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1178:
858:. The most susceptible individuals are elderly frail individuals, or persons who are dehydrated from hot environments or inadequate fluid intake. For example, medical students would be at risk for orthostatic hypotensive syncope while observing long surgeries in the operating room. There is also evidence that exercise training can help reduce orthostatic intolerance. More serious orthostatic hypotension is often the result of certain commonly prescribed medications such as diuretics, β-adrenergic blockers, other anti-hypertensives (including vasodilators), and
520:
under the umbrella of vasovagal syncope related by the same central mechanism. First, the person is usually predisposed to decreased blood pressure by various environmental factors. A lower than expected blood volume, for instance, from taking a low-salt diet in the absence of any salt-retaining tendency. Or heat causing vaso-dilation and worsening the effect of the relatively insufficient blood volume. The next stage is the adrenergic response. If there is underlying fear or anxiety (e.g., social circumstances), or acute fear (e.g., acute threat,
1166:
922:
weakness of the legs causes most people to sit or lie down if there is time to do so. This may avert a complete collapse, but whether the patient sits down or falls down, the result of an ischaemic episode is a posture in which less blood pressure is required to achieve adequate blood flow. An individual with very little skin pigmentation may appear to have all color drained from his or her face at the onset of an episode. This effect combined with the following collapse can make a strong and dramatic impression on bystanders.
1273:
history of congestive heart failure, family history of sudden cardiac death, shortness of breath, HCT<30, hypotension or evidence of bleeding should be admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and monitoring. Low-risk cases of vasovagal or orthostatic syncope in younger people with no significant cardiac history, no family history of sudden unexplained death, and a normal EKG and initial evaluation may be candidates for discharge to follow-up with their primary care provider.
652:
847:
pressure back to baseline. Apparently healthy individuals may experience minor symptoms ("lightheadedness", "greying-out") as they stand up if blood pressure is slow to respond to the stress of upright posture. If the blood pressure is not adequately maintained during standing, faints may develop. However, the resulting "transient orthostatic hypotension" does not necessarily signal any serious underlying disease. It is as common or perhaps even more common than vasovagal syncope.
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quiet place. For individuals who have problems with chronic fainting spells, therapy should focus on recognizing the triggers and learning techniques to keep from fainting. At the appearance of warning signs such as lightheadedness, nausea, or cold and clammy skin, counter-pressure maneuvers that involve gripping fingers into a fist, tensing the arms, and crossing the legs or squeezing the thighs together can be used to ward off a fainting spell. After the symptoms have passed,
3232:"AHA/ACCF Scientific Statement on the Evaluation of Syncope: From the American Heart Association Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and Stroke, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and the American College of Cardiology Foundation: In Collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the American Autonomic Society"
68:
532:. The high (ineffective) sympathetic activity is thereby modulated by vagal (parasympathetic) outflow leading to excessive slowing of heart rate. The abnormality lies in this excessive vagal response causing loss of blood flow to the brain. The tilt-table test typically evokes the attack. Avoiding what brings on the syncope and possibly greater salt intake is often all that is needed.
1190:
299:, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, or feeling warm. Syncope may also be associated with a short episode of muscle twitching. Psychiatric causes can also be determined when a patient experiences fear, anxiety, or panic; particularly before a stressful event, usually medical in nature. When consciousness and muscle strength are not completely lost, it is called
768:
by an abnormal nervous system reaction similar to the reflex faints. Women are significantly more likely to experience syncope as a presenting symptom of a myocardial infarction. In general, faints caused by structural disease of the heart or blood vessels are particularly important to recognize, as they are warning of potentially life-threatening conditions.
1013:(ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause of syncope. Guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians and American Heart Association recommend a syncope workup include a thorough medical history, physical exam with orthostatic vitals, and a 12-lead ECG. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm,
608:), and following exercise. Manisty et al. note: "Deglutition syncope is characterised by loss of consciousness on swallowing; it has been associated not only with ingestion of solid food, but also with carbonated and ice-cold beverages, and even belching." Fainting can occur in "cough syncope" following severe fits of
524:), the vaso-motor centre demands an increased pumping action by the heart (flight or fight response). This is set in motion via the adrenergic (sympathetic) outflow from the brain, but the heart is unable to meet requirements because of the low blood volume, or decreased return. A feedback response to the
1336:
Of those presenting with syncope to an emergency department, about 4% died in the next 30 days. The risk of a poor outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause. Situational syncope is not at increased risk of death or adverse outcomes. Cardiac syncope is associated with worse prognosis
873:
Hyperadrenergic orthostatic hypotension refers to an orthostatic drop in blood pressure despite high levels of sympathetic adrenergic response. This occurs when a person with normal physiology is unable to compensate for >20% loss in intravascular volume. This may be due to blood loss, dehydration
543:
Isolated episodes of loss of consciousness, unheralded by any warning symptoms for more than a few moments. These tend to occur in the adolescent age group and may be associated with fasting, exercise, abdominal straining, or circumstances promoting vaso-dilation (e.g., heat, alcohol). The subject is
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was developed to isolate people who have higher risk for a serious cause of syncope. High risk is anyone who has: congestive heart failure, hematocrit <30%, electrocardiograph abnormality, shortness of breath, or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg. The San
Francisco syncope rule however was
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may be used. This is a portable ECG device that can record the wearer's heart rhythms during daily activities over an extended period of time. Since fainting usually does not occur upon command, a Holter monitor can provide a better understanding of the heart's activity during fainting episodes. For
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can cause "a release of histamine, resulting in an extreme dilatation of the blood vessels, resulting in a drop of blood pressure so that not enough blood reaches the brain, leading to dizziness, fainting, syncope, itching, hives, tingling or swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat; chest tightness,
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episode may also proceed faster than the respiratory system can respond. These processes cause the typical symptoms of fainting: pale skin, rapid breathing, nausea, and weakness of the limbs, particularly of the legs. If the ischemia is intense or prolonged, limb weakness progresses to collapse. The
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suddenly collapsed and died during a televised intercollegiate basketball game. He had previously collapsed during a game a few months prior. He was diagnosed with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia at the time. There was speculation that he had since stopped taking the prescribed medications
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Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for 2–5% of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students describe at least
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Management of syncope focuses on treating the underlying cause. This can be challenging as the underlying cause is unclear in half of all cases. Several risk stratification tools (explained below) have been developed to combat the vague nature of this diagnosis. People with an abnormal ECG reading,
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in the walls of vessels in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. These receptors then trigger a sympathetic nervous response to compensate and redistribute blood back into the brain. The sympathetic response causes peripheral vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. These together act to raise blood
767:
Diseases involving the shape and strength of the heart can be a cause of reduced blood flow to the brain, which increases risk for syncope. The most common cause in this category is fainting associated with an acute myocardial infarction or ischemic event. The faint in this case is primarily caused
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arises from retrograde (reversed) flow of blood in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery. Symptoms such as syncope, lightheadedness, and paresthesias occur while exercising the arm on the affected side
519:
Vasovagal (situational) syncope is one of the most common types which may occur in response to any of a variety of triggers, such as scary, embarrassing or uneasy situations, during blood drawing, or moments of sudden unusually high stress. There are many different syncope syndromes which all fall
1314:
The
Canadian syncope risk score was developed to help select low-risk people that may be viable for discharge home. A score of <0 on the Canadian syncope risk score is associated with <2% risk of serious adverse event within 30 days. It has been shown to be more effective than older syncope
445:
Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for one to three percent of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students
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There are 18.1–39.7 syncope episodes per 1000 people in the general population. Rates are highest between the ages of 10–30 years old. This is likely because of the high rates of vasovagal syncope in the young adult population. Older adults are more likely to have orthostatic or cardiac syncope.
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Recommended acute treatment of vasovagal and orthostatic (hypotension) syncope involves returning blood to the brain by positioning the person on the ground, with legs slightly elevated or sitting leaning forward and the head between the knees for at least 10–15 minutes, preferably in a cool and
881:
Hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension occurs when the person is unable to sustain a normal sympathetic response to blood pressure changes during movement despite adequate intravascular volume. There is little to no compensatory increase in heart rate or blood pressure when standing for up to 10
758:
are the most common examples. Major valves of the heart become stiffened and reduce the efficiency of the hearts pumping action. This may not cause symptoms at rest but with exertion, the heart is unable to keep up with increased demands leading to syncope. Aortic stenosis presents with repeated
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occurs when heat exposure causes decreased blood volume and peripheral vasodilatation. Position changes, especially during vigorous exercise in the heat, may lead to decreased blood flow to the brain. Closely related to other causes of syncope related to hypotension (low blood pressure) such as
477:
There also seems to be a genetic component to syncope. A recent genetic study has identified first risk locus for syncope and collapse. The lead genetic variant, residing at chromosome 2q31.1, is an intergenic variant approximately 250 kb downstream of the ZNF804A gene. The variant effected the
551:
Recurrent syncope with complex associated symptoms. This is neurally mediated syncope (NMS). It is associated with any of the following: preceding or succeeding sleepiness, preceding visual disturbance ("spots before the eyes"), sweating, lightheadedness. The subject is usually but not always
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is recommended. Lifestyle modifications are important for treating people experiencing repeated syncopal episodes. Avoiding triggers and situations where loss of consciousness would be seriously hazardous (operating heavy machinery, commercial pilot, etc.) has been shown to be effective.
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Associated symptoms may be felt in the minutes leading up to a vasovagal episode and are referred to as the prodrome. These consist of light-headedness, confusion, pallor, nausea, salivation, sweating, tachycardia, blurred vision, and sudden urge to defecate among other symptoms.
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originate in the ventricles. VT causes syncope and can result in sudden death. Ventricular tachycardia, which describes a heart rate of over 100 beats per minute with at least three irregular heartbeats as a sequence of consecutive premature beats, can degenerate into
564:
which increased survival from attackers and might have slowed blood loss in a primitive environment. "Blood-injury phobia", as this is called, is experienced by about 15% of people. It is often possible to manage these symptoms with specific behavioral techniques.
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D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Reed MJ, Gabayan GZ, Suzuki M, Costantino G, et al. (2013-07-15). "Incidence, etiology and predictors of adverse outcomes in 43,315 patients presenting to the
Emergency Department with syncope: An international meta-analysis".
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is caused primarily by an excessive drop in blood pressure when standing up from a previous position of lying or sitting down. When the head is elevated above the feet the pull of gravity causes blood pressure in the head to drop. This is sensed by
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Seizures and syncope can be difficult to differentiate. Both often present as sudden loss of consciousness and convulsive movements may be present or absent in either. Movements in syncope are typically brief and more irregular than seizures.
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compared to noncardiac syncope. Factors associated with poor outcomes include history of heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, ECG abnormalities, palpitations, signs of hemorrhage, syncope during exertion, and advanced age.
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describe at least one event at some point in their lives. Of those presenting with syncope to an emergency department, about 4% died in the next 30 days. The risk of a poor outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause.
2054:"Human brain evolution and the 'Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:' Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder"
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Typically, tachycardic-generated syncope is caused by a cessation of beats following a tachycardic episode. This condition, called tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, is usually caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction or block or
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If fainting spells occur often without a triggering event, syncope may be a sign of an underlying heart disease. In the case where syncope is caused by cardiac disease, the treatment is much more sophisticated than that of
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Based on this initial workup many physicians will tailor testing and determine whether a person qualifies as 'high-risk', 'intermediate risk' or 'low-risk' based on risk stratification tools. More specific tests such as
1159:
people with more than two episodes of syncope and no diagnosis on "routine testing", an insertable cardiac monitor might be used. It lasts 28–36 months and is inserted just beneath the skin in the upper chest area.
796:
is a cardiac syncope that occurs with seizures caused by complete or incomplete heart block. Symptoms include deep and fast respiration, weak and slow pulse, and respiratory pauses that may last for 60 seconds.
930:
Arterial disease in the upper spinal cord, or lower brain that causes syncope if there is a reduction in blood supply. This may occur with extending the neck or with use of medications to lower blood pressure.
587:
Much of this pathway was discovered in animal experiments by Bezold (Vienna) in the 1860s. In animals, it may represent a defense mechanism when confronted by danger ("playing possum"). A 2023 study identified
947:
can present with sudden loss of postural tone without associated tonic-clonic movements. Absence of a long post-ictal state is indicative of syncope rather than an akinetic seizure. Some rare forms, such as
362:
is pressed. The third type of syncope is due to a drop in blood pressure when changing position such as when standing up. This is often due to medications that a person is taking but may also be related to
1264:, and paroxysmal spells. While these may appear as "fainting", they do not fit the strict definition of syncope being a sudden reversible loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain.
1220:
and ischemia testing may be recommended for cases where initial evaluation and ECG testing is nondiagnostic. For people with uncomplicated syncope (without seizures and a normal neurological exam)
556:
Syncope has been linked with psychological triggers. This includes fainting in response to the sight or thought of blood, needles, pain, and other emotionally stressful situations. One theory in
2006:
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and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further
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and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further
2911:
Albassam OT, Redelmeier RJ, Shadowitz S, Husain AM, Simel D, Etchells EE (25 June 2019). "Did This
Patient Have Cardiac Syncope?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review".
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may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. Routine broad panel laboratory testing detects abnormalities in <2–3% of results and is therefore not recommended.
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inappropriately leading to poor blood flow to the brain. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings, or a specific activity such as
1092:
is performed to elicit orthostatic syncope secondary to autonomic dysfunction (neurogenic). A number of factors make a heart related cause more likely including age over 35, prior
326:. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common. Heart related causes may include an
1236:
as a cause of syncope also is not indicated. Although sometimes investigated as a cause of syncope, carotid artery problems are unlikely to cause that condition. Additionally an
3808:
576:. A non-combatant who has fainted signals that they are not a threat. This would explain the association between fainting and stimuli such as bloodletting and injuries seen in
3513:
Birnbaum A, Esses D, Bijur P, Wollowitz A, Gallagher EJ (August 2008). "Failure to validate the San
Francisco Syncope Rule in an independent emergency department population".
3267:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
2281:
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage may result in syncope. Often this is in combination with sudden, severe headache. It may occur as a result of a ruptured aneurysm or head trauma.
1201:
2747:
1687:
Singh JR, Rand EB, Erosa SC, Cho RS, Sein M (2021). "Aromatherapy for
Procedural Anxiety in Pain Management and Interventional Spine Procedures: A Randomized Trial".
1139:(ARVD/C). Signs of HCM include large voltages in the precordial leads, repolarization abnormalities, and a wide QRS with a slurred upstroke. Signs of ARVD/C include
3949:
3642:
3478:
Quinn J, McDermott D, Stiell I, Kohn M, Wells G (May 2006). "Prospective validation of the San
Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with serious outcomes".
3265:
Moya A, European
Society of Cardiology (ESC), Sutton R, European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Ammirati F, and Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), et al. (2009).
3423:"Incidence, etiology and predictors of adverse outcomes in 43,315 patients presenting to the Emergency Department with syncope: An international meta-analysis"
3212:
2506:
Oqab Z, Ganshorn H, Sheldon R (September 2017). "Prevalence of pulmonary embolism in patients presenting with syncope. A systematic review and meta-analysis".
771:
Among other conditions prone to trigger syncope (by either hemodynamic compromise or by a neural reflex mechanism, or both), some of the most important are
1177:
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1136:
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rhythm) wherein the heart beats too slowly, too rapidly, or too irregularly to pump enough blood to the brain. Some arrhythmias can be life-threatening.
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Nallamothu BK, Mehta RH, Saint S, et al. (October 2002). "Syncope in acute aortic dissection: diagnostic, prognostic, and clinical implications".
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1154:, heart block, or a new or old heart attack, it typically does not provide a definite diagnosis for the underlying cause for fainting. Sometimes, a
1295:
1132:
474:. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common.
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is pressed. A normal response to carotid sinus massage is reduction in blood pressure and slowing of the heart rate. Especially in people with
596:
zone (PVZ) as a coordinated neural network participating in the cardioinhibitory Bezold–Jarisch reflex (BJR) regulating fainting and recovery.
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inappropriately. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings or a specific activity such as
3628:
2723:
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621:
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and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the
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1053:(CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered include
790:, a sinus node dysfunction, causing alternating bradycardia and tachycardia. Often there is a long pause (asystole) between heartbeats.
414:(CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered include
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577:
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view is that some forms of fainting are non-verbal signals that developed in response to increased inter-group aggression during the
2002:
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Kenny RA, Bhangu J, King-Kallimanis BL (2013). "Epidemiology of syncope/collapse in younger and older
Western patient populations".
127:
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can cause obstructed blood vessels and is the cause of syncope in less than 1% of people who present to the emergency department.
1165:
878:. On standing the person will experience reflex tachycardia (at least 20% increased over supine) and a drop in blood pressure.
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count may indicate anemia or blood loss. However, this has been useful in only about 5% of people evaluated for fainting. The
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696:
378:(ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm,
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3422:
3194:
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It is estimated that from 20 to 50% of people have an abnormal ECG. However, while an ECG may identify conditions such as
907:
709:
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2053:
1291:
688:
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772:
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Freeman R (2011). "Chapter 20: Syncope". In Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
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3198:
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Peeters SY, Hoek AE, Mollink SM, Huff JS (April 2014). "Syncope: risk stratification and clinical decision making".
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1307:
589:
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Marine JE (2012). "ECG Features that suggest a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia as the cause for syncope".
2714:
Tintinalli, Judith E. Stapczynski, J Stephan. Ma, O John. Yealy, Donald M. Meckler, Garth D. Cline, David (2017).
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1241:
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903:
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399:
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2426:"Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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863:
705:
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Syncope may be caused by specific behaviors including coughing, urination, defecation, vomiting, swallowing (
2214:"The Bezold-Jarisch reflex revisited: Clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart"
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692:
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471:
379:
323:
202:
172:
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Strieper MJ (2005-03-01). "Distinguishing Benign
Syncope from Life-Threatening Cardiac Causes of Syncope".
1821:"Genome-wide association study identifies locus at chromosome 2q32. 1 associated with syncope and collapse"
1716:"Genome-wide association study identifies locus at chromosome 2q32. 1 associated with syncope and collapse"
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2027:
1378:
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862:. In a small percentage of cases, the cause of orthostatic hypotensive faints is structural damage to the
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41:
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2028:"Swoon at the Sight of Blood? Why the sight of blood might make you faint – and what you can do about it"
1029:. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while
394:. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while
1046:
949:
906:. While these conditions often impair consciousness they rarely meet the medical definition of syncope.
883:
793:
407:
164:
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651:
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D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Reed MJ, Gabayan GZ, Suzuki M, Costantino G, et al. (2013-07-15).
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2117:
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32:"Passing out", "Syncopy", and "Fainting" redirect here. For the completion of a military course, see
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Syncope and presyncope are common in young athletes. In 1990 the American college basketball player
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or "whooping cough". Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the
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minutes. This is often due to an underlying disorder or medication use and is accompanied by other
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2004 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Management (Diagnosis and Treatment) of Syncope
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Dubosh Nicole M., Bellolio M. Fernanda, Rabinstein Alejandro A., Edlow Jonathan A. (2016-03-01).
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992:) may cause symptoms resembling syncope. A number of psychological interventions are available.
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Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes:
306:
Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes:
3150:
Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, Cohen MI, Forman DE, Goldberger ZD, et al. (March 2017).
2761:
Gaynor D, Egan J (2011). "Vasovagal syncope (the common faint): what clinicians need to know".
1959:
Kaufmann H, Bhattacharya K (May 2002). "Diagnosis and treatment of neurally mediated syncope".
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is triggered by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood in the brain. Common examples include
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2664:"Sensitivity of Early Brain Computed Tomography to Exclude Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"
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2086:
1976:
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Paluso KA (August 2000). "The fainting patient. First and foremost, a meticulous evaluation".
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may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. More specific tests such as
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339:
226:
220:
143:
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Strickberger S, Benson D, Biaggioni I, Callans D, Cohen M, Ellenbogen K, et al. (2006).
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episodes of syncope. Rarely, cardiac tumors such as atrial myxomas can also lead to syncope.
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upright. The tilt-table test, if performed, is generally positive. It is relatively uncommon.
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Ruwald MH (August 2013). "Epidemiological studies on syncope – a register based approach".
775:, acute aortic dissection, pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism, aortic stenosis, and
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3553:"Predictors of Short-Term Outcomes after Syncope: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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Blockages in major vessels or within the heart can also impede blood flow to the brain.
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3152:"2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope"
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Von Bezold (1867). "A. Uber die physiologischen Wirkungen des essigsauren Veratrines".
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1240:(EEG) is generally not recommended. A bedside ultrasound may be performed to rule out
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1649:"Syncope Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
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2697:
2535:
2403:(Textbook) (18th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 171–177.
1988:
1425:
1363:
1257:
1070:
958:
818:
459:
431:
311:
37:
3307:
2104:
Lovelace JW, Ma J, Yadav S, Chhabria K, Shen H, Pang Z, et al. (2023-11-09).
3722:
3568:
3438:
3061:
2680:
2663:
2441:
1700:
478:
expression of ZNF804A, making this gene the strongest driver of the association.
358:. Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the
3843:
3774:
3752:
3383:
2551:"Operating theatre related syncope in medical students: a cross sectional study"
2072:
1370:
1315:
risk scores even combined with cardiac biomarkers at predicting adverse events.
1112:
867:
851:
684:
680:
676:
637:
605:
573:
529:
490:
364:
343:
331:
292:
280:
67:
3771:
3733:
3285:
3168:
3151:
3118:
2804:
2519:
2358:
2321:
2304:
2182:
2129:
1787:
3873:
3647:
2733:
1085:
1062:
998:
423:
300:
152:
3786:
3456:
3079:
2870:
2812:
2630:
2449:
2374:
2137:
1934:
342:
among others. Neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and
3880:
3763:
3696:
2861:
2621:
2106:"Vagal sensory neurons mediate the Bezold–Jarisch reflex and induce syncope"
1382:
1287:
1078:
855:
613:
494:
439:
368:
347:
296:
241:
148:
3586:
3534:
3499:
3464:
3395:
3303:
3257:
3177:
3136:
3087:
3011:
2932:
2924:
2888:
2820:
2689:
2648:
2586:
2567:
2527:
2492:
2457:
2382:
2330:
2190:
2155:
2090:
1980:
1942:
1854:
1805:
1749:
1599:
1565:
17:
2239:
1836:
1731:
1124:
1026:
918:
913:
The respiratory system may compensate for dropping oxygen levels through
895:
502:
498:
391:
355:
351:
284:
3658:
3447:
3070:
2774:
3103:"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009)"
1120:
1054:
560:
is that fainting at the sight of blood might have evolved as a form of
415:
3679:
2716:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine : A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9e
1796:
870:
or diabetes) or in neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease).
3858:
3691:
3632:
1672:
Chen-Scarabelli C, Scarabelli TM (2004). "Neurocardiogenic syncope".
1261:
1058:
899:
419:
3325:
303:. It is recommended that presyncope be treated the same as syncope.
2795:. Seizures, Syncope, and Sudden Death: Recognizing Cardiac Causes.
2270:"Cardiac manifestations and sequelae of gastrointestinal disorders"
3868:
3327:
Transient loss of consciousness in adults and young people (CG109)
1278:
1001:
may present with sudden loss of consciousness similar to syncope.
910:
transient ischemic attacks may produce true syncope as a symptom.
669:
650:
609:
489:
or neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and
455:
307:
276:
213:
3848:
939:
There are other conditions which may cause or resemble syncope.
730:. The degree of QT prolongation determines the risk of syncope.
3790:
1225:
734:
also commonly presents with syncope secondary to arrhythmia.
3101:
Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al. (November 2009).
2956:"Review of Important ECG Findings in Patients with Syncope"
1355:
Fainting in women was a commonplace trope or stereotype in
1025:. Heart related causes also often have little history of a
390:. Heart related causes also often have little history of a
119:
113:
107:
2171:"What causes fainting? Scientists finally have an answer"
1359:
and in contemporary and modern depictions of the period.
371:. There also seems to be a genetic component to syncope.
104:
969:
shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, wheezing"
2303:
Dicpinigaitis PV, Lim L, Farmakidis C (February 2014).
1923:
Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants
1107:(ECG) finds that should be looked for include signs of
640:
or heart muscle, or blockages of blood vessels from a
334:
or heart muscle and blockages of blood vessels from a
3199:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2549:
Jamjoom AA, Nikkar-Esfahani A, Fitzgerald JE (2009).
2268:
Manisty C, Hughes-Roberts Y, Kaddoura S (July 2009).
1408:) 'cutting up', 'sudden loss of strength', from σύν (
128:
110:
101:
3669:
664:
The most common cause of cardiac syncope is cardiac
116:
3912:
3889:
3824:
3743:
3673:
1689:
American Journal of Physical Medical Rehabilitation
1244:in people with concerning history or presentation.
250:
240:
232:
219:
208:
197:
189:
181:
171:
158:
142:
98:
86:
57:
52:
539:Vasovagal syncope can be considered in two forms:
2003:"Why do Some People Faint at the Sight of Blood?"
27:Transient loss of consciousness and postural tone
995:Low blood sugar can be a rare cause of syncope.
624:this response can cause syncope or presyncope.
2424:Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP (2011-11-01).
2394:
2392:
3802:
3643:2017 American College of Cardiology Guideline
3156:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2218:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1009:A medical history, physical examination, and
973:Lactose intolerance § Signs and symptoms
374:A medical history, physical examination, and
61:Fainting, blacking out, passing out, swooning
8:
2746:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2061:Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry
1195:A short PR in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
3357:"American Epilepsy Society Choosing Wisely"
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1252:Other diseases which mimic syncope include
592:vagal sensory neurons (NPY2R VSNs) and the
3809:
3795:
3787:
3670:
3189:
3187:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2508:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2401:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1137:arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
838:Orthostatic (postural) hypotensive syncope
66:
49:
3576:
3446:
3382:Mechanic OJ, Grossman SA (18 July 2022).
3293:
3247:
3167:
3126:
3069:
2878:
2860:
2679:
2638:
2620:
2576:
2566:
2320:
2229:
2145:
2080:
1844:
1795:
1739:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1228:is not generally needed. Likewise, using
821:, may cause bradycardia induced syncope.
285:symptoms before the loss of consciousness
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1328:one event at some point in their lives.
1298:depending on the precise cardiac cause.
695:). SVT does not cause syncope except in
3551:Gibson T, Weiss R, Sun B (2018-04-30).
3384:"Syncope And Related Paroxysmal Spells"
1437:
1412:, "together, thoroughly") and κόπτειν (
1296:implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
1161:
1133:hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
225:Medical history, physical examination,
36:. For the film production company, see
3950:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
3215:from the original on September 1, 2013
2786:
2784:
2739:
2598:
2596:
1954:
1952:
548:, if performed, is generally negative.
3557:Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
3546:
3544:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2963:American Journal of Clinical Medicine
2845:"Syncope in the Emergency Department"
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2709:
2707:
2605:"Syncope in the Emergency Department"
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1311:not validated by subsequent studies.
1096:, and turning blue during the event.
1017:and other electrical issues, such as
622:hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome
382:and other electrical issues, such as
7:
3665:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3334:from the original on 29 October 2013
2849:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
2609:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
675:Two major groups of arrhythmias are
632:Heart-related causes may include an
3427:International Journal of Cardiology
3050:International Journal of Cardiology
1776:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
1015:poor blood flow to the heart muscle
722:can cause syncope when it sets off
584:as well as the gender differences.
578:blood-injection-injury type phobias
380:poor blood flow to the heart muscle
3004:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2013.07.008
2255:Untersch. Physiolog. Lab. Würzburg
1049:may be useful in uncertain cases.
763:Structural cardiopulmonary disease
410:may be useful in uncertain cases.
25:
3527:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.12.007
3492:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.11.019
3249:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170274
3211:, American Academy of Neurology,
2284:from the original on 11 June 2013
1929:(8): 40–42, 48–49, 53–54 passim.
926:Vertebro-basilar arterial disease
708:, which is rapidly fatal without
1973:10.1097/00127893-200205000-00004
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
866:due to systemic diseases (e.g.,
850:This may be due to medications,
94:
2793:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
2034:from the original on 2015-09-06
2009:from the original on 2016-08-01
980:Some psychological conditions (
890:Central nervous system ischemia
683:. Bradycardia can be caused by
612:, such as that associated with
3653:The San Francisco syncope rule
3606:American College of Cardiology
2843:Sandhu RK, Sheldon RS (2019).
2603:Sandhu RK, Sheldon RS (2019).
1232:on the premise of identifying
697:Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
528:is triggered via the afferent
1:
3195:American Academy of Neurology
2718:. McGraw-Hill Education LLC.
2485:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01254-8
2231:10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80014-X
1393:The term is derived from the
817:Various medications, such as
710:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
3569:10.5811/westjem.2018.2.37100
3439:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.083
3062:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.083
2991:Journal of Electrocardiology
2681:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011386
2442:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001
1701:10.1097/PHM.0000000000001690
814:can also result in syncope.
689:supraventricular tachycardia
687:. Tachycardias include SVT (
3839:Persistent vegetative state
2073:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008
1554:Emergency Medicine Practice
970:
773:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
246:Depends on underlying cause
3966:
3818:Disorders of consciousness
3169:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.003
2805:10.1016/j.spen.2005.01.001
2520:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.09.015
2322:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.020
2183:10.1038/d41586-023-03450-3
2130:10.1038/s41586-023-06680-7
1819:Hadji-Turdeghal K (2019).
1788:10.1016/j.pcad.2012.11.006
1714:Hadji-Turdeghal K (2019).
1377:primarily reported in the
1344:
1308:San Francisco syncope rule
1207:Type 2 Brugada ECG pattern
1039:implantable loop recorders
904:transient ischemic attacks
854:, significant bleeding or
810:(a tear in the aorta) and
804:(most commonly the left).
746:Obstructive cardiac lesion
590:neuropeptide Y receptor Y2
512:
400:implantable loop recorders
367:, significant bleeding or
212:Decrease in blood flow to
31:
3834:Minimally conscious state
3390:. StatPearls Publishing.
2363:American Family Physician
1242:abdominal aortic aneurysm
952:are of an unknown cause.
896:central ischemic response
801:Subclavian steal syndrome
482:Neurally mediated syncope
236:Based on underlying cause
74:
65:
3286:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298
3119:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298
2212:Mark AL (January 1983).
1290:syncope and may involve
986:somatic symptom disorder
864:autonomic nervous system
706:ventricular fibrillation
655:Syncope from bradycardia
544:invariably upright. The
3206:: an initiative of the
2862:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00180
2622:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00180
2359:"Evaluation of Syncope"
2169:Naddaf M (2023-11-01).
2052:Bracha HS (July 2006).
1825:Cardiovascular Research
1720:Cardiovascular Research
1674:British Medical Journal
1560:(4): 1–22, quiz 22–23.
1230:carotid ultrasonography
1117:atrioventricular blocks
1079:monitoring of the heart
1031:low blood oxygen levels
724:ventricular tachycardia
701:Ventricular tachycardia
693:ventricular tachycardia
570:evolutionary psychology
558:evolutionary psychology
472:orthostatic hypotension
440:monitoring of the heart
396:low blood oxygen levels
324:orthostatic hypotension
203:orthostatic hypotension
75:A 1744 oil painting by
3602:"The Syncopal Athlete"
3600:Madan S (2016-04-29).
3361:www.choosingwisely.org
3274:European Heart Journal
3024:Grubb (2001) pp. 83–84
2925:10.1001/jama.2019.8001
2763:The Irish Psychologist
2568:10.1186/1472-6920-9-14
2357:Gauer R (2011-09-15).
1588:Danish Medical Journal
1416:, "strike, cut off").
1379:southern United States
1375:culture-bound syndrome
1248:Differential diagnosis
1234:carotid artery disease
777:pulmonary hypertension
740:atrioventricular block
656:
283:. There are sometimes
42:Faint (disambiguation)
34:passing out (military)
3330:, NICE, August 2010,
1135:(HOCM), and signs of
1047:carotid sinus massage
962:orthostatic syncope.
950:hair-grooming syncope
794:Adams-Stokes syndrome
654:
634:abnormal heart rhythm
408:carotid sinus massage
328:abnormal heart rhythm
273:loss of consciousness
254:~5 per 1,000 per year
165:Loss of consciousness
2309:Respiratory Medicine
1238:electroencephalogram
884:hypoadrenergic signs
783:Other cardiac causes
636:, problems with the
491:heart rate decreases
344:heart rate decreases
330:, problems with the
263:, commonly known as
40:For other uses, see
2122:2023Natur.623..387L
1341:Society and culture
1260:, certain types of
1222:computed tomography
1152:atrial fibrillation
1094:atrial fibrillation
1051:Computed tomography
1005:Diagnostic approach
990:conversion disorder
966:Lactose intolerance
788:Sick sinus syndrome
728:torsades de pointes
660:Cardiac arrhythmias
600:Situational syncope
412:Computed tomography
167:and muscle strength
3924:Locked-in syndrome
3744:External resources
3629:Syncope (medicine)
2954:Toscano J (2012).
2901:Grubb (2001) p. 83
1837:10.1093/cvr/cvz106
1732:10.1093/cvr/cvz106
1147:in lead V1 to V3.
1043:tilt table testing
917:, though a sudden
826:pulmonary embolism
657:
642:pulmonary embolism
404:tilt table testing
336:pulmonary embolism
281:low blood pressure
3932:
3931:
3904:Vasovagal episode
3784:
3783:
3280:(21): 2631–2671.
3197:(February 2013),
3113:(21): 2631–2671.
2919:(24): 2448–2457.
2725:978-1-260-01993-3
2410:978-0-07-174889-6
2116:(7986): 387–396.
1653:www.ninds.nih.gov
1357:Victorian England
1105:Electrocardiogram
1100:Electrocardiogram
1075:drug intoxication
1011:electrocardiogram
945:Akinetic seizures
844:stretch receptors
808:Aortic dissection
646:aortic dissection
515:Vasovagal syncope
509:Vasovagal syncope
436:drug intoxication
376:electrocardiogram
340:aortic dissection
279:, typically from
258:
257:
227:electrocardiogram
221:Diagnostic method
201:Cardiac, reflex,
47:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3957:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3671:
3666:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3363:. 14 August 2018
3353:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3306:. Archived from
3297:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3073:
3044:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2864:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2624:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2430:Heart & Lung
2421:
2415:
2414:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2354:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1771:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1604:
1603:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1218:Echocardiography
1204:
1192:
1183:Long QT syndrome
1180:
1171:ECG showing HOCM
1168:
1141:T wave inversion
1129:Brugada syndrome
1067:low blood oxygen
1023:Brugada syndrome
1019:long QT syndrome
976:
915:hyperventilation
732:Brugada syndrome
720:Long QT syndrome
466:, also known as
428:low blood oxygen
388:Brugada syndrome
384:long QT syndrome
318:, also known as
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
70:
50:
21:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3915:
3908:
3885:
3854:Brainstem death
3826:Unconsciousness
3820:
3815:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3739:
3738:
3682:
3657:
3648:Tilt table test
3625:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3335:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3269:
3264:
3229:
3224:, which cites:
3218:
3216:
3208:ABIM Foundation
3204:Choosing Wisely
3193:
3192:
3185:
3162:(5): e39–e110.
3149:
3148:
3144:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3046:
3045:
3028:
3023:
3019:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2738:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2356:
2355:
2338:
2305:"Cough syncope"
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1961:The Neurologist
1958:
1957:
1950:
1920:
1919:
1862:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1695:(10): 978–982.
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:(329): 336–341.
1671:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1607:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1551:
1550:
1439:
1434:
1422:
1391:
1353:
1343:
1334:
1321:
1304:
1270:
1258:low blood sugar
1250:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1102:
1090:tilt table test
1071:low blood sugar
1007:
937:
928:
908:Vertebrobasilar
892:
834:
785:
765:
756:mitral stenosis
752:Aortic stenosis
748:
662:
648:, among others.
630:
602:
594:periventricular
546:tilt-table test
517:
511:
484:
452:
432:low blood sugar
289:lightheadedness
138:
129:
97:
93:
48:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3760:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3725:
3714:
3699:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:Classification
3668:
3667:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3624:
3623:External links
3621:
3618:
3617:
3592:
3563:(3): 517–523.
3540:
3521:(2): 151–159.
3505:
3486:(5): 448–454.
3470:
3408:
3374:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3322:
3262:
3242:(2): 316–327.
3183:
3142:
3093:
3026:
3017:
2998:(6): 561–568.
2975:
2946:
2903:
2894:
2826:
2780:
2769:(7): 176–279.
2753:
2724:
2703:
2674:(3): 750–755.
2654:
2592:
2541:
2514:(4): 551–555.
2498:
2479:(6): 468–471.
2463:
2436:(6): 477–491.
2416:
2409:
2388:
2369:(6): 640–650.
2336:
2315:(2): 244–251.
2295:
2260:
2245:
2204:
2161:
2096:
2044:
2019:
1994:
1967:(3): 175–185.
1948:
1860:
1811:
1782:(4): 357–363.
1755:
1706:
1679:
1664:
1605:
1571:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1390:
1387:
1367:on game days.
1351:Fainting couch
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1303:
1300:
1269:
1266:
1249:
1246:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1156:Holter monitor
1109:heart ischemia
1101:
1098:
1006:
1003:
936:
933:
927:
924:
891:
888:
833:
832:Blood pressure
830:
812:cardiomyopathy
784:
781:
764:
761:
747:
744:
714:defibrillation
661:
658:
629:
626:
601:
598:
554:
553:
549:
513:Main article:
510:
507:
487:Reflex syncope
483:
480:
470:mediated; and
451:
448:
322:mediated; and
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
223:
217:
216:
210:
206:
205:
199:
195:
194:
193:Short duration
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
146:
140:
139:
137:
136:
90:
88:
84:
83:
72:
71:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3962:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:Consciousness
3943:
3942:
3940:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3916:consciousness
3914:Alteration of
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:Ann Emerg Med
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:Ann Emerg Med
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3313:on 2021-08-29
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2283:
2280:(4): 175–80.
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2224:(1): 90–102.
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:(5): 827–53.
2066:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:Ancient Greek
1399:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:Fainting room
1340:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:epsilon waves
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
951:
946:
940:
934:
932:
925:
923:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
887:
885:
879:
877:
876:third-spacing
871:
869:
865:
861:
860:nitroglycerin
857:
853:
848:
845:
840:
839:
831:
829:
827:
822:
820:
819:beta blockers
815:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
795:
791:
789:
782:
780:
778:
774:
769:
762:
760:
757:
753:
745:
743:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
659:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
618:carotid sinus
615:
611:
607:
599:
597:
595:
591:
585:
583:
582:needle phobia
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
550:
547:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:needle phobia
516:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
360:carotid sinus
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
173:Complications
170:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
134:
133:
124:
92:
91:
89:
87:Pronunciation
85:
82:
78:
77:Pietro Longhi
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3899:Heat syncope
3890:
3762:
3751:
3727:
3716:
3701:
3686:
3662:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:
3595:
3560:
3556:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3448:11380/793892
3433:(1): 57–62.
3430:
3426:
3399:. Retrieved
3387:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3360:
3351:
3336:, retrieved
3326:
3315:. Retrieved
3308:the original
3277:
3273:
3239:
3235:
3217:, retrieved
3202:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3110:
3107:Eur. Heart J
3106:
3096:
3071:11380/793892
3056:(1): 57–62.
3053:
3049:
3020:
2995:
2989:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2949:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2852:
2848:
2799:(1): 32–38.
2796:
2792:
2775:10147/135366
2766:
2762:
2756:
2715:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2612:
2608:
2558:
2555:BMC Med Educ
2554:
2544:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2400:
2366:
2362:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2277:
2274:Br J Cardiol
2273:
2263:
2257:(1): 75–156.
2254:
2248:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2174:
2164:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2064:
2060:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
1997:
1964:
1960:
1926:
1922:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1779:
1775:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1594:(8): B4702.
1591:
1587:
1557:
1553:
1426:Voodoo death
1413:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1369:
1364:Hank Gathers
1361:
1354:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1319:Epidemiology
1313:
1305:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1251:
1216:
1149:
1103:
1083:
1035:
1008:
997:
994:
979:
964:
959:Heat syncope
957:
954:
941:
938:
935:Other causes
929:
912:
893:
880:
872:
849:
837:
835:
823:
816:
806:
799:
792:
786:
770:
766:
749:
736:
718:
685:heart blocks
674:
663:
638:heart valves
631:
603:
586:
567:
562:playing dead
555:
538:
534:
518:
485:
476:
460:blood vessel
453:
444:
373:
332:heart valves
312:blood vessel
305:
268:
264:
260:
259:
80:
38:Syncopy Inc.
29:
3844:Obtundation
3753:MedlinePlus
3663:MedlinePlus
3236:Circulation
2968:11 November
1831:: 138–148.
1726:: 138–148.
1371:Falling-out
1131:, signs of
1113:arrhythmias
868:amyloidosis
852:dehydration
681:tachycardia
677:bradycardia
606:deglutition
574:paleolithic
530:vagus nerve
365:dehydration
269:passing out
182:Usual onset
58:Other names
18:Passing out
3939:Categories
3874:Somnolence
3729:DiseasesDB
3659:"Fainting"
3611:2020-01-25
3388:StatPearls
3338:24 October
3317:2019-01-04
2734:1120739798
2473:Am. J. Med
2038:2015-08-15
2013:2015-08-15
1797:2262/72984
1658:2020-01-23
1432:References
1395:Late Latin
1345:See also:
1302:Risk tools
1292:pacemakers
1268:Management
1086:hemoglobin
1063:concussion
999:Narcolepsy
984:disorder,
971:(see also
712:(CPR) and
691:) and VT (
668:(abnormal
666:arrhythmia
424:concussion
301:presyncope
185:Fast onset
153:cardiology
3881:Cataplexy
3775:emerg/876
3764:eMedicine
3457:0167-5273
3367:30 August
3219:August 1,
3080:0167-5273
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2871:2297-055X
2813:1071-9091
2742:cite book
2631:2297-055X
2450:0147-9563
2375:0002-838X
2199:264931815
2138:0028-0836
1935:1547-1896
1404:συγκοπή (
1389:Etymology
1383:Caribbean
1332:Prognosis
1288:vasovagal
856:infection
614:pertussis
495:urination
462:related;
369:infection
348:urination
314:related;
297:pale skin
251:Frequency
242:Prognosis
233:Treatment
149:Neurology
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3772:ped/2188
3769:med/3385
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3535:18282636
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2282:Archived
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2032:Archived
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1981:12803689
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1855:31049583
1806:23472771
1750:31049583
1600:24063058
1566:25105200
1420:See also
1381:and the
1125:short PR
1027:prodrome
919:ischemic
610:coughing
580:such as
568:Another
503:coughing
499:vomiting
468:neurally
392:prodrome
356:coughing
352:vomiting
320:neurally
293:sweating
287:such as
265:fainting
190:Duration
160:Symptoms
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3891:Syncope
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1121:long QT
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