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holds the pastels, not a fixative. Abrasive supports avoid or minimize the need to apply further fixative in this way. SpectraFix, a modern casein fixative available premixed in a pump misting bottle or as concentrate to be mixed with alcohol, is not toxic and does not darken or dull pastel colors. However, SpectraFix takes some practice to use because it's applied with a pump misting bottle instead of an aerosol spray can. It is easy to use too much
SpectraFix and leave puddles of liquid that may dissolve passages of color; also it takes a little longer to dry than conventional spray fixatives between light layers.
272:: This is the most widely used form of pastel. The sticks have a higher portion of pigment and less binder. The drawing can be readily smudged and blended, but it results in a higher proportion of dust. Finished drawings made with soft pastels require protecting, either framing under glass or spraying with a fixative to prevent smudging, although fixatives may affect the color or texture of the drawing. Do not use hairspray as fixative, as it might not be pH neutral and it might contain non-archival ingredients. White chalk may be used as a filler in producing pale and bright hues with greater luminosity.
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484:. A pastel fixative is an aerosol varnish which can be used to help stabilize the small charcoal or pastel particles on a painting or drawing. It cannot prevent smearing entirely without dulling and darkening the bright and fresh colors of pastels. The use of hairspray as a fixative is generally not recommended as it is not acid-free and therefore can degrade the artwork in the long term. Traditional fixatives will discolor eventually.
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321:. This allows the colors to be thinned out to an even, semi-transparent consistency using a water wash. Water-soluble pastels are made in a restricted range of hues in strong colors. They have the advantages of enabling easy blending and mixing of the hues, given their fluidity, as well as allowing a range of color tint effects depending upon the amount of water applied with a brush to the working surface.
284:: These have a higher portion of binder and less pigment, producing a sharp drawing material that is useful for fine details. These can be used with other pastels for drawing outlines and adding accents. Hard pastels are traditionally used to create the preliminary sketching out of a composition. However, the colors are less brilliant and are available in a restricted range in contrast to soft pastels.
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640:. Pastel artists, who use the pigments without a strong painting binder, are especially susceptible to such poisoning. For this reason, many modern pastels are made using substitutions for cadmium, chromium, and other toxic pigments, while retaining the traditional pigment names. Also to note that all brands that have the AP Label by
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Pastel techniques can be challenging since the medium is mixed and blended directly on the working surface, and unlike paint, colors cannot be tested on a palette before applying to the surface. Pastel errors cannot be covered the way a paint error can be painted out. Experimentation with the pastel
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For these reasons, some pastelists avoid the use of a fixative except in cases where the pastel has been overworked so much that the surface will no longer hold any more pastel. The fixative will restore the "tooth" and more pastel can be applied on top. It is the tooth of the painting surface that
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There has been some debate within art societies as to what exactly qualifies as a pastel. The Pastel
Society within the UK (the oldest pastel society) states the following are acceptable media for its exhibitions: "Pastels, including Oil pastel, Charcoal, Pencil, Conté, Sanguine, or any dry media".
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Museum and Art
Gallery, popularized pastels in regional exhibitions. Beginning in 1919 de Lemos published a series of articles on "painting" with pastels, which included such notable innovations as allowing the intensity of light on the subject to determine the distinct color of laid paper and the
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278:: These are formulated with a minimum of binder in flat compacts (similar to some makeup) and applied with special soft micropore sponge tools. No liquid is involved. A 21st century invention, pan pastels can be used for the entire painting or in combination with soft and hard sticks.
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produced a quantity of pastels around 1880, including a body of work relating to Venice, and this probably contributed to a growing enthusiasm for the medium in the United States. In particular, he demonstrated how few strokes were required to evoke a place or an atmosphere.
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Works are properly mounted and framed under glass so that the glass does not touch the artwork. This prevents the deterioration which is associated with environmental hazards such as air quality, humidity, mildew problems associated with condensation and smudging. Do not use
311:: These have a soft, buttery consistency and intense colors. They are dense and fill the grain of paper and are slightly more difficult to blend than soft pastels, but do not require a fixative. They may be spread across the work surface by thinning with turpentine.
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Only pastels with lightfast pigments are used. As it is not protected by a binder the pigment in pastels is especially vulnerable to light. Pastel paintings made with pigments that change color or tone when exposed to light suffer comparable problems to
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by far the most graphic and, at the same time, most painterly wielding of pastel was
Cassatt's in Europe, where she had worked closely in the medium with her mentor Edgar Degas and vigorously captured familial moments such as the one revealed in
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203:. It can exist in a variety of forms, including a stick, a square, a pebble, or a pan of color, though other forms are possible. The pigments used in pastels are similar to those used to produce some other colored visual arts media, such as
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consist of powdered pigment combined with a binder. The exact composition and characteristics of an individual pastel stick depend on the type of pastel and the type and amount of binder used. It also varies by individual manufacturer.
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are not considered toxic, and they might use extremely insoluble varieties of cadmium or cobalt pigments that will not be readily absorbed by the human body. Although less toxic when swallowed, they should still be treated with care.
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Works are done on an acid-free archival quality support. Historically some works have been executed on supports which are now extremely fragile and the support rather than the pigment needs to be protected under glass and away from
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component is present. They are available in varying degrees of hardness, the softer varieties being wrapped in paper. Some pastel brands use pumice in the binder to abrade the paper and create more tooth.
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Pastels have been favored by many modern and contemporary artists because of the medium's broad range of bright colors. Recent notable artists who have worked extensively in pastels include
522:, 1887. A warm beige paper is used as a colored ground to enhance the pink colors. The rough textured ground provided by the paper also enhances the impressionistic style of the pastel work.
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Pastels are a dry medium and produce a great deal of dust, which can cause respiratory irritation. More seriously, pastels might use the same pigments as artists' paints, many of which are
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A pastel is made by letting the sticks move over an abrasive ground, leaving color on the grain of the painting surface. When fully covered with pastel, the work is called a pastel
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use of special optics for making "night sketches" in both urban and rural settings. His night scenes, which were often called "dreamscapes" in the press, were influenced by French
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Dry wash: coverage of a large area using the broad side of the pastel stick. A cotton ball, paper towel, or brush may be used to spread the pigment more thinly and evenly.
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495:(paper) is used by artists to protect artwork which is being stored or transported. Some good quality books of pastel papers also include glassine to separate pages.
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In order to create hard and soft pastels, pigments are ground into a paste with water and a gum binder and then rolled, pressed or extruded into sticks. The name
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Most brands produce gradations of a color, the original pigment of which tends to be dark, from pure pigment to near-white by mixing in differing quantities of
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velour paper (e.g. Hannemühle
Pastellpapier Velour) suitable for use with soft pastels is a composite of synthetic fibers attached to acid-free backing
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after that artist's arrival in Milan in 1499. Pastel was sometimes used as a medium for preparatory studies by 16th-century artists, notably
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Textured grounds: the use of coarse or smooth paper texture to create an effect, a technique also often used in watercolor painting
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Colored grounds: the use of a colored working surface to produce an effect such as a softening of the pastel hues, or a contrast
394:. Pastel paintings, being made with a medium that has the highest pigment concentration of all, reflect light without darkening
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758:, an American artist active in France, introduced the Impressionists and pastel to her friends in Philadelphia and Washington.
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Pastels can be used to produce a permanent painting if the artist meets appropriate archival considerations. This means:
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medium on a small scale in order to learn various techniques gives the user a better command over a larger composition.
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Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's
Handbook of Materials and Techniques. Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991.
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Pastel supports need to provide a "tooth" for the pastel to adhere and hold the pigment in place. Supports include:
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School Arts
Magazine (Worcester, Mass.): 18.7, 1919, pp. 353–356; 19.10, 1920, pp. 596–600; 25.2, 1925, p. 77.
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painting, sometimes in a mixed technique with gouache. Pastel was an important medium for artists such as
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On the East Coast of the United States, the
Society of Painters in Pastel was founded in 1883 by
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used as a verb means to produce an artwork with pastels; as an adjective it means pale in color.
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The manufacture of pastels originated in the 15th century. The pastel medium was mentioned by
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painted a number of portraits in pastel on canvas, an unconventional ground for the medium.
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An artwork made using pastels is called a pastel (or a pastel drawing or pastel painting).
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1624:"The Revival of Pastels in Nineteenth-Century America: The Society of Painters in Pastel"
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in reference to pale color as it is commonly used in cosmetic and fashion contexts.
317:: These are similar to soft pastels, but contain a water-soluble component, such as
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In addition, pastels using a different approach to manufacture have been developed:
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1589:. Worcester, Mass.: Davis Publications Inc. pp. 64–65, pls. 3b, 5a, 7a–11b.
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http://www.marielydiejoffre.com/english/resource/faq_pastel_framing.html#fixation
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Marie-Lydie Joffre. "Should I 'fix' my
Pastels and, if so, how?" 10 August 2013.
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290:: These are pencils with a pastel lead. They are useful for adding fine details.
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Pastels have some techniques in common with painting, such as blending,
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A pastel frottage created by rubbing pastel on paper laid over stone
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The emphasis appears to be on "dry media" but the debate continues.
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Monnier, Geneviève, "Maurice-Quentin de La Tour", Oxford Art Online
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Some artists protect their finished pieces by spraying them with a
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810:. On the American West Coast the influential artist and teacher
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was an innovator in pastel technique, and used it with an almost
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In France, pastel briefly became unpopular during and after the
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375:. This mixing of pigments with chalks is the origin of the word
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This article is about the art medium. For the color family, see
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1404:"Art Material Safety: Labelling "AP" or "CL" On Art Materials"
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Time Line of Art
History: Nineteenth Century American Drawings
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were again making significant use of pastel. Their countryman
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are much admired, as are the works of the Swiss-French artist
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1362:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. pp. 10–11.
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William Merritt Chase, Study of Flesh Color and Gold, 1888,
1418:"Working safely with Unison Colour pastels | Unison Colour"
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vigor after about 1885, when it became his primary medium.
700:. In 18th-century England the outstanding practitioner was
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1392:, Society of Canadian Artists. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
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During the 18th century the medium became fashionable for
989:(Woman Combing Her Hair), c. 1884–1886, pastel on paper,
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1237:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 9.
1212:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 8.
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18th century pastel, depicting Jean-Baptiste Pigalle by
550:. Other techniques are particular to the pastel medium.
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abrasive supports (e.g. with a surface of finely ground
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was introduced as a binder in the 20th century. Often a
1312:. New York; Great Britain: Watson-Guptill. p. 33.
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Pedro de Lemos, Lasting Impressions: Works on Paper
241:Dry pastels have historically used binders such as
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
723:. By the mid-19th century, French artists such as
1564:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 204.
560:Erasure: lifting of pigment from an area using a
1514:. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 15.
1487:Monnier, Geneviève, "Pastel", Oxford Art Online
767:
265:Dry pastel media can be subdivided as follows:
1632:, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Nov. 1978), pp. 43–62.
1012:, c. 1900, pastel and graphite on light brown
880:Self-portrait holding a portrait of her sister
761:According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's
477:and dislodge the particles of pastel pigment.
8:
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1439:Inc, Golden Artist Colors (1 January 1996).
214:Pastels have been used by artists since the
1285:Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials
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814:, who served as Chief Administrator of the
657:, who learned of it from the French artist
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747:produced a large body of works in pastel.
207:; the binder is of a neutral hue and low
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1441:"Will Cadmium Always Be On The Palette?"
882:, 1715, pastel on paper; Galleria degli
712:used pastel occasionally for portraits.
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1562:William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master
1532:"Nineteenth-Century American Drawings"
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1334:"Framing Pastelbord | Artist Surfaces"
1713:Dictionary of pastellists before 1800
1645:Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800
1560:Smithgall, Elsa; et al. (2016).
1360:The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques
1235:The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques
1210:The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques
7:
1510:Werner, A., & Degas, E. (1977).
58:adding citations to reliable sources
929:, 1771, pastel on paper, The Louvre
1680:. (Translated by Elizabeth Heard)
461:paintings using the same pigments.
14:
1536:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1126:c. 1915, pastel on orange paper,
684:(who never painted in oils), and
16:Powdered-pigment-based art medium
1703:Pastel society of eastern Canada
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1647:. London: Unicorn Press, 2006.
904:, a bravura pastel portrait of
45:needs additional citations for
1540:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
436:Protection of pastel paintings
1:
964:James Abbott McNeill Whistler
751:James Abbott McNeill Whistler
923:Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
694:Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
1585:Edwards, Robert W. (2015).
1283:Mortensen, Andreas (2006).
816:San Francisco Art Institute
794:, Robert Blum, and others.
692:paintings and portraits of
632:. For example, exposure to
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1124:Portrait of a Young Woman,
948:, 1882, pastel on canvas,
902:Maurice Quentin de La Tour
682:Maurice Quentin de La Tour
446:Schlosspark Charlottenburg
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1708:Pastel society of America
772:Mother Playing with Child
649:Pastel art in art history
624:Health and safety hazards
195:that consist of powdered
1128:Art Institute of Chicago
1105:Flowers in a Green Vase,
678:Jean-Baptiste Perronneau
368:first appeared in 1662.
143:Flowers in a Green Vase,
1698:Art du Pastel en France
970:, 1879, pastel on paper
950:National Gallery of Art
784:National Gallery of Art
25:Pastel (disambiguation)
1263:SHEILA M. EVANS STUDIO
1159:References and sources
1142:Caran d'Ache (company)
1049:Charles-Joseph Natoire
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23:. For other uses, see
1728:Visual arts materials
1674:The art of the pastel
1388:14 March 2020 at the
1358:Martin, Judy (1992).
1308:Creevy, Bill (1999).
1233:Martin, Judy (1992).
1208:Martin, Judy (1992).
1033:Marie-Suzanne Giroust
812:Pedro Joseph de Lemos
792:William Merritt Chase
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710:John Singleton Copley
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315:Water-soluble pastels
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1629:American Art Journal
1120:Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl
1018:J. Paul Getty Museum
818:and Director of the
729:Jean-François Millet
698:Jean-Étienne Liotard
398:, allowing for very
54:improve this article
1622:Pilgrim, Dianne H.
1420:. 15 September 2021
1402:Chaperon, Rebecca.
820:Stanford University
808:Arthur Bowen Davies
444:Scenery painter in
319:polyethylene glycol
1470:has generic name (
1051:executed in pastel
1035:on gray-blue paper
946:Madame Michel-Lévy
840:Francesco Clemente
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642:ASTM International
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473:as it will create
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1733:Visual arts media
1666:Saunier, Philippe
1319:978-0-8230-3905-0
1294:978-0-08-052462-7
1010:Baronne de Domecy
827:, and especially
655:Leonardo da Vinci
638:cadmium poisoning
589:Resist techniques
520:Theodore Robinson
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110:February 2016
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43:This article
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1543:. Retrieved
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1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1412:
1397:
1383:"Dry Pastel"
1378:
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1341:. Retrieved
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1287:. Elsevier.
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1266:. Retrieved
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1147:Color theory
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1082:Mary Cassatt
1066:depicted by
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756:Mary Cassatt
749:
745:Odilon Redon
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702:John Russell
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659:Jean Perréal
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619:Wet brushing
593:Scraping out
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516:On the Cliff
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1738:Visual arts
1468:|last=
1086:Sleepy Baby
987:La Toilette
983:Edgar Degas
856:R. B. Kitaj
737:Edgar Degas
426:rottenstone
330:Manufacture
308:Oil pastels
276:Pan pastels
216:Renaissance
1722:Categories
1670:Thea Burns
1520:082301276X
1450:6 February
1445:Just Paint
1424:6 February
1343:6 February
1164:References
1014:laid paper
852:Paula Rego
717:Revolution
690:still life
568:Feathering
499:Techniques
471:Plexiglass
415:laid paper
396:refraction
353:Late Latin
243:gum arabic
209:saturation
205:oil paints
193:art medium
80:newspapers
1672:. (2015)
1545:27 August
1152:Tortillon
1101:Leon Dabo
848:Wolf Kahn
825:Symbolism
800:Leon Dabo
798:, led by
612:Stippling
607:Sgraffito
597:Scumbling
548:gradation
400:saturated
357:pastellus
344:pastellum
139:Leon Dabo
1460:cite web
1386:Archived
1135:See also
993:, Moscow
907:Louis XV
888:Florence
674:portrait
584:Pouncing
573:Frottage
540:hatching
493:Glassine
482:fixative
448:, Berlin
402:colors.
384:painting
191:) is an
69:"Pastel"
1617:Sources
1268:30 June
862:Pastels
602:Sfumato
578:Impasto
536:shading
532:masking
459:gouache
392:drawing
235:crayons
197:pigment
94:scholar
1743:Pastel
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910:, 1748
884:Uffizi
546:, and
465:light.
422:pumice
388:sketch
377:pastel
366:pastel
362:French
336:pastel
259:gypsum
223:Pastel
201:binder
199:and a
151:pastel
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704:. In
630:toxic
373:chalk
364:word
255:chalk
101:JSTOR
87:books
1682:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1547:2010
1516:ISBN
1472:help
1452:2024
1426:2024
1364:ISBN
1345:2024
1314:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1270:2024
1239:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1178:ISBN
854:and
806:and
542:and
349:woad
245:and
73:news
1634:doi
518:by
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257:or
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