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holds the pastels, not a fixative. Abrasive supports avoid or minimize the need to apply further fixative in this way. SpectraFix, a modern casein fixative available premixed in a pump misting bottle or as concentrate to be mixed with alcohol, is not toxic and does not darken or dull pastel colors. However, SpectraFix takes some practice to use because it's applied with a pump misting bottle instead of an aerosol spray can. It is easy to use too much
SpectraFix and leave puddles of liquid that may dissolve passages of color; also it takes a little longer to dry than conventional spray fixatives between light layers.
283:: This is the most widely used form of pastel. The sticks have a higher portion of pigment and less binder. The drawing can be readily smudged and blended, but it results in a higher proportion of dust. Finished drawings made with soft pastels require protecting, either framing under glass or spraying with a fixative to prevent smudging, although fixatives may affect the color or texture of the drawing. Do not use hairspray as fixative, as it might not be pH neutral and it might contain non-archival ingredients. White chalk may be used as a filler in producing pale and bright hues with greater luminosity.
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495:. A pastel fixative is an aerosol varnish which can be used to help stabilize the small charcoal or pastel particles on a painting or drawing. It cannot prevent smearing entirely without dulling and darkening the bright and fresh colors of pastels. The use of hairspray as a fixative is generally not recommended as it is not acid-free and therefore can degrade the artwork in the long term. Traditional fixatives will discolor eventually.
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332:. This allows the colors to be thinned out to an even, semi-transparent consistency using a water wash. Water-soluble pastels are made in a restricted range of hues in strong colors. They have the advantages of enabling easy blending and mixing of the hues, given their fluidity, as well as allowing a range of color tint effects depending upon the amount of water applied with a brush to the working surface.
295:: These have a higher portion of binder and less pigment, producing a sharp drawing material that is useful for fine details. These can be used with other pastels for drawing outlines and adding accents. Hard pastels are traditionally used to create the preliminary sketching out of a composition. However, the colors are less brilliant and are available in a restricted range in contrast to soft pastels.
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651:. Pastel artists, who use the pigments without a strong painting binder, are especially susceptible to such poisoning. For this reason, many modern pastels are made using substitutions for cadmium, chromium, and other toxic pigments, while retaining the traditional pigment names. Also to note that all brands that have the AP Label by
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Pastel techniques can be challenging since the medium is mixed and blended directly on the working surface, and unlike paint, colors cannot be tested on a palette before applying to the surface. Pastel errors cannot be covered the way a paint error can be painted out. Experimentation with the pastel
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For these reasons, some pastelists avoid the use of a fixative except in cases where the pastel has been overworked so much that the surface will no longer hold any more pastel. The fixative will restore the "tooth" and more pastel can be applied on top. It is the tooth of the painting surface that
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There has been some debate within art societies as to what exactly qualifies as a pastel. The Pastel
Society within the UK (the oldest pastel society) states the following are acceptable media for its exhibitions: "Pastels, including Oil pastel, Charcoal, Pencil, Conté, Sanguine, or any dry media".
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Museum and Art
Gallery, popularized pastels in regional exhibitions. Beginning in 1919 de Lemos published a series of articles on "painting" with pastels, which included such notable innovations as allowing the intensity of light on the subject to determine the distinct color of laid paper and the
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289:: These are formulated with a minimum of binder in flat compacts (similar to some makeup) and applied with special soft micropore sponge tools. No liquid is involved. A 21st century invention, pan pastels can be used for the entire painting or in combination with soft and hard sticks.
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produced a quantity of pastels around 1880, including a body of work relating to Venice, and this probably contributed to a growing enthusiasm for the medium in the United States. In particular, he demonstrated how few strokes were required to evoke a place or an atmosphere.
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Works are properly mounted and framed under glass so that the glass does not touch the artwork. This prevents the deterioration which is associated with environmental hazards such as air quality, humidity, mildew problems associated with condensation and smudging. Do not use
322:: These have a soft, buttery consistency and intense colors. They are dense and fill the grain of paper and are slightly more difficult to blend than soft pastels, but do not require a fixative. They may be spread across the work surface by thinning with turpentine.
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Only pastels with lightfast pigments are used. As it is not protected by a binder the pigment in pastels is especially vulnerable to light. Pastel paintings made with pigments that change color or tone when exposed to light suffer comparable problems to
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by far the most graphic and, at the same time, most painterly wielding of pastel was
Cassatt's in Europe, where she had worked closely in the medium with her mentor Edgar Degas and vigorously captured familial moments such as the one revealed in
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214:. It can exist in a variety of forms, including a stick, a square, a pebble, or a pan of color, though other forms are possible. The pigments used in pastels are similar to those used to produce some other colored visual arts media, such as
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consist of powdered pigment combined with a binder. The exact composition and characteristics of an individual pastel stick depend on the type of pastel and the type and amount of binder used. It also varies by individual manufacturer.
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are not considered toxic, and they might use extremely insoluble varieties of cadmium or cobalt pigments that will not be readily absorbed by the human body. Although less toxic when swallowed, they should still be treated with care.
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Works are done on an acid-free archival quality support. Historically some works have been executed on supports which are now extremely fragile and the support rather than the pigment needs to be protected under glass and away from
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component is present. They are available in varying degrees of hardness, the softer varieties being wrapped in paper. Some pastel brands use pumice in the binder to abrade the paper and create more tooth.
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Pastels have been favored by many modern and contemporary artists because of the medium's broad range of bright colors. Recent notable artists who have worked extensively in pastels include
533:, 1887. A warm beige paper is used as a colored ground to enhance the pink colors. The rough textured ground provided by the paper also enhances the impressionistic style of the pastel work.
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Pastels are a dry medium and produce a great deal of dust, which can cause respiratory irritation. More seriously, pastels might use the same pigments as artists' paints, many of which are
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A pastel is made by letting the sticks move over an abrasive ground, leaving color on the grain of the painting surface. When fully covered with pastel, the work is called a pastel
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use of special optics for making "night sketches" in both urban and rural settings. His night scenes, which were often called "dreamscapes" in the press, were influenced by French
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Dry wash: coverage of a large area using the broad side of the pastel stick. A cotton ball, paper towel, or brush may be used to spread the pigment more thinly and evenly.
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506:(paper) is used by artists to protect artwork which is being stored or transported. Some good quality books of pastel papers also include glassine to separate pages.
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In order to create hard and soft pastels, pigments are ground into a paste with water and a gum binder and then rolled, pressed or extruded into sticks. The name
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Most brands produce gradations of a color, the original pigment of which tends to be dark, from pure pigment to near-white by mixing in differing quantities of
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velour paper (e.g. Hannemühle
Pastellpapier Velour) suitable for use with soft pastels is a composite of synthetic fibers attached to acid-free backing
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after that artist's arrival in Milan in 1499. Pastel was sometimes used as a medium for preparatory studies by 16th-century artists, notably
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Textured grounds: the use of coarse or smooth paper texture to create an effect, a technique also often used in watercolor painting
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Colored grounds: the use of a colored working surface to produce an effect such as a softening of the pastel hues, or a contrast
405:. Pastel paintings, being made with a medium that has the highest pigment concentration of all, reflect light without darkening
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769:, an American artist active in France, introduced the Impressionists and pastel to her friends in Philadelphia and Washington.
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Pastels can be used to produce a permanent painting if the artist meets appropriate archival considerations. This means:
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medium on a small scale in order to learn various techniques gives the user a better command over a larger composition.
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Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's
Handbook of Materials and Techniques. Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991.
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Pastel supports need to provide a "tooth" for the pastel to adhere and hold the pigment in place. Supports include:
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School Arts
Magazine (Worcester, Mass.): 18.7, 1919, pp. 353–356; 19.10, 1920, pp. 596–600; 25.2, 1925, p. 77.
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painting, sometimes in a mixed technique with gouache. Pastel was an important medium for artists such as
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On the East Coast of the United States, the
Society of Painters in Pastel was founded in 1883 by
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used as a verb means to produce an artwork with pastels; as an adjective it means pale in color.
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The manufacture of pastels originated in the 15th century. The pastel medium was mentioned by
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painted a number of portraits in pastel on canvas, an unconventional ground for the medium.
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An artwork made using pastels is called a pastel (or a pastel drawing or pastel painting).
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1635:"The Revival of Pastels in Nineteenth-Century America: The Society of Painters in Pastel"
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in reference to pale color as it is commonly used in cosmetic and fashion contexts.
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In addition, pastels using a different approach to manufacture have been developed:
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1600:. Worcester, Mass.: Davis Publications Inc. pp. 64–65, pls. 3b, 5a, 7a–11b.
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http://www.marielydiejoffre.com/english/resource/faq_pastel_framing.html#fixation
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Marie-Lydie Joffre. "Should I 'fix' my
Pastels and, if so, how?" 10 August 2013.
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301:: These are pencils with a pastel lead. They are useful for adding fine details.
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Pastels have some techniques in common with painting, such as blending,
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A pastel frottage created by rubbing pastel on paper laid over stone
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The emphasis appears to be on "dry media" but the debate continues.
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Monnier, Geneviève, "Maurice-Quentin de La Tour", Oxford Art Online
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Some artists protect their finished pieces by spraying them with a
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821:. On the American West Coast the influential artist and teacher
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was an innovator in pastel technique, and used it with an almost
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In France, pastel briefly became unpopular during and after the
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386:. This mixing of pigments with chalks is the origin of the word
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This article is about the art medium. For the color family, see
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1415:"Art Material Safety: Labelling "AP" or "CL" On Art Materials"
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Time Line of Art
History: Nineteenth Century American Drawings
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were again making significant use of pastel. Their countryman
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are much admired, as are the works of the Swiss-French artist
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1373:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. pp. 10–11.
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William Merritt Chase, Study of Flesh Color and Gold, 1888,
1429:"Working safely with Unison Colour pastels | Unison Colour"
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vigor after about 1885, when it became his primary medium.
711:. In 18th-century England the outstanding practitioner was
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1403:, Society of Canadian Artists. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
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During the 18th century the medium became fashionable for
1000:(Woman Combing Her Hair), c. 1884–1886, pastel on paper,
730:, as the medium was identified with the frivolity of the
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1248:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 9.
1223:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 8.
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18th century pastel, depicting Jean-Baptiste Pigalle by
561:. Other techniques are particular to the pastel medium.
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abrasive supports (e.g. with a surface of finely ground
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was introduced as a binder in the 20th century. Often a
1323:. New York; Great Britain: Watson-Guptill. p. 33.
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Pedro de Lemos, Lasting Impressions: Works on Paper
252:Dry pastels have historically used binders such as
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71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
734:. By the mid-19th century, French artists such as
1575:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 204.
571:Erasure: lifting of pigment from an area using a
1525:. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 15.
1498:Monnier, Geneviève, "Pastel", Oxford Art Online
778:
276:Dry pastel media can be subdivided as follows:
1643:, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Nov. 1978), pp. 43–62.
1023:, c. 1900, pastel and graphite on light brown
891:Self-portrait holding a portrait of her sister
772:According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's
488:and dislodge the particles of pastel pigment.
8:
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1450:Inc, Golden Artist Colors (1 January 1996).
225:Pastels have been used by artists since the
1296:Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials
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825:, who served as Chief Administrator of the
668:, who learned of it from the French artist
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758:produced a large body of works in pastel.
218:; the binder is of a neutral hue and low
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1452:"Will Cadmium Always Be On The Palette?"
893:, 1715, pastel on paper; Galleria degli
723:used pastel occasionally for portraits.
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1573:William Merritt Chase: A Modern Master
1543:"Nineteenth-Century American Drawings"
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1345:"Framing Pastelbord | Artist Surfaces"
1724:Dictionary of pastellists before 1800
1656:Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800
1571:Smithgall, Elsa; et al. (2016).
1371:The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques
1246:The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques
1221:The Encyclopedia of Pastel Techniques
7:
1521:Werner, A., & Degas, E. (1977).
69:adding citations to reliable sources
940:, 1771, pastel on paper, The Louvre
1691:. (Translated by Elizabeth Heard)
472:paintings using the same pigments.
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1547:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1137:c. 1915, pastel on orange paper,
695:(who never painted in oils), and
27:Powdered-pigment-based art medium
1714:Pastel society of eastern Canada
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1658:. London: Unicorn Press, 2006.
915:, a bravura pastel portrait of
56:needs additional citations for
1551:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
447:Protection of pastel paintings
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975:James Abbott McNeill Whistler
762:James Abbott McNeill Whistler
934:Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
705:Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
1596:Edwards, Robert W. (2015).
1294:Mortensen, Andreas (2006).
827:San Francisco Art Institute
805:, Robert Blum, and others.
703:paintings and portraits of
643:. For example, exposure to
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1135:Portrait of a Young Woman,
959:, 1882, pastel on canvas,
913:Maurice Quentin de La Tour
693:Maurice Quentin de La Tour
457:Schlosspark Charlottenburg
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1719:Pastel society of America
783:Mother Playing with Child
660:Pastel art in art history
635:Health and safety hazards
206:that consist of powdered
1139:Art Institute of Chicago
1116:Flowers in a Green Vase,
689:Jean-Baptiste Perronneau
379:first appeared in 1662.
154:Flowers in a Green Vase,
1709:Art du Pastel en France
981:, 1879, pastel on paper
961:National Gallery of Art
795:National Gallery of Art
36:Pastel (disambiguation)
1274:SHEILA M. EVANS STUDIO
1170:References and sources
1153:Caran d'Ache (company)
1060:Charles-Joseph Natoire
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34:. For other uses, see
1739:Visual arts materials
1685:The art of the pastel
1399:14 March 2020 at the
1369:Martin, Judy (1992).
1319:Creevy, Bill (1999).
1244:Martin, Judy (1992).
1219:Martin, Judy (1992).
1044:Marie-Suzanne Giroust
823:Pedro Joseph de Lemos
803:William Merritt Chase
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721:John Singleton Copley
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1640:American Art Journal
1131:Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl
1029:J. Paul Getty Museum
829:and Director of the
740:Jean-François Millet
709:Jean-Étienne Liotard
409:, allowing for very
65:improve this article
1633:Pilgrim, Dianne H.
1431:. 15 September 2021
1413:Chaperon, Rebecca.
831:Stanford University
819:Arthur Bowen Davies
455:Scenery painter in
330:polyethylene glycol
1481:has generic name (
1062:executed in pastel
1046:on gray-blue paper
957:Madame Michel-Lévy
851:Francesco Clemente
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653:ASTM International
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1744:Visual arts media
1677:Saunier, Philippe
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1305:978-0-08-052462-7
1021:Baronne de Domecy
838:, and especially
666:Leonardo da Vinci
649:cadmium poisoning
600:Resist techniques
531:Theodore Robinson
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54:This article
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1554:. Retrieved
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1459:. Retrieved
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1433:. Retrieved
1423:
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1394:"Dry Pastel"
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1352:. Retrieved
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1298:. Elsevier.
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1277:. Retrieved
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1158:Color theory
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1093:Mary Cassatt
1077:depicted by
1058:Portrait of
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756:Odilon Redon
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713:John Russell
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670:Jean Perréal
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604:Scraping out
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527:On the Cliff
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63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1749:Visual arts
1479:|last=
1097:Sleepy Baby
998:La Toilette
994:Edgar Degas
867:R. B. Kitaj
748:Edgar Degas
437:rottenstone
341:Manufacture
319:Oil pastels
287:Pan pastels
227:Renaissance
1733:Categories
1681:Thea Burns
1531:082301276X
1461:6 February
1456:Just Paint
1435:6 February
1354:6 February
1175:References
1025:laid paper
863:Paula Rego
728:Revolution
701:still life
579:Feathering
510:Techniques
482:Plexiglass
426:laid paper
407:refraction
364:Late Latin
254:gum arabic
220:saturation
216:oil paints
204:art medium
91:newspapers
1683:. (2015)
1556:27 August
1163:Tortillon
1112:Leon Dabo
859:Wolf Kahn
836:Symbolism
811:Leon Dabo
809:, led by
623:Stippling
618:Sgraffito
608:Scumbling
559:gradation
411:saturated
368:pastellus
355:pastellum
150:Leon Dabo
1471:cite web
1397:Archived
1146:See also
1004:, Moscow
918:Louis XV
899:Florence
685:portrait
595:Pouncing
584:Frottage
551:hatching
504:Glassine
493:fixative
459:, Berlin
413:colors.
395:painting
202:) is an
80:"Pastel"
1628:Sources
1279:30 June
873:Pastels
613:Sfumato
589:Impasto
547:shading
543:masking
470:gouache
403:drawing
246:crayons
208:pigment
105:scholar
18:Pastels
1754:Pastel
1695:
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921:, 1748
895:Uffizi
557:, and
476:light.
433:pumice
399:sketch
388:pastel
377:pastel
373:French
347:pastel
270:gypsum
234:Pastel
212:binder
210:and a
162:pastel
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100:
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715:. In
641:toxic
384:chalk
375:word
266:chalk
112:JSTOR
98:books
1693:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1558:2010
1527:ISBN
1483:help
1463:2024
1437:2024
1375:ISBN
1356:2024
1325:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1281:2024
1250:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1189:ISBN
865:and
817:and
553:and
360:woad
256:and
84:news
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529:by
401:or
268:or
67:by
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