely ⟨
493:
1867:
75:
1069:
602:
53:
1789:
1734:
1268:
500:
1900:
1719:
1652:
1375:
946:
610:
540:
457:
1292:. In Scottish Gaelic, the only velarized consonants are and ; is sometimes described as velarized as well.
2103:
2098:
2009:
516:
2120:
1930:
1729:
1704:
1648:
1528:
1463:
1370:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
939:
919:
826:
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796:
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747:
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638:
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362:
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329:
148:
1709:
1686:
1664:
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727:
633:
and unpalatalized allophones elsewhere. Because it is allophonic, palatalization of this type does not
464:
that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable, and it may cause certain vowels to be pronounced
1072:. In Russian, "soft" (palatalized) consonants are usually followed by vowels that are relatively more
100:
2147:
2110:
1822:
1380:
1301:
858:
480:), suprasegmental palatalization contrasts with segmental palatal articulation (palatal consonants).
473:
313:
1523:
Buckley, E. (2003), "The
Phonetic Origin and Phonological Extension of Gallo-Roman Palatalization",
2218:
2088:
2065:
1814:
1767:
1739:
1533:
650:
634:
613:(where one of the two versions, palatalized or not, appears in the same environment as the other).
606:
504:
453:
300:
in
English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Ukrainian, Finnic languages such as
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2083:
1916:
1724:
1681:
1575:
1317:
2205:
2162:
2039:
2004:
1827:
1794:
1762:
1696:
1546:
1499:
1491:
1110:
1081:
1076:(that is, closer to or ), and vowels following "hard" (unpalatalized) consonants are further
915:
904:
570:
559:
477:
350:
317:
301:
297:
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2223:
2078:
2034:
2029:
1892:
1804:
1781:
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1116:
1098:
685:
681:
677:
658:
574:
548:
421:
402:
383:
373:
368:
Phonetically palatalized consonants may vary in their exact realization. Some languages add
354:
305:
266:
260:
207:
1304:, each consonant has some type of secondary articulation (palatalization, velarization, or
2195:
2093:
2073:
2014:
1982:
1799:
1399:
1277:
1264:
666:
698:
1119:
has pairs of vowel letters that mark whether the consonant preceding them is hard/soft:
1064:
Phonetic palatalization of a consonant sometimes causes surrounding vowels to change by
2167:
1273:
1065:
1058:
1057:
In some languages, allophonic palatalization developed into phonemic palatalization by
908:
689:
662:
345:
309:
284:
is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the
2283:
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2213:
2190:
2157:
2130:
1305:
1240:
434:
17:
2263:
2182:
2172:
2152:
1385:
929:
822:
673:
590:
544:
536:
446:
873:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2135:
1992:
1073:
630:
465:
341:
285:
42:
1605:
1568:
Problems in the Theory of
Phonology, I: Russian phonology and Turkish phonology
2051:
1077:
887:
622:
594:
469:
156:
938:. The interpretation commonly taken, however, is that an underlying morpheme
2240:
2046:
1997:
1957:
1952:
1939:
1395:
1289:
1243:
438:
369:
333:
197:
1113:, have numerous pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonant phonemes.
757:
1974:
1962:
1606:
Frisian assibilation as a hypercorrect effect due to a substrate language
1361:
896:
598:
1336:. Norwegian dialects utilizing palatalization will generally palatalize
786:
376:, both plain and palatalized consonant phonemes are found in words like
296:
by affixing the letter ⟨ʲ⟩ to the base consonant. Palatalization is not
1947:
1471:
1405:
900:
654:
626:
30:
This article is about the phonetic feature. For the sound change, see
337:
1987:
629:
have palatalized allophones in certain contexts, typically before
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
688:, palatalized consonants contrast with plain consonants, but in
553:
1614:
1610:
1525:
Proceedings of the North
American Phonology Conferences 1 and 2
672:
Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or
1451:
Blas na Gàidhlig: The
Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.
547:, as do some Finnic languages using the Latin alphabet, as in
249:
36:
847:
243:
234:
228:
222:
1510:
Bhat, D.N.S. (1978), "A General Study of Palatalization",
1288:) consonant phonemes. In Irish, most broad consonants are
449:(based on explicit testimony of grammarians of the time).
246:
825:, not phonetically palatalized , and the velar fricative
272:
216:
942:
palatalizes the consonant and is subsequently deleted.
1543:
The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach
523:, a subscript diacritic was used in the IPA: ⟨
240:
210:
1255:
also indicates that the previous consonant is soft.
269:
231:
225:
219:
213:
2239:
2204:
2181:
2119:
2064:
1973:
1938:
1929:
1909:
1891:
1836:
1813:
1780:
1750:
1695:
1672:
1663:
621:In some languages, like English, palatalization is
237:
183:
170:
165:
155:
146:
141:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
821:) has a palatalized counterpart that is actually
445:in the spelling), which was no longer present in
328:In technical terms, palatalization refers to the
515:⟩ represents the palatalized form of the
492:(IPA), palatalized consonants are marked by the
288:. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be
1101:, palatal or palatalized consonants are called
895:In some languages, palatalization is used as a
933:
923:
468:and consonants to be slightly palatalized. In
1626:
1248:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1037:
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1003:
987:
969:
953:
415:
396:
377:
8:
1545:, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
1440::9–11, 12–13) for a fuller list of examples.
1269:Scottish Gaelic phonology § Consonants
593:significance in different languages. It is
525:ᶀ ᶈ ᶆ ᶂ ᶌ ƫ ᶁ ᶇ ᶊ ᶎ ᶅ 𝼓 ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶄ ᶃ 𝼔 ᶍ ꞕ
1935:
1747:
1669:
1633:
1619:
1611:
1560:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.
441:had a corresponding onglide (reflected as
1602:(with a sound sample with palatalized t')
1532:
692:they contrast with velarized consonants.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1437:
1424:
308:, as well as in other languages such as
1417:
1391:Palatalization in the Romance languages
649:In some languages, palatalization is a
885:
138:
1562:3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
420:
401:
382:
7:
1570:, Edmonton: Linguistic Research, inc
1490:. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
918:, consonants are palatalized before
833:are examples of the sound change of
641:and not palatalized in other cases.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1596:Erkki Savolainen, Internetix 1998.
945:Palatalization may also occur as a
543:marks palatalized consonants by an
1598:Suomen murteet – Koprinan murretta
1402:grapheme indicating palatalization
1082:Russian phonology § Allophony
558:. Others use an apostrophe, as in
25:
1265:Irish phonology § Consonants
653:that distinguishes two consonant
609:es between words, appearing in a
886:Problems playing this file? See
871:
511:⟩. For instance, ⟨
265:
206:
41:
1657:International Phonetic Alphabet
490:International Phonetic Alphabet
294:International Phonetic Alphabet
76:"Palatalization" phonetics
52:needs additional citations for
1584:. University of Chicago Press.
1578:; Ladusaw, William A. (1996).
1566:Lightner, Theodore M. (1972),
903:. Here, there appears to be a
452:In a few languages, including
1:
1053:Palatalization (sound change)
676:articulation. In many of the
32:Palatalization (sound change)
1512:Universals of Human Language
1332:('the dogs'), rather than *
1280:have pairs of palatalized (
911:shows it to be allophonic.
746:(he) carried" (palatalized
589:Palatalization has varying
292:and are transcribed in the
2316:
1453:Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
1262:
1050:
603:complementary distribution
531:⟩ for and ⟨
353:articulation of otherwise
29:
2025:
1646:
1249:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1038:
1022:
1004:
988:
970:
954:
726:
697:
657:. This feature occurs in
617:Allophonic palatalization
416:
397:
378:
336:by which the body of the
1541:Chițoran, Ioana (2001),
1376:List of phonetics topics
1105:, and others are called
611:contrastive distribution
541:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
458:Central Chadic languages
1558:Crowley, Terry. (1997)
1462:Nance, C., McLeod, W.,
1364:, a related process in
645:Phonemic palatalization
517:voiceless alveolar stop
2300:Secondary articulation
1649:Articulatory phonetics
1488:Historical Linguistics
1371:Manner of articulation
1084:for more information.
934:
924:
852:
785:
756:
717:"nose" (unpalatalized
503:of the symbol for the
462:suprasegmental feature
460:, palatalization is a
330:secondary articulation
1823:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1581:Phonetic Symbol Guide
1284:) and unpalatalized (
1109:. Some of them, like
907:when analysis of the
851:
831:place of articulation
805:"alive" (palatalized
340:is raised toward the
18:Palatalized consonant
2148:Labio-palatalization
1381:Labio-palatalization
1328:or, in other areas,
1302:Marshallese language
535:⟩ for . (See
61:improve this article
1838:Double articulation
1576:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
651:distinctive feature
505:palatal approximant
501:superscript version
472:and its relatives (
357:consonants such as
2295:Palatal consonants
1472:10.1111/josl.12173
1318:Norwegian dialects
853:
680:, and some of the
579:⟨sj⟩
563:⟨s'⟩
384:[bɐlʲˈʂoj]
2277:
2276:
2163:Pharyngealization
2060:
2059:
1925:
1924:
1883:Uvular–epiglottal
1776:
1775:
1504:978-0-521-29188-0
1486:Bynon, Theodora.
1306:labiovelarization
905:phonemic contrast
876:
776:"cow" (velarized
571:Savonian dialects
565:; or digraphs in
497:⟨ʲ⟩
443:⟨i⟩
194:
193:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2307:
2231:Voice onset time
1936:
1856:Labial–retroflex
1748:
1670:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1585:
1571:
1555:
1537:
1536:
1519:
1474:
1460:
1454:
1449:Bauer, Michael.
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1366:Slavic languages
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1239:. The otherwise
1238:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1202:
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1199:
1190:
1188:
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1178:
1176:
1175:
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1164:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1117:Russian Cyrillic
1099:Slavic languages
1093:Slavic languages
1042:('hungry' masc.)
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1016:
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1014:
1007:
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1000:
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998:
991:
990:
983:
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980:
973:
972:
967:
966:
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964:
957:
956:
941:
937:
927:
921:
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828:
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804:
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802:
801:
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743:
742:
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739:
730:
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716:
715:
714:
713:
711:
710:
701:
686:Finnic languages
678:Slavic languages
669:, among others.
640:
597:in English, but
580:
564:
557:
534:
530:
526:
514:
510:
498:
456:and many of the
444:
432:
431:
430:
424:
422:[ˈkatʲə]
419:
418:
413:
412:
411:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
392:
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381:
380:
364:
360:
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110:
69:
45:
37:
27:Phonetic feature
21:
2315:
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2310:
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2306:
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2304:
2280:
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2273:
2235:
2200:
2177:
2122:
2115:
2056:
2021:
1969:
1921:
1905:
1887:
1851:Labial–alveolar
1832:
1809:
1790:Alveolo-palatal
1772:
1746:
1735:Palato-alveolar
1691:
1659:
1653:Co-articulation
1642:
1639:
1592:
1574:
1565:
1553:
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1522:
1509:
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1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
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1423:
1419:
1414:
1358:
1314:
1298:
1278:Scottish Gaelic
1271:
1263:Main articles:
1261:
1246:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1095:
1090:
1055:
1049:
1036:('hunger') vs.
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1002:(' carry') vs.
995:
994:
993:
992:
977:
976:
975:
974:
968:('answer') vs.
961:
960:
959:
958:
928:"coin" forms a
893:
892:
884:
882:
881:
880:
879:
872:
869:
867:("coin, coins")
854:
848:
843:
795:
793:
792:
791:
790:
766:
764:
763:
762:
761:
736:
734:
733:
732:
731:
707:
705:
704:
703:
702:
667:Scottish Gaelic
647:
619:
587:
578:
562:
551:
496:
494:modifier letter
486:
442:
427:
426:
425:
408:
407:
406:
403:[tsarʲ]
389:
388:
387:
326:
268:
259:
258:
209:
205:
185:
177:
172:
147:
133:
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113:
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68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2256:
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2226:
2221:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:Glottalization
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Palatalization
2140:
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2138:
2127:
2125:
2117:
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1990:
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1955:
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1944:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1901:Velopharyngeal
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:Labial–palatal
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1846:Labial–coronal
1842:
1840:
1834:
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1825:
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1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1720:Denti-alveolar
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
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1689:
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1678:
1676:
1667:
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1591:
1590:External links
1588:
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1538:
1534:10.1.1.81.4003
1520:
1507:
1498:(hardback) or
1482:
1479:
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1475:
1455:
1442:
1438:Lightner (1972
1429:
1425:Chițoran (2001
1416:
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1393:
1388:
1383:
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1354:
1313:
1310:
1297:
1294:
1260:
1257:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1066:coarticulation
1059:phonemic split
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1019:
985:
909:deep structure
883:
870:
857:
856:
855:
846:
845:
844:
842:
841:Morphophonemic
839:
835:palatalization
811:
810:
782:
781:
752:
751:
723:
722:
646:
643:
618:
615:
586:
583:
485:
482:
346:alveolar ridge
325:
322:
202:palatalization
192:
191:
188:
181:
180:
175:
168:
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159:
153:
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144:
143:
135:
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49:
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40:
26:
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14:
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2:
2312:
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2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
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2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Uvularization
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:Labialization
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2028:
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2024:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
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1999:
1996:
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1989:
1986:
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1972:
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1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Coronal–velar
1876:
1874:
1873:Labial–uvular
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
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1552:3-11-016766-2
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1496:0-521-21582-X
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1138:
1126:
1118:
1114:
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1100:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1047:Sound changes
1046:
1031:
1020:
1013:
997:
986:
984:('to answer')
979:
963:
952:
951:
950:
948:
947:morphological
943:
936:
931:
926:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
889:
868:
866:
862:
840:
838:
836:
832:
824:
808:
800:
789:
788:
784:
783:
779:
771:
760:
759:
754:
753:
741:
729:
725:
724:
712:
700:
695:
694:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
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628:
624:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
576:
572:
568:
561:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
522:
521:Prior to 1989
518:
506:
502:
495:
491:
484:Transcription
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
440:
436:
429:
423:
410:
404:
391:
385:
375:
371:
366:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
262:
254:
203:
199:
189:
182:
176:
169:
164:
160:
158:
154:
145:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2183:Tongue shape
2173:Nasalization
2153:Velarization
2142:
2123:articulation
1893:Pathological
1868:Labial–velar
1751:Active place
1730:Postalveolar
1705:Linguolabial
1641:Articulation
1597:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1542:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1506:(paperback).
1487:
1481:Bibliography
1464:O'Rourke, B.
1458:
1450:
1445:
1432:
1420:
1386:Palatal hook
1315:
1299:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1070:assimilation
1063:
1056:
944:
930:minimal pair
913:
894:
864:
860:
823:postalveolar
812:
806:
777:
671:
648:
631:front vowels
620:
591:phonological
588:
569:, as in the
566:
545:acute accent
537:palatal hook
487:
451:
447:Middle Irish
367:
327:
289:
282:palatization
281:
201:
195:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1993:Approximant
1710:Interdental
1687:Labiodental
1326:/hunʲː.ɑnʲ/
1296:Marshallese
1018:('carries')
817:, Scottish
635:distinguish
607:distinguish
474:Kildin Sami
342:hard palate
314:Marshallese
290:palatalized
286:hard palate
142:Palatalized
2284:Categories
2121:Secondary
2111:Percussive
2079:Ingressive
2052:Continuant
1412:References
1334:/hunʲː.ɑn/
1330:/hʉnʲː.ɑn/
888:media help
623:allophonic
595:allophonic
470:Skolt Sami
466:more front
454:Skolt Sami
370:semivowels
334:consonants
178:ʲ
157:IPA Number
87:newspapers
2290:Phonetics
2241:Phonation
2219:Aspirated
2214:Voiceless
2089:Implosive
2074:Egressive
2066:Airstream
2047:Occlusive
1998:Semivowel
1958:Fricative
1953:Affricate
1940:Obstruent
1815:Laryngeal
1768:Subapical
1740:Retroflex
1529:CiteSeerX
1396:Soft sign
1312:Norwegian
1290:velarized
1244:soft sign
859:Romanian
674:velarized
585:Phonology
439:Old Irish
198:phonetics
173:(decimal)
2136:Rounding
2104:Ejective
2099:Pulmonic
2084:Ejective
2010:Tap/flap
1975:Sonorant
1963:Sibilant
1917:Bidental
1725:Alveolar
1682:Bilabial
1400:Cyrillic
1362:Iotation
1356:See also
1259:Goidelic
1253:⟩
1247:⟨
1237:⟩
1229:⟨
1225:⟩
1217:⟨
1213:⟩
1205:⟨
1201:⟩
1193:⟨
1189:⟩
1181:⟨
1177:⟩
1169:⟨
1165:⟩
1157:⟨
1153:⟩
1145:⟨
1141:⟩
1133:⟨
1129:⟩
1121:⟨
1097:In many
1088:Examples
971:ответить
916:Romanian
897:morpheme
696:Russian
655:phonemes
627:phonemes
599:phonemic
560:Karelian
556:⟩
552:⟨
507:⟨
478:Ter Sami
344:and the
318:Kashmiri
302:Estonian
298:phonemic
184:Unicode
166:Encoding
117:May 2021
2254:Breathy
2040:Lateral
2005:Vibrant
1948:Plosive
1828:Glottal
1795:Palatal
1763:Laminal
1697:Coronal
1518:: 47–92
1300:In the
1282:slender
1111:Russian
1039:голоден
901:elision
659:Russian
625:. Some
575:Finnish
539:.) The
488:In the
379:большой
374:Russian
351:laminal
171:Entity
101:scholar
2264:Creaky
2224:Tenuis
2191:Sulcal
2035:Rhotic
2030:Liquid
1931:Manner
1805:Uvular
1782:Dorsal
1758:Apical
1715:Dental
1674:Labial
1549:
1531:
1502:
1494:
1322:/hɑnː/
1267:, and
1241:silent
1215:, and
1080:. See
797:/bʲoː/
768:/bˠoː/
755:Irish
738:/nʲos/
682:Baltic
665:, and
355:apical
338:tongue
316:, and
190:U+02B2
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2269:Stiff
2259:Slack
2249:Modal
2206:Voice
2196:Domed
2094:Click
2015:Trill
1988:Vowel
1983:Nasal
1910:Other
1800:Velar
1665:Place
1316:Many
1286:broad
1274:Irish
1074:front
1023:голод
1005:несёт
955:ответ
932:with
709:/nos/
690:Irish
663:Irish
433:. In
324:Types
310:Irish
280:) or
263:also
186:(hex)
108:JSTOR
94:books
1547:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1436:See
1427::11)
1406:Yōon
1398:, a
1348:and
1276:and
1107:hard
1103:soft
1078:back
989:несу
940:|-i|
935:bani
865:bani
819:/s̪/
815:/sˠ/
748:/nʲ/
684:and
549:Võro
499:, a
476:and
435:Hupa
417:Катя
414:and
398:царь
361:and
306:Võro
304:and
80:news
1468:doi
1350:/t/
1346:/n/
1342:/l/
1338:/d/
1068:or
925:ban
920:/i/
914:In
861:ban
827:/x/
787:beo
728:нёс
719:/n/
699:нос
639:/i/
573:of
363:/s/
359:/t/
332:of
196:In
161:421
63:by
2286::
1655:–
1651:–
1527:,
1514:,
1352:.
1344:,
1340:,
1191:,
1167:,
1143:,
863:,
837:.
758:bó
661:,
581:.
577:,
519:.
513:tʲ
395:,
365:.
320:.
312:,
276:-/
267:/-
261:US
257:,
250:ən
244:eɪ
235:aɪ
200:,
149:◌ʲ
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
1600:.
1516:2
1470::
1250:ь
1233:ю
1227:/
1221:у
1209:ё
1203:/
1197:о
1185:и
1179:/
1173:ы
1161:е
1155:/
1149:э
1137:я
1131:/
1125:а
890:.
809:)
807:b
780:)
778:b
750:)
721:)
567:j
554:ś
533:ʓ
529:ʆ
509:j
273:ɪ
270:l
253:/
247:ʃ
241:z
238:ˈ
232:l
229:ə
226:t
223:ə
220:l
217:æ
214:p
211:ˌ
208:/
204:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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