763:, an MS student under Sears at the University of Oklahoma. During her time as a student, she developed the first pollen diagram from a sample that depicted the percentage of several species at different depths at Curtis Bog. This was the introduction of pollen analysis in North America; pollen diagrams today still often remain in the same format with depth on the y-axis and abundances of species on the x-axis.
546:
33:
47:
1078:. Involving the use of pollen morphological characters as source of taxonomic data to delimit plant species under same family or genus. Pollen apertural status is frequently used for differential sorting or finding similarities between species of the same taxa. This is also called Palynotaxonomy.
1379:
Fonseca, Carolina; Oliveira Mendonça, Joalice; Mendonça Filho, João
Graciano; LĂ©zin, Carine; Duarte, LuĂs V. (March 2018). "Thermal maturity assessment study of the late Pliensbachian-early Toarcian organic-rich sediments in southern France: Grands Causses, Quercy and Pyrenean basins".
814:
Palynological studies using peats presented a particular challenge because of the presence of well-preserved organic material, including fine rootlets, moss leaflets and organic litter. This was the last major challenge in the chemical preparation of materials for palynological study.
1343:
Fonseca, Carolina; Mendonça Filho, João
Graciano; LĂ©zin, Carine; Duarte, LuĂs V.; FaurĂ©, Phillipe (April 2018). "Organic facies variability during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event record of the Grands Causses and Quercy basins (southern France)".
1114:
palynology examines human uses of plants in the past. This can help determine seasonality of site occupation, presence or absence of agricultural practices or products, and 'plant-related activity areas' within an archaeological context.
286:. In archaeology, palynology is widely used to reconstruct ancient paleoenvironments and environmental shifts that significantly influenced past human societies and reconstruct the diet of prehistoric and historic humans.
834:
Some steps of the chemical treatments require special care for safety reasons, in particular the use of HF which diffuses very fast through the skin and, causes severe chemical burns, and can be fatal.
583:
were able to examine the presence of fossil spores in the
Devonian and Carboniferous coal seams and make comparisons between the living spores and the ancient fossil spores. Early investigators include
865:
Researchers will often study either modern samples from a number of unique sites within a given area, or samples from a single site with a record through time, such as samples obtained from
365:
of the time. Their paleontological utility derives from an abundance numbering in millions of palynomorphs per gram in organic marine deposits, even when such deposits are generally not
800:
substances; defloculation was accomplished through surface treatment or ultra-sonic treatment, although sonification may cause the pollen exine to rupture. In 1924, the use of
502:
Palynomorph palynofacies considers the abundance, composition and diversity of palynomorphs in a sieved palynological preparation of sediments or palynological preparation of
499:(UV) fluorescence microscope. The abundance, composition and preservation of the various components, together with the thermal alteration of the organic matter is considered.
869:
or lake sediments. More recent studies have used the modern analog technique in which paleo-samples are compared to modern samples for which the parent vegetation is known.
1460:
Traverse, Alfred and
Sullivan, Herbert J. "The Background, Origin, and Early History of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists" Palynology 7: 7-18 (1983)
1157:
1155:
Gray, J.; Chaloner, W. G.; Westoll, T. S. (1985). "The
Microfossil Record of Early Land Plants: Advances in Understanding of Early Terrestrialization, 1970–1984".
2136:
1818:
Overpeck, J. T.; T. Webb; I. C. Prentice (1985). "Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: Dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs".
1312:"Organic matter deposition and paleoenvironmental implications across the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary of the Subalpine Basin (SE France): Local and global controls"
465:
can be used to learn about the depositional palaeoenvironments of sedimentary rocks in exploration geology, often in conjunction with palynological analysis and
1098:. Studies of the geographic distribution and seasonal production of pollen, can be used to forecast pollen conditions, helping sufferers of allergies such as
1526:
von Post, L (1918) "Skogsträdpollen i sydsvenska torvmosslagerföljder", Forhandlinger ved de
Skandinaviske naturforskeres 16. møte i Kristiania 1916: p. 433
687:. Lagerheim (in Witte 1905) and C. A.Weber (in H. A. Weber 1918) appear to be among the first to undertake 'percentage frequency' calculations.
872:
When the slides are observed under a microscope, the researcher counts the number of grains of each pollen taxon. This record is next used to produce a
819:
was developed by Gunnar
Erdtman and his brother to remove these fine cellulose materials by dissolving them. In acetolysis the specimen is treated with
752:) has been exhaustively explored. It has been argued there that the word gained general acceptance once used by the influential Swedish palynologist
624:'s published work. Although he published in the Swedish language, his methodology gained a wide audience through his lectures. In particular, his
2135:., 2018. Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. BoletĂn de la Sociedad GeolĂłgica Mexicana.
1298:
76:
is the study of microorganisms and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant organic material and occur in
2075:
462:
302:
of honey bees, it also an important tool in discovering and policing the criminal adultriation and mislabeling of honey and its products.
334:) and chemical (acid digestion) procedures to remove the non-organic fraction. Palynomorphs may be composed of organic material such as
318:, and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant organic material and range in size between 5 and 500
2166:
2100:
1435:
2053:
2039:
2025:
1487:
1208:
628:
lecture of 1916 was important in gaining a wider audience. Because the early investigations were published in the Nordic languages (
2137:
http://boletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx/bsgm/index.php/component/content/article/368-sitio/articulos/cuarta-epoca/7001/1857-7001-1-Acosta
306:
uses palynomorphs as evidence in criminal and civil law to prove or disprove a physical link between objects, people, and places.
2115:
1582:
1310:
Fonseca, Carolina; Mendonça Filho, João
Graciano; LĂ©zin, Carine; de Oliveira, AntĂłnio Donizeti; Duarte, LuĂs V. (December 2019).
978:
649:
2161:
877:
1971:
Heusser, Calvin J.; L.E. Heusser; D.M. Peteet (1985). "Late-Quaternary climatic change on the
American North Pacific coast".
1481:
792:
Chemical digestion follows a number of steps. Initially the only chemical treatment used by researchers was treatment with
771:
Pollen analysis advanced rapidly in this period due to advances in optics and computers. Much of the science was revised by
491:
in sediments and palynological preparations of sedimentary rocks. The sieved or unsieved preparations may be examined using
655:
Earlier pollen researchers include FrĂĽh (1885), who enumerated many common tree pollen types, and a considerable number of
585:
568:, who described pollen and the stamen, and concluded that pollen is required for sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
2080:
2070:
267:, fossil palynomorphs are studied for their usefulness in understanding ancient Earth history in terms of reconstructing
1920:
Hebda, R.J.; R.W. Mathewes (1984). "Holocene history of cedar and native cultures on the North
American Pacific Coast".
859:
811:
was introduced by Assarson and Granlund, greatly reducing the amount of time required to scan slides for palynomorphs.
2176:
1558:[The Cromer Forest layer in the Free Harbour and Wood Remains in the Amber containing strata near Copenhagen]
419:. Palynomorph microscopic structures that are abundant in most sediments are resistant to routine pollen extraction.
1797:
632:), the field of pollen analysis was confined to those countries. The isolation ended with the German publication of
561:
The earliest reported observations of pollen under a microscope are likely to have been in the 1640s by the English
480:
140:
2096:
Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paléozoique (CIMP), International Commission for Palaeozoic Palynology
1071:
990:
708:
283:
1666:
2156:
1701:
Bennett, K.D.; Willis, K.J. (2001). "Pollen". In Smol, John P.; Birks, H. John B.; Last, William M. (eds.).
2125:
2181:
1703:
Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators
663:
pollen grains. There is a study of pollen samples taken from sediments of Swedish lakes by Trybom (1888);
629:
1020:
provides information on the depositional environment of sediments and depositional palaeoenvironments of
2171:
905:
676:
609:
186:
263:. Palynology is also used to date and understand the evolution of many kinds of plants and animals. In
69:: A spore bearing a trilete mark – the Y-shaped scar. The spores are about 30–35 ÎĽm across.
1980:
1929:
1878:
1827:
1752:
1621:
1609:
1389:
1353:
1166:
940:
597:
377:
880:
effects, such as logging, traditional patterns of land use or long term changes in regional climate
2151:
1081:
1027:
994:
793:
303:
1743:
Birks, H. J. B; Berglund, B. (2018). "One hundred years of Quaternary pollen analysis 1916–2016".
443:
1996:
1953:
1902:
1894:
1843:
1182:
1006:
909:
216:
580:
1716:
Assarson, G. och E.; Granlund, E. (1924). "En metod for pollenanalys av minerogena jordarter".
2049:
2035:
2021:
1945:
1647:
1294:
1204:
1129:
1105:
1043:
960:
801:
287:
495:
on microscope slides that may be examined using a transmitted light biological microscope or
88:
are the microscopic, acid-resistant organic remains and debris produced by a wide variety of
1988:
1937:
1886:
1835:
1760:
1725:
1637:
1629:
1535:
Früh, J (1885) "Kritische Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Torfes", Jahrb.k.k.Geol.Reichsanstalt 35
1397:
1361:
1323:
1174:
1002:
998:
820:
772:
621:
503:
458:
370:
354:
323:
264:
81:
1778:
Erdtman, G. (1934). "Uber die Verwendung von Essigsaureanhydrid bei Pollenuntersuchungen".
1447:
1116:
1095:
956:
916:
256:
232:
1984:
1933:
1882:
1831:
1756:
1625:
1564:
Meddelelser Fra Dansk Geologisk Forening / Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark
1393:
1357:
1170:
1890:
1111:
1065:
873:
760:
753:
699:
was introduced by Hyde and Williams in 1944, following correspondence with the Swedish
633:
601:
576:
521:
476:
432:
362:
331:
175:
171:
160:
1594:
1556:"Cromer-skovlaget i Frihavnen og trælevningerne i de ravførende sandlag ved København"
361:
was laid down. As a result, these microfossils give important clues to the prevailing
2145:
1847:
1839:
1477:
1473:
1132: – Areas on the walls of a pollen grain, where the wall is thinner and/or softer
920:
824:
776:
721:
672:
641:
565:
513:
366:
343:
224:
208:
58:
1957:
1906:
1417:
1401:
545:
2000:
1135:
1053:
1013:
974:
952:
928:
897:
703:
572:
454:
397:
339:
279:
268:
236:
136:
32:
1633:
27:
Study of microorganisms and microfossils composed acid-resistant, organic material
1941:
1491:
671:
pollen was found in such profusion that he considered them to be serviceable as "
448:
1039:
1035:
1021:
968:
901:
636:'s 1921 thesis. The methodology of pollen analysis became widespread throughout
589:
549:
496:
492:
453:
in 1964. Palynofacies studies are often linked to investigations of the organic
327:
315:
248:
240:
148:
101:
1861:
Niklasson, Mats; Matts Lindbladh; Leif Björkman (2002). "A long-term record of
1365:
1328:
1311:
1052:
studies. Freshwater palynomorphs and animal and plant fragments, including the
888:
Palynology can be applied to problems in many scientific disciplines including
1764:
1729:
1555:
1061:
1016:
studies, which examine the preservation of the particulate organic matter and
982:
936:
932:
855:
854:
slides using silicon oil, glycerol or glycerol-jelly and examined using light
851:
816:
797:
713:
684:
645:
625:
525:
517:
416:
401:
350:
319:
275:
207:
Palynology is an interdisciplinary science that stands at the intersection of
168:
132:
128:
54:
1651:
330:, and other materials by a combination of physical (ultrasonic treatment and
1138: – Tiny lifeforms floating and drifting in the air, carried by the wind
1099:
1075:
1049:
964:
828:
700:
680:
466:
440:
408:
381:
314:
Palynomorphs are broadly defined as the study of organic remains, including
294:, identifies the sources of pollen in terms of geographical location(s) and
164:
124:
46:
17:
1949:
1178:
2086:
PalDat, palynological database hosted by the University of Vienna, Austria
1544:
Trybom, F (1888) "Bottenprof fran svenska insjöar", Geol.Foren.Forhandl.10
2090:
963:
reconstruction, one common and lucrative application of palynology is in
805:
571:
By the late 1870s, as optical microscopes improved and the principles of
562:
252:
152:
120:
97:
77:
51:
1610:"How palynology could have been paepalology: the naming of a discipline"
1203:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp.
1034:
of palynomorphs extracted from rocks to give the thermal alteration and
1898:
1186:
1091:
924:
923:. Geologists use palynological studies in biostratigraphy to correlate
889:
808:
593:
484:
404:
299:
220:
212:
156:
144:
2110:
1642:
536:) can be used to derive a terrestrial input index in marine sediments.
1992:
1085:
1057:
944:
927:
and determine the relative age of a given bed, horizon, formation or
893:
839:
637:
605:
533:
529:
510:
412:
389:
358:
335:
295:
260:
244:
228:
191:
116:
112:
93:
39:
2120:
1293:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Springer-Dordrecht. 813 pp.
712:(one of the first journals devoted to pollen analysis, produced by
1031:
986:
948:
733:
668:
664:
656:
544:
507:
393:
385:
291:
200:
174:. The name of the science and organisms is derived from the Greek
89:
45:
31:
1199:
Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds., 2005,
831:
materials and thus providing better visibility for palynomorphs.
866:
850:
Once samples have been prepared chemically, they are mounted on
660:
36:
298:
of plants. This not only provides important information on the
2076:
Palynology Laboratory, French Institute of Pondicherry, India
2065:
1275:
New York, New York, Springer Science+Business Media. 5632 pp.
1226:
Williams, G., Fensome, R.A., Miller, M. and Bujak, J., 2020.
179:
61:. Such spores provide the earliest evidence of life on land.
740:). The archive-based background to the adoption of the term
2095:
439:
in a fossil deposit. The term was introduced by the French
1256:
Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments.
369:. Palynomorphs, however, generally have been destroyed in
2105:
2085:
1508:
Faegri, Knut (1973). "In memoriam O. Gunnar E. Erdtman".
1271:
In Bruinsma, G., and Weisburd, D., ed., pp. 1471-1754.,
1009:
ago, a fundamental part of research into climate change.
1705:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 5–32.
1436:"Introduction, Palynology: Principles and Applications"
400:(scleroprotein teeth, jaws, and associated features of
107:
It is the science that studies contemporary and fossil
1064:) can be used to study past lake levels and long term
2020:(Second Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications.
1667:"A demonstration of the technique of pollen analysis"
1088:
and other palynomorphs for evidence at a crime scene.
1798:"Hydrofluoric acid fatality in Perth - hazard alert"
1608:
Edwards, Kevin J.; Pardoe, Heather S. (2018-01-02).
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
2106:
Linnean Society Palynology Specialist Group (LSPSG)
2071:
International Federation of Palynological Societies
1691:. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 328 p.
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
2101:Centre for Palynology, University of Sheffield, UK
1416:
838:Another treatment includes kerosene flotation for
274:Palynology is quite useful in disciplines such as
2121:Palynologische Kring, The Netherlands and Belgium
1865:decline, logging and fires in a southern Swedish
1273:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
1258:Geneva, Switzerland, Springer Dordrecht. 1049 pp.
1158:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
679:studied fossil pollen of middle Pleistocene age (
1108:: the study of pollen and spores found in honey.
353:record of importance in determining the type of
290:, the study of pollen and other palynomorphs in
1718:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
1285:
1283:
1281:
1042:sequences, which provides estimates of maximum
1671:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
1234:Geneva, Switzerland, Springer Nature. 1000 pp.
759:Pollen analysis in North America stemmed from
479:palynofacies considers all the acid insoluble
981:. Palynology can be used to reconstruct past
8:
1423:. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 375 p.
716:in North America). Hyde and Williams chose
620:Quantitative analysis of pollen began with
2116:Pollen and Spore Identification Literature
1641:
1327:
357:that existed at the time the sedimentary
1503:
1501:
1468:
1466:
1267:Laurence, A.R., and Bryant, V.M., 2009.
1119:is one such example of this application.
732:meaning 'dust' (and thus similar to the
1147:
84:, and even some metasedimentary rocks.
931:sequence. Because the distribution of
472:Palynofacies can be used in two ways:
461:. The study of the palynofacies of a
2111:Canadian Association of Palynologists
2046:The Holocene an environmental history
1434:Jansonius, J.; D.C. McGregor (1996).
1346:International Journal of Coal Geology
1316:International Journal of Coal Geology
1232:Encyclopedia of Petroleum Geoscience.
204:) or of "particles that are strewn".
7:
2081:The Palynology Unit, Kew Gardens, UK
2066:The AASP - The Palynological Society
1745:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
552:sampling, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
463:sedimentary depositional environment
1687:Fægri, K. & Iversen, J. (1989)
1254:In Gornitz, V., ed., pp. 766-768.,
1250:Kneller, M., and Fowell, F., 2009.
876:. These data can be used to detect
1891:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02106.x
1581:Hyde, H.A.; D.A. Williams (1944).
779:in their textbook on the subject.
25:
2091:The Micropalaeontological Society
1488:Blackwell Scientific Publications
1017:
488:
436:
322:. They are extracted from soils,
108:
100:that have existed since the late
783:Methods of studying palynomorphs
1419:The Evolution of the Microscope
1402:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.017
1030:alteration studies examine the
993:communities, and so infer past
744:and to alternative names (e.g.
528:, to terrestrial palynomorphs (
259:and correlation of sedimentary
2128:, an annotated link directory.
1230:In Sorkhabi, R., ed., 15 pp.,
1007:thousands or millions of years
431:is the complete assemblage of
155:. Palynology does not include
1:
1871:Journal of Vegetation Science
1634:10.1080/01916122.2017.1393020
586:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
376:Typical palynomorphs include
111:(paleopalynology), including
2016:Moore, P.D., et al. (1991),
1942:10.1126/science.225.4663.711
1840:10.1016/0033-5894(85)90074-2
1382:Marine and Petroleum Geology
860:scanning electron microscopy
255:for their usefulness in the
192:
1689:Textbook of pollen analysis
1483:Textbook of Pollen Analysis
953:stratigraphical correlation
278:, in honey production, and
215:or geological science) and
2198:
1366:10.1016/j.coal.2017.10.006
1329:10.1016/j.coal.2019.103364
728:meaning 'to sprinkle' and
481:particulate organic matter
180:
141:particulate organic matter
2167:Subfields of paleontology
1765:10.1007/s00334-017-0630-2
1730:10.1080/11035892409444879
1554:Sarauw, G. F. L. (1897).
1228:Microfossils: palynology.
858:or mounted on a stub for
767:1990s to the 21st century
373:or recrystallized rocks.
2048:, Blackwell Publishing.
1587:Pollen Analysis Circular
991:Freshwater phytoplankton
709:Pollen Analysis Circular
612:(dinoflagellate cysts).
198:, "strew, sprinkle" and
163:or other organisms with
2162:Archaeological science
1446:: 1–10. Archived from
1179:10.1098/rstb.1985.0077
1005:conditions in an area
706:, in the pages of the
683:) from the harbour of
630:Scandinavian languages
553:
524:cysts), together with
247:palynomorphs from the
70:
43:
2030:Traverse, A. (1988),
1415:Bradbury, S. (1967).
951:provides evidence of
906:pedology (soil study)
548:
49:
35:
2044:Roberts, N. (1998),
1289:Traverse, A., 2007,
1269:Forensic Palynology.
1076:evolutionary studies
941:dinoflagellate cysts
788:Chemical preparation
720:on the basis of the
598:dinoflagellate cysts
378:dinoflagellate cysts
349:Palynomorphs form a
42:under the microscope
1985:1985Natur.315..485H
1934:1984Sci...225..711H
1883:2002JVegS..13..765N
1832:1985QuRes..23...87O
1820:Quaternary Research
1757:2018VegHA..27..271B
1665:Draper, P. (1928).
1626:2018Paly...42....4E
1593:: 6. Archived from
1394:2018MarPG..91..338F
1358:2018IJCG..190..218F
1201:Glossary of Geology
1171:1985RSPTB.309..167G
1082:Forensic palynology
999:palaeoenvironmental
961:palaeoenvironmental
794:potassium hydroxide
644:and revolutionized
363:climatic conditions
304:Forensic palynology
271:and paleoclimates.
2177:Branches of botany
1780:Sven. Bot. Tidskr.
1044:palaeotemperatures
985:(land plants) and
910:physical geography
677:Georg F. L. Sarauw
610:Henry Hopley White
554:
217:biological science
71:
65:: A spore tetrad.
44:
1979:(6019): 485–487.
1928:(4663): 711–713.
1299:978-1-4020-5609-3
1165:(1138): 167–195.
1130:Aperture (botany)
1106:Melissopalynology
1022:sedimentary rocks
802:hydrofluoric acid
575:were worked out,
504:sedimentary rocks
483:(POM), including
459:sedimentary rocks
415:mouthparts), and
324:sedimentary rocks
288:Melissopalynology
269:paleoenvironments
189:
82:sedimentary rocks
16:(Redirected from
2189:
2005:
2004:
1993:10.1038/315485a0
1968:
1962:
1961:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1583:"The Right Word"
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:Pollen et Spores
1505:
1496:
1495:
1490:. Archived from
1470:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1235:
1224:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1152:
821:acetic anhydride
796:(KOH) to remove
773:Johannes Iversen
622:Lennart von Post
452:
411:organs (such as
392:, plant tissue,
355:prehistoric life
265:paleoclimatology
223:), particularly
197:
185:
183:
182:
139:, together with
21:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2142:
2141:
2062:
2034:. Unwin Hyman.
2032:Paleopalynology
2018:Pollen Analysis
2013:
2008:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1440:AASP Foundation
1433:
1432:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1291:Paleopalynology
1288:
1279:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1238:
1225:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1126:
1117:Bonfire Shelter
1096:pollen counting
1084:: the study of
957:biostratigraphy
929:stratigraphical
917:Biostratigraphy
886:
848:
804:(HF) to digest
790:
785:
769:
693:
648:vegetation and
618:
559:
543:
506:. The ratio of
446:
425:
312:
257:relative dating
233:Biostratigraphy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Earth sciences
2154:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2060:External links
2058:
2057:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1963:
1912:
1877:(6): 765–774.
1853:
1810:
1789:
1770:
1751:(2): 271–390.
1735:
1724:(1–2): 76–82.
1708:
1693:
1680:
1657:
1600:
1597:on 2007-06-18.
1573:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1497:
1494:on 2010-04-03.
1462:
1453:
1450:on 2007-07-09.
1426:
1407:
1371:
1335:
1302:
1277:
1260:
1236:
1212:
1192:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1112:Archaeological
1109:
1103:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1066:climate change
1047:
1025:
1010:
1003:palaeoclimatic
979:climate change
972:
885:
882:
874:pollen diagram
847:
844:
789:
786:
784:
781:
768:
765:
761:Phyllis Draper
754:Gunnar Erdtman
692:
689:
650:climate change
634:Gunnar Erdtman
617:
616:1890s to 1940s
614:
602:Gideon Mantell
577:Robert Kidston
558:
555:
542:
539:
538:
537:
522:dinoflagellate
500:
433:organic matter
424:
421:
328:sediment cores
311:
308:
235:, a branch of
161:foraminiferans
59:trilete spores
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2194:
2183:
2182:Sedimentology
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:0-631-18638-7
2051:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:0-04-561001-0
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:0-632-02176-4
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:(1): 87–108.
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:(in German).
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:(in Danish).
1565:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:Johs. Iversen
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:0-922152-76-4
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:prasinophytes
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:environmental
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:geochronology
918:
915:
914:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
878:anthropogenic
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
845:
843:
841:
836:
832:
830:
827:, dissolving
826:
825:sulfuric acid
822:
818:
812:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
782:
780:
778:
774:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
702:
698:
691:1940s to 1989
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:index fossils
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:North America
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
566:Nehemiah Grew
564:
557:Early history
556:
551:
547:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:phytoplankton
512:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
469:reflectance.
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
367:fossiliferous
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:sporopollenin
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:plant science
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:earth science
205:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
48:
41:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2172:Microfossils
2132:
2126:Palynofacies
2045:
2031:
2017:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1800:. 1995-03-06
1792:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1595:the original
1590:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1492:the original
1482:
1456:
1448:the original
1443:
1439:
1429:
1418:
1410:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1290:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1231:
1227:
1200:
1195:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1136:Aeroplankton
1094:studies and
1018:palynomorphs
1014:palynofacies
975:Paleoecology
971:exploration.
937:chitinozoans
898:paleontology
887:
884:Applications
871:
864:
849:
837:
833:
813:
791:
770:
758:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
707:
704:Ernst Antevs
696:
694:
654:
619:
590:radiolarians
573:stratigraphy
570:
560:
526:chitinozoans
493:strew mounts
489:palynomorphs
471:
455:geochemistry
444:André Combaz
437:palynomorphs
429:palynofacies
428:
426:
423:Palynofacies
417:chitinozoans
398:scolecodonts
375:
348:
340:pseudochitin
316:microfossils
313:
310:Palynomorphs
273:
237:paleontology
206:
199:
193:
137:scolecodonts
133:chitinozoans
109:palynomorphs
106:
86:Palynomorphs
85:
73:
72:
66:
62:
29:
18:Palynologist
1867:Fagus-Picea
1620:(1): 4–19.
1570:(4): 17–44.
1474:Fægri, Knut
1388:: 338–349.
1352:: 218–235.
1252:Palynology.
1062:green algae
1040:sedimentary
902:archaeology
842:materials.
829:cellulistic
750:pollenology
746:paepalology
550:Pollen core
497:ultraviolet
447: [
371:metamorphic
332:wet sieving
320:micrometres
249:Precambrian
243:, involves
241:paleobotany
149:sedimentary
102:Proterozoic
2152:Palynology
2146:Categories
1804:2011-12-18
1786:: 354–358.
1643:2164/11661
1614:Palynology
1486:. Oxford:
1322:: 103364.
1143:References
1036:maturation
1028:Geothermal
983:vegetation
933:acritarchs
856:microscopy
852:microscope
817:Acetolysis
777:Knut Fægri
742:palynology
718:palynology
714:Paul Sears
697:palynology
685:Copenhagen
652:research.
646:Quaternary
626:Kristiania
581:P. Reinsch
518:acritarchs
402:polychaete
382:acritarchs
351:geological
276:Archeology
169:calcareous
151:rocks and
143:(POM) and
129:acritarchs
74:Palynology
55:sporangium
1869:forest".
1848:129797797
1652:0191-6122
1100:hay fever
1050:Limnology
840:chitinous
701:geologist
695:The term
681:Cromerian
467:vitrinite
441:geologist
409:arthropod
284:civil law
187:translit.
165:siliceous
153:sediments
147:found in
125:dinocysts
121:orbicules
78:sediments
1958:39998080
1950:17810290
1907:84934798
1677:: 63–64.
1480:(1964).
1124:See also
1072:Taxonomy
1012:Organic
955:through
846:Analysis
809:minerals
806:silicate
563:botanist
449:wikidata
407:worms),
280:criminal
253:Holocene
98:Protista
57:bearing
52:Silurian
2131:Acosta
2011:Sources
2001:4345551
1981:Bibcode
1930:Bibcode
1922:Science
1899:3236922
1879:Bibcode
1863:Quercus
1828:Bibcode
1753:Bibcode
1622:Bibcode
1516:: 5–12.
1390:Bibcode
1354:Bibcode
1187:2396358
1167:Bibcode
1092:Allergy
1058:desmids
890:geology
606:desmids
594:diatoms
541:History
485:kerogen
477:Organic
405:annelid
300:ecology
251:to the
221:biology
213:geology
157:diatoms
145:kerogen
94:animals
50:A late
2052:
2038:
2024:
1999:
1973:Nature
1956:
1948:
1905:
1897:
1846:
1650:
1297:
1207:
1185:
1086:pollen
1032:colour
1001:) and
987:marine
949:spores
945:pollen
925:strata
908:, and
894:botany
738:pollen
726:paluno
724:words
669:spruce
657:spores
638:Europe
608:) and
534:spores
530:pollen
511:fossil
508:marine
413:insect
390:pollen
386:spores
359:strata
336:chitin
296:genera
261:strata
245:fossil
229:botany
194:palynĹŤ
190:
181:παλύνω
117:spores
113:pollen
96:, and
90:plants
40:pollen
2133:et al
1997:S2CID
1954:S2CID
1903:S2CID
1895:JSTOR
1844:S2CID
1560:(PDF)
1183:JSTOR
798:humic
736:word
734:Latin
722:Greek
451:]
394:fungi
292:honey
201:-logy
176:Greek
172:tests
63:Green
2050:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1946:PMID
1648:ISSN
1295:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1074:and
1056:and
989:and
977:and
967:and
959:and
947:and
919:and
867:peat
823:and
775:and
730:pale
667:and
665:pine
661:herb
659:and
640:and
596:and
579:and
532:and
520:and
487:and
435:and
342:and
326:and
282:and
239:and
135:and
67:Blue
37:Pine
1989:doi
1977:315
1938:doi
1926:225
1887:doi
1836:doi
1761:doi
1726:doi
1638:hdl
1630:doi
1398:doi
1362:doi
1350:190
1324:doi
1320:218
1175:doi
1163:309
1038:of
969:gas
965:oil
756:.
675:".
600:),
457:of
231:).
167:or
104:.
2148::
1995:.
1987:.
1975:.
1952:.
1944:.
1936:.
1924:.
1901:.
1893:.
1885:.
1875:13
1873:.
1842:.
1834:.
1824:23
1822:.
1784:28
1759:.
1749:27
1747:.
1722:46
1720:.
1673:.
1669:.
1646:.
1636:.
1628:.
1618:42
1616:.
1612:.
1589:.
1585:.
1562:.
1514:15
1512:.
1500:^
1476:;
1465:^
1442:.
1438:.
1396:.
1386:91
1384:.
1360:.
1348:.
1318:.
1314:.
1280:^
1239:^
1215:^
1181:.
1173:.
1161:.
943:,
939:,
935:,
912::
904:,
900:,
896:,
892:,
862:.
748:,
592:,
427:A
396:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
346:.
338:,
184:,
178::
159:,
131:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
115:,
92:,
80:,
2003:.
1991::
1983::
1960:.
1940::
1932::
1909:.
1889::
1881::
1850:.
1838::
1830::
1807:.
1767:.
1763::
1755::
1732:.
1728::
1675:8
1654:.
1640::
1632::
1624::
1591:8
1568:1
1444:1
1404:.
1400::
1392::
1368:.
1364::
1356::
1332:.
1326::
1189:.
1177::
1169::
1102:.
1068:.
1060:(
1046:.
1024:.
997:(
604:(
588:(
516:(
227:(
219:(
211:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
