823:". For example, in social science, the term is used to describe the set of experiences, beliefs and values that affect the way an individual perceives reality and responds to that perception. Social scientists have adopted the Kuhnian phrase "paradigm shift" to denote a change in how a given society goes about organizing and understanding reality. A "dominant paradigm" refers to the values, or system of thought, in a society that are most standard and widely held at a given time. Dominant paradigms are shaped both by the community's cultural background and by the context of the historical moment. Hutchin outlines some conditions that facilitate a system of thought to become an accepted dominant paradigm:
467:, when the model of reality itself undergoes sudden drastic change. Paradigms have two aspects. Firstly, within normal science, the term refers to the set of exemplary experiments that are likely to be copied or emulated. Secondly, underpinning this set of exemplars are shared preconceptions, made prior to – and conditioning – the collection of evidence. These preconceptions embody both hidden assumptions and elements that Kuhn describes as quasi-metaphysical. The interpretations of the paradigm may vary among individual scientists.
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still be underpinned by a paradigm, research programme, research tradition, and/ or professional imagery. These structures will be motivating research, providing it with an agenda, defining what is and is not anomalous evidence, and inhibiting debate with other groups that fall under the same broad disciplinary label. (A good example is provided by the contrast between
43:
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761:. Laudan noted that some anomalies become "dormant", if they survive a long period during which no competing alternative has shown itself capable of resolving the anomaly. He also presented cases in which a dominant paradigm had withered away because its lost credibility when viewed against changes in the wider intellectual milieu.
801:(PCT) within psychology. The most significant of the many ways these two sub-disciplines of psychology differ concerns meanings and intentions. In PCT, they are seen as the central concern of psychology; in radical behaviourism, they are not scientific evidence at all, as they cannot be directly observed.)
1702:
Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996), the author of The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, is probably the best-known and most influential historian and philosopher of science of the last 25 years, and has become something of a cultural icon. His concepts of paradigm, paradigm change and incommensurability have
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However, both Kuhn's original work and Dogan's commentary are directed at disciplines that are defined by conventional labels (such as "sociology"). While it is true that such broad groupings in the social sciences are usually not based on a
Kuhnian paradigm, each of the competing sub-disciplines may
679:
has an important psychological dimension. This is apparent from his analogy between a paradigm shift and the flip-over involved in some optical illusions. However, he subsequently diluted his commitment to incommensurability considerably, partly in the light of other studies of scientific development
887:. Here it means (in a very wide sense) a (conceptual) protoprogram for reducing the chaotic mass to some form of order. Note the similarities to the concept of entropy in chemistry and physics. A paradigm there would be a sort of prohibition to proceed with any action that would increase the total
670:
Kuhn pointed out that it could be difficult to assess whether a particular paradigm shift had actually led to progress, in the sense of explaining more facts, explaining more important facts, or providing better explanations, because the understanding of "more important", "better", etc. changed with
552:
Paradigm shifts tend to appear in response to the accumulation of critical anomalies as well as in the form of the proposal of a new theory with the power to encompass both older relevant data and explain relevant anomalies. New paradigms tend to be most dramatic in sciences that appear to be stable
503:
allows for orthodox scientific investigations into phenomena that might contradict or disprove the standard model; however grant funding would be proportionately more difficult to obtain for such experiments, depending on the degree of deviation from the accepted standard model theory the experiment
470:
Kuhn was at pains to point out that the rationale for the choice of exemplars is a specific way of viewing reality: that view and the status of "exemplar" are mutually reinforcing. For well-integrated members of a particular discipline, its paradigm is so convincing that it normally renders even the
928:
in the thirteenth century wrote in favour of the pope, then could easily write similarly glowing things about the king. A writer such as Giles would have wanted a good job from the pope; he was a papal publicist. However, Harris writes that 'scientific group membership is not concerned with desire,
915:
was widespread, even written testimony from the time showing loyalty to the pope does not demonstrate that the writer had the same worldview as the Church, and therefore pope, at the centre. The difference between paradigms in the physical sciences and in historical organisations such as the Church
604:
Kuhn's idea was, itself, revolutionary in its time. It caused a major change in the way that academics talk about science; and, so, it may be that it caused (or was part of) a "paradigm shift" in the history and sociology of science. However, Kuhn would not recognize such a paradigm shift. Being in
684:
on atomic theory in the late 18th century. In this change, the focus had shifted from the bulk properties of matter (such as hardness, colour, reactivity, etc.) to studies of atomic weights and quantitative studies of reactions. He suggested that it was impossible to make the comparison needed to
504:
would test for. To illustrate the point, an experiment to test for the mass of neutrinos or the decay of protons (small departures from the model) is more likely to receive money than experiments that look for the violation of the conservation of momentum, or ways to engineer reverse time travel.
199:
is meant to guide an audience would be exemplified by the role of a personal accountant. It is not the job of a personal accountant to tell a client exactly what (and what not) to spend money on, but to aid in guiding a client as to how money should be spent based on the client's financial goals.
708:
Opaque
Kuhnian paradigms and paradigm shifts do exist. A few years after the discovery of the mirror-neurons that provide a hard-wired basis for the human capacity for empathy, the scientists involved were unable to identify the incidents that had directed their attention to the issue. Over the
343:
or John Dalton's New System of
Chemical Philosophy (1808), provide an open-ended resource: a framework of concepts, results, and procedures within which subsequent work is structured. Normal science proceeds within such a framework or paradigm. A paradigm does not impose a rigid or mechanical
479:
reality tends to disqualify evidence that might undermine the paradigm itself; this in turn leads to a build-up of unreconciled anomalies. It is the latter that is responsible for the eventual revolutionary overthrow of the incumbent paradigm, and its replacement by a new one. Kuhn used the
786:, involving the deliberate mutual ignorance between scholars and the proliferation of schools in these disciplines. Dogan provides many examples of the non-existence of paradigms in the social sciences in his essay, particularly in sociology, political science and political anthropology.
745:
being imposed at each stage. Paradigms and research programmes allow anomalies to be set aside, where there is reason to believe that they arise from incomplete knowledge (about either the substantive topic, or some aspect of the theories implicitly used in making observations).
777:
in 1958 and 1959, surrounded by social scientists, he observed that they were never in agreement about the nature of legitimate scientific problems and methods. He explains that he wrote this book precisely to show that there can never be any paradigms in the social sciences.
812:". In this respect, he focused on social circumstances that precipitate such a shift and the effects of the shift on social institutions, including the institution of education. This broad shift in the social arena, in turn, changes the way the individual perceives reality.
717:
However, many instances exist in which change in a discipline's core model of reality has happened in a more evolutionary manner, with individual scientists exploring the usefulness of alternatives in a way that would not be possible if they were constrained by a paradigm.
685:
judge which body of knowledge was better or more advanced. However, this change in research style (and paradigm) eventually (after more than a century) led to a theory of atomic structure that accounts well for the bulk properties of matter; see, for example, Brady's
577:. Many philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Kuhn's original model is now generally seen as too limited .
573:, which had been used to describe force and motion for over two hundred years. In this case, the new paradigm reduces the old to a special case in the sense that Newtonian mechanics is still a good model for approximation for speeds that are slow compared to the
1909:
Handa, M. L. (1986) "Peace
Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms" Paper presented in "International Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada
1236:
If
Socrates in the Parmenides stands for the Republic, the attack on him is perhaps milder than it might have been. But at I32ci2-d4 he seems to speak for the Timaeus: 'In my opinion, Parmenides, the best view to take is this: these Forms we speak of are
898:
Beyond its use in the physical and social sciences, Kuhn's paradigm concept has been analysed in relation to its applicability in identifying 'paradigms' with respect to worldviews at specific points in history. One example is
Matthew Edward Harris' book
1482:
The attribution of this statement to Lord Kelvin is given in a number of sources, but without citation. It is reputed to be Kelvin's remark made in an address to the
British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. See the article on
807:
Handa, M.L. (1986) introduced the idea of "social paradigm" in the context of social sciences. He identified the basic components of a social paradigm. Like Kuhn, Handa addressed the issue of changing paradigm; the process popularly known as
929:
emotions, gain, loss and any idealistic notions concerning the nature and destiny of humankind...but simply to do with aptitude, explanation, cold description of the facts of the world and the universe from within a paradigm'.
689:. According to P J Smith, this ability of science to back off, move sideways, and then advance is characteristic of the natural sciences, but contrasts with the position in some social sciences, notably economics.
409:(first published in 1962), Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners, i.e.,
475:, appearing to be a direct view of the bedrock of reality itself, and obscuring the possibility that there might be other, alternative imageries hidden behind it. The conviction that the current paradigm
757:
has also made two important contributions to the debate. Laudan believed that something akin to paradigms exist in the social sciences (Kuhn had contested this, see below); he referred to these as
305:
as "a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated;
192:
aims to provide an audience with an illustration of a similar occurrence. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion; however, it is used to help guide them to get there.
782:, a French sociologist, in his article "Paradigms in the Social Sciences", develops Kuhn's original thesis that there are no paradigms at all in the social sciences since the concepts are
1764:
Paper presented in "International
Symposium on Science, Technology and Development, New Delhi, India, March 20–25, 1987, Mimeographed at O.I.S.E., University of Toronto, Canada (1986)
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that did not involve revolutionary change. One of the examples of incommensurability that Kuhn used was the change in the style of chemical investigations that followed the work of
507:
Mechanisms similar to the original
Kuhnian paradigm have been invoked in various disciplines other than the philosophy of science. These include: the idea of major cultural themes,
804:
Such considerations explain the conflict between the Kuhn/ Dogan view, and the views of others (including Larry Laudan, see above), who do apply these concepts to social sciences.
726:. In Lakatos' sense, a research programme is a sequence of problems, placed in order of priority. This set of priorities, and the associated set of preferred techniques, is the
774:
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course of the investigation, their language and metaphors had changed so that they themselves could no longer interpret all of their own earlier laboratory notes and records.
399:
gave the word its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of concepts and practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of
484:(see below) for this process, and likened it to the perceptual change that occurs when our interpretation of an ambiguous image "flips over" from one state to another. (The
696:. However, members of other disciplines do see the issue of incommensurability as a much greater obstacle to evaluations of "progress"; see, for example, Martin Slattery's
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is that the former, unlike the latter, requires technical expertise rather than repeating statements. In other words, after scientific training through what Kuhn calls '
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1356:"The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. page 10
340:
734:; this consists of a set of fundamental assumptions that – temporarily, at least – takes priority over observational evidence when the two appear to conflict.
549:, Kuhn wrote that "the successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science" (p. 12).
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Journals and editors who write about the system of thought. They both disseminate the information essential to the paradigm and give the paradigm legitimacy
737:
This latter aspect of research programmes is inherited from Kuhn's work on paradigms, and represents an important departure from the elementary account of
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741:. According to this, science proceeds through repeated cycles of observation, induction, hypothesis-testing, etc., with the test of consistency with
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famously claimed, "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." Five years later,
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This apparent ability does not guarantee that the account is veridical at any one time, of course, and most modern philosophers of science are
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is an example: it is not possible to see both the rabbit and the duck simultaneously.) This is significant in relation to the issue of
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that he developed the concept of paradigm precisely to distinguish the social from the natural sciences. While visiting the
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Kuhn himself did not consider the concept of paradigm as appropriate for the social sciences. He explains in his preface to
519:. They have somewhat similar meanings that apply to smaller and larger scale examples of disciplined thought. In addition,
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as "actions that have occurred previously and are similar to, or the opposite of, those which we are now discussing".
623:: the inability or refusal to see beyond the current models of thinking. This is similar to what psychologists term
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903:. Harris stresses the primarily sociological importance of paradigms, pointing towards Kuhn's second edition of
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Lay groups, or groups based around the concerns of lay persons, that embrace the beliefs central to the paradigm
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Cristianini, Nello, "On the Current Paradigm in Artificial Intelligence"; AI Communications 27 (1): 37–43. 2014
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as "a pattern or model, an exemplar; a typical instance of something, an example". The historian of science
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comprise functional precedents for design solutions. The best known references on design paradigms are
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The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history
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The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history
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Masterman, Margaret, "The Nature of a Paradigm", pp. 59–89 in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave.
1962:
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that accepts changes. Thus a paradigm can only apply to a system that is not in its final stage.
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is also still used to indicate a pattern or model or an outstandingly clear or typical example or
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The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History
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The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History
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140:, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word
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868:. The term is frequently used in this sense in the design professions. Design Paradigms or
597:
In software engineering, the transition from the Rational Paradigm to the Empirical Paradigm
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at the end of the 19th century. At that time, a statement generally attributed to physicist
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the social sciences, people can still use earlier ideas to discuss the history of science.
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Clarke, Thomas and Clegg, Stewart (eds). Changing Paradigms. London: HarperCollins, 2000.
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suggested (as an alternative to Kuhn's formulation) that scientists actually work within
463:, when an existing model of reality dominates a protracted period of puzzle-solving, and
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Unter Syntagma versteht de Saussure eine subordinierende Verbindung von zwei Elementen .
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The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, Microsoft Research, 2009,
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Perhaps the greatest barrier to a paradigm shift, in some cases, is the reality of
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possibility of alternatives unconvincing and counter-intuitive. Such a paradigm is
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Ralph, Paul (January 2018). "The two paradigms of software development research".
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Conferences conducted that are devoted to discussing ideas central to the paradigm
1543:
Cristianini, Nello (2014). "On the Current Paradigm in Artificial Intelligence".
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that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject
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In artificial intelligence, the transition from classical AI to data-driven AI
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The Right Choice : Using Theory of Constraints for Effective Leadership
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The Right Choice : Using Theory of Constraints for Effective Leadership
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Larry Laudan: Dormant anomalies, fading credibility, and research traditions
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4959:
4855:
4708:
4636:
4631:
4604:
4584:
4569:
4513:
4449:
4315:
4273:
4162:
3978:
3969:
3729:
3648:
3628:
3623:
3543:
3362:
3337:
3332:
3046:
3027:
2522:
1390:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Pages 88 and 41, respectively.
1276:
984:
783:
524:
512:
269:
236:
185:
136:) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories,
2029:
1881:
Hammersley, Martyn (1992). "The Paradigm Wars: Reports from the Front".
5813:
5798:
5774:
5462:
5402:
5392:
5360:
5355:
5155:
5054:
4823:
4801:
4781:
4713:
4676:
4666:
4559:
4542:
4479:
4434:
4415:
4400:
4386:
4335:
4246:
4189:
3998:
3794:
3724:
3690:
3685:
3671:
3661:
3657:
3598:
3290:
3061:
3017:
2220:
1902:
1732:"Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes",
1556:
1224:
1200:
1009:
944:
888:
839:
Educators who propagate the paradigm's ideas by teaching it to students
640:
554:
516:
273:
247:
85:
5667:
5662:
5580:
5412:
5397:
4984:
4912:
4786:
4735:
4651:
4641:
4501:
4429:
4241:
4211:
4196:
3944:
3784:
3766:
3675:
3666:
3126:
2961:
2287:
1182:(Summer 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
920:', one could not genuinely believe that, to take a trivial example,
1369:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Section V, pages 43–51.
5604:
5350:
4964:
4877:
4872:
4374:
4280:
4251:
4184:
4133:
3779:
1582:
Defending Science – within reason: between scientism and cynicism.
969:
277:
220:
1749:
Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth.
1655:. Cheltenham : Nelson Thornes. pp. 151, 152, 153, 155.
292:
to refer to a class of elements with similarities (as opposed to
4988:
4835:
4681:
4622:
4589:
4564:
4439:
3864:
3739:
3680:
3160:
3042:
3013:
2166:
1875:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
1277:
paradigm – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
459:, Kuhn saw the sciences as going through alternating periods of
400:
344:
approach, but can be taken more or less creatively and flexibly.
5019:
3148:
2946:
2908:
2033:
1717:
Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others
827:
Professional organizations that give legitimacy to the paradigm
317:(2008) attributes the following description of the term in the
4929:
4806:
441:
the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted
108:
36:
1762:"Peace Paradigm: Transcending Liberal and Marxian Paradigms".
307:
broadly: a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind
2904:
2010:
1953:, 3rd Ed. Chicago and London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996.
435:
predictions made by the primary theory within the discipline
301:
The Merriam-Webster Online dictionary defines one usage of
235:) as one possibility for the model or the pattern that the
169:); "pattern, example, sample"; from the verb παραδείκνυμι (
117:
111:
1499:"What psychology's crisis means for the future of science"
1064:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1252:
Grundzüge einer konstrastiven Phonetik Deutsch-Bulgarisch
874:
Design Paradigms: A Sourcebook for Creative Visualization
495:
An example of a currently accepted paradigm would be the
584:
In medicine, the transition from "clinical judgment" to
1873:
Dogan, Mattei., "Paradigms in the Social Sciences", in
1201:"The Third Man's Contribution to Plato's Paradigmatism"
580:
Some examples of contemporary paradigm shifts include:
851:
Sources of funding to further research on the paradigm
830:
Dynamic leaders who introduce and purport the paradigm
836:
Government agencies who give credence to the paradigm
339:
Kuhn suggests that certain scientific works, such as
173:); "exhibit, represent, expose"; and that from παρά (
129:
775:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
114:
105:
5441:
5289:
5068:
5030:
4603:
4306:
4124:
3803:
3597:
3323:
3159:
2708:
2699:
2601:
2531:
2345:
2067:
1690:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 2, 3, 4.
1421:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Page 85.
1403:(2nd Edition) University of Chicago Press. Page 44.
671:the paradigm. The two versions of reality are thus
120:
102:
1323:
2015:Encyclopædia Britannica, Univ. of Chicago, 2003,
1287:Blackburn, Simon, 1994, 2005, 2008, rev. 2nd ed.
1255:(in German). Sofia: Nauka i Iskustwo. p. 212
1153:. Trinity Press International. pp. 228–229.
569:, which challenged the set of rules laid down by
451:equipment is available to conduct the experiment.
298:– a class of elements expressing relationship.).
1985:Popper, Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1734:in Lakatos, I. and Musgrave, A. (eds.) (1990),
891:of the system. To create a paradigm requires a
219:) was used by scribes in Greek texts (such as
2920:
2045:
8:
1603:General Chemistry: Principles and Structure.
27:Set of distinct concepts or thought patterns
1939:, Hoboken : Taylor and Francis, 2013.
5027:
5016:
3156:
3145:
2943:
2927:
2913:
2905:
2705:
2052:
2038:
2030:
1974:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970.
730:of a programme. Each programme also has a
590:In social psychology, the transition from
2671:Relationship between religion and science
1883:British Journal of Sociology of Education
1751:University of California Press, Berkeley.
1151:Paul in the Greco-Roman World: A Handbook
1419:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
1401:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
1388:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
1059:The history of the various paradigms in
367:Commensurability (philosophy of science)
264:dictionary defines the technical use of
246:has technical meanings in the fields of
67:of all important aspects of the article.
1951:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1703:changed the way we think about science.
1367:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1180:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1174:Zeyl, Donald; Sattler, Barbara (2019),
1077:
905:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
771:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
547:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
457:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
406:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
332:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
268:only in the context of grammar) and of
239:supposedly used to create the cosmos.
1777:, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken, p. 124
1736:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge.
1570:Do you suffer from paradigm paralysis?
1487:for additional details and references.
1135:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1119:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1103:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1087:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
907:. Although obedience to popes such as
447:an experiment is to be conducted, and
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
1972:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
7:
1344:participating institution membership
713:Imre Lakatos and research programmes
429:these questions are to be structured
1721:Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Page 17.
1605:(5th Edition.) John Wiley and Sons.
1291:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1289:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
314:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
177:); "beside, beyond"; and δείκνυμι (
25:
2691:Sociology of scientific knowledge
2686:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2639:History and philosophy of science
1684:Nickles, Thomas (December 2002).
416:is to be observed and scrutinized
2888:
2876:
631:. Examples include rejection of
98:
41:
1518:Science of Computer Programming
647:solar system, the discovery of
272:(as a term for an illustrative
55:may be too short to adequately
2080:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1462:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
148:in origin, meaning "pattern".
65:provide an accessible overview
1:
5423:Traditional African religions
1991:, English translation 1959),
1497:Resnick, Brian (2016-03-14).
1437:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1178:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
250:(as applied, for example, to
165:comes from Greek παράδειγμα (
1139:, on Perseus Digital Library
1123:, on Perseus Digital Library
1107:, on Perseus Digital Library
1091:, on Perseus Digital Library
181:); "to show, to point out".
4751:Food and drink prohibitions
2413:Hypothetico-deductive model
2388:Deductive-nomological model
2373:Constructivist epistemology
1530:10.1016/j.scico.2018.01.002
1458:Spradley, James P. (1979).
924:, whereas thinkers such as
184:In classical (Greek-based)
5869:
1460:The Ethnographic Interview
1310:& 1994 letter-preview
1020:Point of view (philosophy)
883:This term is also used in
607:
538:
374:
352:
242:The English-language term
155:
29:
5026:
5015:
3639:Cross-cultural psychology
3457:Manipulation (psychology)
3155:
3144:
2953:
2942:
2867:
2474:Semantic view of theories
2393:Epistemological anarchism
2330:dependent and independent
2011:http://fourthparadigm.org
1649:Slattery, Martin (2003).
1331:Oxford English Dictionary
1149:Sampley, J. Paul (2003).
1050:Triune continuum paradigm
799:personal construct theory
388:Oxford English Dictionary
32:Paradigm (disambiguation)
3989:Mass psychogenic illness
3840:Collective effervescence
3281:Self-fulfilling prophecy
2967:Collective consciousness
2216:Intertheoretic reduction
2205:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2182:Functional contextualism
1913:Harris, Matthew Edward.
1895:10.1080/0142569920130110
1827:Harris, Matthew (2010).
1794:Harris, Matthew (2010).
1637:The Reform of Economics.
1249:Simenova, Ruska (1988).
1217:10.1093/mind/xci.363.339
1199:Waterlow, Sarah (1982).
815:Another use of the word
211:The original Greek term
5853:Epistemology of science
5329:Eastern Orthodox Church
3870:Culture-bound syndromes
3845:Collective intelligence
2701:Philosophers of science
2479:Scientific essentialism
2428:Model-dependent realism
2363:Constructive empiricism
2256:Evidence-based practice
1616:The Reform of Economics
1431:Benedict, Ruth (2005).
1336:Oxford University Press
1137:A Greek-English Lexicon
1121:A Greek-English Lexicon
1105:A Greek-English Lexicon
1089:A Greek-English Lexicon
704:Subsequent developments
586:evidence-based medicine
565:published his paper on
377:Paradigm (experimental)
5770:Social constructionism
5428:Unitarian Universalism
4232:Observational learning
3960:In-group and out-group
3900:False consensus effect
3579:Suppression of dissent
3477:Moral entrepreneurship
3447:Ideological repression
3435:Historical revisionism
2971:Collective unconscious
2784:Alfred North Whitehead
2774:Charles Sanders Peirce
1652:Key ideas in sociology
698:Key Ideas in Sociology
359:Sociology of knowledge
346:
5319:Chinese folk religion
4019:Political correctness
4014:Pluralistic ignorance
3703:Identity (philosophy)
3529:Religious persecution
3512:Psychological warfare
3492:Political engineering
3343:Argumentum ad populum
3201:Collective narcissism
3179:Attitude polarization
2883:Philosophy portal
2634:Hard and soft science
2629:Faith and rationality
2498:Scientific skepticism
2278:Scientific Revolution
2061:Philosophy of science
1714:Iacoboni, M. (2008),
1639:Taw Books. Chapter 7.
995:Mental representation
975:Flying geese paradigm
633:Aristarchus of Samos'
608:Further information:
337:
323:philosophy of science
286:Ferdinand de Saussure
5683:Naturalism (Western)
5678:Naturalism (Chinese)
5590:Renaissance humanism
4146:Conceptual framework
4111:System justification
3950:Hysterical contagion
3534:Religious uniformity
3517:Religious conversion
3373:Cognitive dissonance
3271:Selective perception
3122:Theory of everything
3092:Primal world beliefs
3077:Philosophical theory
2609:Criticism of science
2484:Scientific formalism
2368:Constructive realism
2273:Scientific pluralism
2246:Problem of induction
1773:Hutchin, Ted (2013)
1760:Handa, M. L. (1986)
1730:Lakatos, I. (1970),
1061:evolutionary biology
1030:Programming paradigm
950:Conceptual framework
819:is in the sense of "
795:radical behaviourism
675:. Kuhn's version of
486:rabbit-duck illusion
381:Scientific consensus
30:For other uses, see
5096:Christian democracy
4059:Social facilitation
3955:Information cascade
3890:Emotional contagion
3828:Collective behavior
3790:Symbolic boundaries
3644:Cultural psychology
3388:Cultural dissonance
3261:Observer-expectancy
3256:Observational error
3241:In-group favoritism
2986:Conventional wisdom
2676:Rhetoric of science
2614:Descriptive science
2358:Confirmation holism
2251:Scientific evidence
2211:Inductive reasoning
2140:Demarcation problem
1989:Logik der Forschung
1747:Laudan, L. (1977),
1601:Brady, J E (1990).
1434:Patterns of Culture
1334:(Online ed.).
1035:Schema (psychology)
759:research traditions
724:research programmes
571:Newtonian mechanics
371:Confirmation holism
349:Scientific paradigm
5794:Post-structuralism
4548:natural philosophy
3930:Group polarization
3915:Group cohesiveness
3564:Social engineering
3462:Media manipulation
3383:Crowd manipulation
3368:Circular reporting
3286:Clever Hans effect
3266:Selective exposure
2895:Science portal
2824:Carl Gustav Hempel
2779:Wilhelm Windelband
2666:Questionable cause
2489:Scientific realism
2310:Underdetermination
2145:Empirical evidence
2135:Creative synthesis
1923:Edwin Mellen Press
1919:Lewiston, New York
1877:, Volume 16, 2001)
1837:Edwin Mellen Press
1833:Lewiston, New York
1804:Edwin Mellen Press
1800:Lewiston, New York
1635:Smith, P J (2011)
1614:Smith, P J (2011)
1584:Prometheus Books.
1557:10.3233/AIC-130582
1306:2012-03-29 at the
765:In social sciences
743:empirical evidence
732:negative heuristic
728:positive heuristic
677:incommensurability
666:Incommensurability
621:paradigm paralysis
615:Paradigm paralysis
610:Violation paradigm
567:special relativity
553:and mature, as in
490:incommensurability
341:Newton's Principia
5848:Consensus reality
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5804:Transcendentalism
5760:Neo-scholasticism
5741:Neopythagoreanism
5191:Industrialisation
5131:Constitutionalism
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4829:political freedom
4346:mind–body problem
4139:tacit assumptions
4091:Spontaneous order
4081:Social psychology
4034:Self-organization
3378:Critical thinking
3140:
3139:
3107:School of thought
2996:Cultural movement
2976:Conceptual system
2902:
2901:
2744:
2743:
2656:Normative science
2513:Uniformitarianism
2268:Scientific method
2162:Explanatory power
2008:978-0-9825442-0-4
1967:
1945:978-1-4398-8625-0
1931:978-0-7734-1441-9
1846:978-0-7734-1441-9
1813:978-0-7734-1441-9
1783:978-1-4398-8625-0
1697:978-0-521-79206-6
1662:978-0-7487-6565-2
1624:978-0-9570697-0-1
1590:978-1-59102-458-3
1545:AI Communications
1417:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1399:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1386:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1365:Kuhn, T S (1970)
1342:(Subscription or
1176:"Plato's Timaeus"
1040:School of thought
1025:Poststructuralism
960:Conceptual schema
922:the earth is flat
739:how science works
687:General Chemistry
629:Semmelweis reflex
625:confirmation bias
511:(and see below),
501:scientific method
288:(1857–1913) used
195:One way of how a
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
5860:
5492:New Confucianism
5366:Korean shamanism
5336:Ethnic religions
5266:Social democracy
5141:Environmentalism
5121:Communitarianism
5086:Authoritarianism
5028:
5017:
4647:Codes of conduct
4298:World disclosure
4286:consensus theory
4054:Social exclusion
3860:Crowd psychology
3855:Consensus theory
3818:Bandwagon effect
3755:Rites of passage
3569:Social influence
3502:Propaganda model
3467:Media regulation
3296:wishful thinking
3246:Magical thinking
3157:
3146:
3009:World folk-epics
2944:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2854:Bas van Fraassen
2809:Hans Reichenbach
2789:Bertrand Russell
2706:
2532:Philosophy of...
2315:Unity of science
2108:Commensurability
2054:
2047:
2040:
2031:
1965:
1949:Kuhn, Thomas S.
1906:
1851:
1850:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1791:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1580:Haack, S (2003)
1578:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1211:(363): 339–357.
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1045:Set (psychology)
955:Conceptual model
878:Design Paradigms
499:of physics. The
138:research methods
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
77:
74:
68:
45:
37:
21:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5818:
5649:Megarian school
5600:Illuminationism
5576:New historicism
5552:Foundationalism
5537:Eretrian school
5497:Critical theory
5458:Aristotelianism
5453:Agriculturalism
5443:
5437:
5371:Modern paganism
5285:
5196:Intellectualism
5070:
5064:
5022:
5003:
4851:Meaning of life
4756:unclean animals
4613:Aesthetic taste
4599:
4555:Problem of evil
4497:National mythoi
4302:
4120:
4116:Viral phenomena
4106:Swarm behaviour
4049:Social emotions
4044:Social behavior
4024:Pseudoconsensus
3975:Majoritarianism
3875:Deindividuation
3813:Abilene paradox
3799:
3735:Myth and ritual
3593:
3574:Social progress
3549:Self-censorship
3425:Excommunication
3348:Attitude change
3325:
3319:
3151:
3136:
3087:Presuppositions
2949:
2938:
2933:
2903:
2898:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2863:
2844:Paul Feyerabend
2804:Michael Polanyi
2740:
2726:Galileo Galilei
2695:
2681:Science studies
2597:
2527:
2518:Verificationism
2423:Instrumentalism
2408:Foundationalism
2383:Conventionalism
2341:
2177:Feminist method
2063:
2058:
2028:
1880:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1839:. p. 118.
1826:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:. p. 160.
1793:
1792:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
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1742:
1729:
1725:
1713:
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1698:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:Wayback Machine
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1229:
1227:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
935:
876:, by Wake, and
858:
767:
752:
715:
706:
673:incommensurable
668:
643:'s theory of a
617:
612:
563:Albert Einstein
543:
537:
535:Paradigm shifts
523:used the terms
521:Michel Foucault
403:. In his book,
383:
373:
353:Main articles:
351:
261:Merriam-Webster
160:
154:
130:
101:
97:
78:
72:
69:
62:
50:This article's
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5866:
5864:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5809:Utilitarianism
5806:
5801:
5796:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5737:Pythagoreanism
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:Neo-Kantianism
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5583:
5578:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Existentialism
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5433:Zoroastrianism
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5276:Utilitarianism
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Libertarianism
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:Green politics
5173:
5168:
5166:Fundamentalism
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4982:
4980:Unspoken rules
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Meta-knowledge
4214:
4209:
4207:Meaning-making
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Milieu control
3991:
3986:
3981:
3972:
3967:
3965:Invisible hand
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3920:Group dynamics
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3669:
3664:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Social control
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Polite fiction
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:Indoctrination
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3291:placebo effect
3288:
3278:
3276:Self-deception
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Social reality
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Reality tunnel
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3011:
3005:National epics
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:W. V. O. Quine
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Rudolf Steiner
2761:
2756:
2754:Henri Poincaré
2751:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Exact sciences
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2602:Related topics
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2561:Social science
2558:
2557:
2556:
2554:Space and time
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2453:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Scientific law
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Falsifiability
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:Mill's Methods
2093:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2013:
2000:
1982:
1968:
1947:
1935:Hutchin, Ted.
1933:
1911:
1907:
1889:(1): 131–143.
1878:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1819:
1812:
1786:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1723:
1707:
1696:
1676:
1661:
1641:
1628:
1607:
1594:
1573:
1562:
1535:
1508:
1489:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1358:
1349:
1315:
1280:
1269:
1241:
1191:
1166:
1159:
1141:
1125:
1109:
1093:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
934:
931:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
846:
845:Media coverage
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
810:paradigm shift
766:
763:
751:
748:
714:
711:
705:
702:
667:
664:
616:
613:
602:
601:
598:
595:
594:to replication
588:
575:speed of light
541:Paradigm shift
539:Main article:
536:
533:
497:standard model
482:paradigm shift
461:normal science
453:
452:
442:
436:
430:
424:
417:
355:Paradigm shift
350:
347:
153:
150:
80:
79:
59:the key points
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5865:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5790:Structuralism
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5756:Scholasticism
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Phenomenology
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5658:Postmodernism
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Individualism
5608:
5606:
5605:ʿIlm al-Kalām
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Republicanism
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Progressivism
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Individualism
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5014:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Social stigma
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:jurisprudence
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Family values
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Entertainment
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4595:Unobservables
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4507:philosophical
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:Creation myth
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:Consciousness
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Social action
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Peer pressure
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Herd behavior
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Group emotion
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:Social status
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
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3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
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3659:
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3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3589:Woozle effect
3587:
3585:
3584:Systemic bias
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Social change
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Fearmongering
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:Deprogramming
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Filter bubble
3229:
3227:
3226:Ethnocentrism
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Point of view
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Metanarrative
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:Basic beliefs
2956:
2955:
2952:
2948:Related terms
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Rudolf Carnap
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Auguste Comte
2747:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Francis Bacon
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:Pseudoscience
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Structuralism
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:Received view
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Contextualism
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
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2279:
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2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
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2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2021:0-85229-961-3
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:0-415-27844-9
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:0-521-09623-5
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1959:0-226-45808-3
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:0-00-638731-4
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
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1823:
1820:
1815:
1809:
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1699:
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1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:. Taw Books.
1617:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1469:9780030444968
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1444:9780618619559
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:0-226-45804-0
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:0-19-283134-8
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1160:9781563382666
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Perspectivism
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Metanarrative
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
965:Contextualism
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:Basic beliefs
938:
937:
932:
930:
927:
926:Giles of Rome
923:
919:
914:
913:Boniface VIII
910:
906:
902:
896:
894:
893:closed system
890:
886:
881:
880:by Petroski.
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
824:
822:
818:
813:
811:
805:
802:
800:
796:
793:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
749:
747:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
712:
710:
703:
701:
699:
695:
690:
688:
683:
678:
674:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
650:
649:electrostatic
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
614:
611:
606:
599:
596:
593:
589:
587:
583:
582:
581:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
542:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
502:
498:
493:
492:(see below).
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
412:
411:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
382:
378:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
345:
342:
336:
334:
333:
329:'s 1962 work
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
308:
304:
299:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
233:
228:
227:
223:'s dialogues
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
198:
193:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
125:
95:
91:
87:
76:
66:
60:
58:
53:
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5751:Reductionism
5727:Pre-Socratic
5707:Neoplatonism
5567:Hermeneutics
5532:Epicureanism
5488:Confucianism
5483:Collectivism
5473:Cartesianism
5324:Christianity
5136:Distributism
5126:Conservatism
5101:Collectivism
5069:Economic and
4994:Works of art
4950:Sublime, The
4841:Magnificence
4792:Human rights
4519:Origin myths
4465:Intelligence
4445:Idios kosmos
4180:Explanations
4151:Epistemology
4076:Social proof
4071:Social group
4029:Scapegoating
3910:Group action
3905:Folie à deux
3895:Entitativity
3772:Social class
3715:Institutions
3607:Anthropology
3472:Missionaries
3398:Echo chamber
3353:Brainwashing
3308:Stereotyping
3216:Cryptomnesia
3206:Confirmation
3132:Value system
3071:
3052:Mental model
2859:Larry Laudan
2839:Imre Lakatos
2794:Otto Neurath
2769:Karl Pearson
2759:Pierre Duhem
2731:Isaac Newton
2661:Protoscience
2619:Epistemology
2493:Anti-realism
2491: /
2472: /
2463: /
2449: /
2447:Reductionism
2445: /
2418:Inductionism
2398:Evolutionism
2240:
2203:
2090:a posteriori
2089:
2085:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1963:Google Books
1950:
1936:
1914:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1828:
1822:
1795:
1789:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1715:
1710:
1701:
1686:
1679:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1581:
1576:
1565:
1551:(1): 37–43.
1548:
1544:
1538:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1492:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1329:
1318:
1288:
1283:
1272:
1264:
1259:28 September
1257:. Retrieved
1251:
1244:
1235:
1228:. Retrieved
1208:
1204:
1194:
1184:, retrieved
1179:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1101:παραδείκνυμι
1096:
1088:
1080:
990:Mental model
909:Innocent III
904:
900:
897:
882:
877:
873:
861:
859:
816:
814:
806:
803:
788:
780:Mattei Dogan
770:
768:
758:
755:Larry Laudan
753:
736:
731:
727:
720:Imre Lakatos
716:
707:
697:
694:fallibilists
691:
686:
672:
669:
660:quartz clock
645:heliocentric
620:
618:
603:
579:
551:
546:
544:
506:
494:
489:
481:
476:
472:
469:
464:
460:
456:
454:
448:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
419:the kind of
413:
404:
392:
386:
384:
338:
330:
312:
311:
306:
302:
300:
294:
289:
265:
259:
243:
241:
231:
225:
216:
212:
210:
205:
196:
194:
183:
178:
174:
171:paradeiknumi
170:
166:
162:
161:
141:
93:
83:
70:
54:
52:lead section
18:Paradigmatic
5765:Sentientism
5746:Rationalism
5693:Peripatetic
5673:Natural law
5644:Materialism
5572:Historicism
5562:Hegelianism
5512:Determinism
5389:Agnosticism
5261:Sentientism
5231:Nationalism
5181:Imperialism
5111:Communalism
5106:Colonialism
5060:Weltschmerz
5040:Misanthropy
4940:Stewardship
4868:Obligations
4772:Culpability
4763:Golden Rule
4657:Common good
4575:Supernature
4531:Otherworlds
4490:comparative
4460:Information
4455:Incarnation
4392:Eschatology
4326:Anima mundi
4308:Metaphysics
4227:Observation
4222:Methodology
4004:Moral panic
3984:Mass action
3880:Doublethink
3823:Collectives
3745:Pilgrimages
3634:Coronations
3539:Revolutions
3507:Proselytism
3440:negationism
3326:maintenance
3174:Attentional
3033:Life stance
3001:Epic poetry
2991:Conventions
2849:Ian Hacking
2834:Thomas Kuhn
2819:Karl Popper
2799:C. D. Broad
2716:Roger Bacon
2644:Non-science
2586:Linguistics
2566:Archaeology
2461:Rationalism
2451:Determinism
2438:Physicalism
2403:Fallibilism
2353:Coherentism
2283:Testability
2236:Observation
2231:Objectivity
2192:alternative
2123:Correlation
2113:Consilience
1987:, 1934 (as
1687:Thomas Kuhn
1626:. Page 129.
1485:Lord Kelvin
1301:Description
1237:paradigms…'
1065:Wikiversity
1005:Methodology
885:cybernetics
652:photography
559:Lord Kelvin
480:expression
397:Thomas Kuhn
327:Thomas Kuhn
282:linguistics
258:– the 1900
256:conjugation
5843:Aesthetics
5837:Categories
5732:Pyrrhonism
5722:Pragmatism
5717:Positivism
5620:Kantianism
5527:Empiricism
5445:philosophy
5442:Schools of
5385:Irreligion
5381:Secularity
5314:Cheondoism
5246:Radicalism
5226:Monarchism
5221:Militarism
5206:Liberalism
5151:Fanaticism
5091:Capitalism
5073:ideologies
5071:political
4999:Wrongdoing
4903:Repentance
4893:Punishment
4888:Principles
4883:Praxeology
4672:Creativity
4662:Conscience
4623:Almsgiving
4536:axes mundi
4420:Nonfiction
4397:Everything
4259:Revelation
4247:fallacious
4237:Perception
4173:scientific
4096:Status quo
3935:Groupshift
3850:Conformity
3805:Groupthink
3720:Liminality
3654:Employment
3629:Ceremonies
3497:Propaganda
3482:Persuasion
3358:Censorship
3324:Change and
3303:Status quo
3211:Congruence
2736:David Hume
2709:Precursors
2591:Psychology
2571:Economics
2465:Empiricism
2456:Pragmatism
2443:Positivism
2433:Naturalism
2303:scientific
2187:Hypothesis
2150:Experiment
1857:References
1738:Cambridge.
1346:required.)
1325:"paradigm"
1186:2021-03-10
1085:παράδειγμα
1055:World view
870:archetypes
856:Other uses
792:Skinnerian
656:xerography
637:Copernicus
513:ideologies
509:worldviews
465:revolution
391:defines a
375:See also:
252:declension
232:Parmenides
217:paradeigma
213:παράδειγμα
206:paradeigma
202:Anaximenes
197:paradeigma
190:paradeigma
167:paradeigma
158:Paradeigma
156:See also:
90:philosophy
5780:Spinozism
5712:Pluralism
5703:Platonism
5654:Modernism
5639:Logicians
5507:Cyrenaics
5468:Averroism
5408:Spiritism
5376:Rastafari
5291:Religions
5271:Socialism
5251:Reformism
5216:Masculism
5171:Globalism
5146:Extremism
5116:Communism
5081:Anarchism
5055:Reclusion
5050:Pessimism
5032:Attitudes
4955:Suffering
4918:Sexuality
4908:Reverence
4898:Qualities
4817:religious
4797:Judgement
4777:Happiness
4741:Étiquette
4731:Eroticism
4719:Aesthetic
4702:religious
4697:emotional
4687:Economics
4618:Aesthetic
4580:Teleology
4524:political
4485:Mythology
4450:Illusions
4425:Free will
4411:Existence
4406:Evolution
4380:existence
4363:religious
4358:Cosmology
4353:Cosmogony
4331:Causality
4321:Afterlife
4269:Tradition
4264:Testimony
4242:Reasoning
4202:Intuition
4168:anecdotal
4126:Knowledge
4101:Stigmergy
4086:Sociology
3885:Emergence
3624:Calendars
3420:Euphemism
3408:religious
3403:Education
3236:Homophily
3189:Cognitive
3038:Lifestyle
2936:Worldview
2576:Geography
2544:Chemistry
2503:Scientism
2298:ladenness
2118:Construct
2096:Causality
1966:Aug. 2011
1524:: 68–89.
1073:Footnotes
980:Heuristic
918:exemplars
866:archetype
860:The word
821:worldview
784:polysemic
682:Lavoisier
592:p-hacking
529:discourse
421:questions
363:Systemics
152:Etymology
73:July 2020
57:summarize
5785:Stoicism
5688:Nihilism
5634:Legalism
5629:Kokugaku
5595:Idealism
5586:Humanism
5557:Hedonism
5547:Fatalism
5522:Eleatics
5502:Cynicism
5418:Tenrikyo
5341:Hinduism
5309:Caodaism
5304:Buddhism
5281:Veganism
5236:Pacifism
5201:Islamism
5161:Feminism
5045:Optimism
5021:Examples
4970:Theodicy
4960:Sympathy
4856:Morality
4714:Emotions
4709:Elegance
4637:Autonomy
4632:Altruism
4585:Theology
4514:Ontology
4480:Miracles
4336:Concepts
4316:Ætiology
4291:criteria
4274:folklore
4163:Evidence
3979:Mob rule
3970:Lynching
3730:Marriage
3708:cultural
3686:Holidays
3672:Funerals
3667:Families
3649:Doctrine
3612:cultural
3544:Rhetoric
3363:Charisma
3338:Argument
3333:Activism
3221:Cultural
3169:Academic
3102:Schemata
3072:Paradigm
3047:Memeplex
3028:Ideology
3018:factoids
2871:Category
2523:Vitalism
2346:Theories
2320:Variable
2241:Paradigm
2128:function
2086:A priori
2075:Analysis
2068:Concepts
1925:, 2010.
1671:52531237
1304:Archived
1230:10 March
1133:δείκνυμι
985:Ideology
933:See also
862:paradigm
817:paradigm
658:and the
627:and the
525:episteme
517:mindsets
393:paradigm
303:paradigm
295:syntagma
290:paradigm
270:rhetoric
266:paradigm
244:paradigm
237:demiurge
204:defined
186:rhetoric
179:deiknumi
163:Paradigm
142:paradigm
94:paradigm
5814:Yangism
5799:Thomism
5775:Sophism
5517:Dualism
5478:Cārvāka
5463:Atomism
5403:Sikhism
5393:Atheism
5361:Judaism
5356:Jainism
5346:Hòa Hảo
5156:Fascism
4985:Virtues
4824:Liberty
4802:Justice
4782:Harmony
4692:Ecstasy
4677:Disgust
4667:Consent
4627:Charity
4560:Reality
4543:Physics
4435:History
4416:Fiction
4401:Nothing
4387:Destiny
4375:Deities
4190:fideism
4156:outline
3999:Mobbing
3795:Worship
3785:Symbols
3767:Rituals
3760:secular
3725:Liturgy
3691:Hygiene
3662:Slavery
3658:Serfdom
3599:Culture
3150:Aspects
3062:Mindset
3023:Framing
2981:Context
2962:Beliefs
2581:History
2549:Physics
2539:Biology
2337:more...
2325:control
2221:Inquiry
1903:1392863
1225:2253225
1010:Mindset
945:Concept
889:entropy
641:Galileo
639:', and
555:physics
319:history
274:parable
248:grammar
226:Timaeus
133:-ə-dyme
86:science
5668:Monism
5663:Mohism
5615:Ionian
5581:Holism
5413:Taoism
5398:Shinto
5299:Baháʼí
4945:Styles
4923:ethics
4913:Rights
4861:public
4846:Maxims
4787:Honour
4736:Ethics
4652:Comedy
4642:Beauty
4570:Spirit
4502:Nature
4475:Matter
4430:Future
4212:Memory
4197:Gnosis
4134:Axioms
4064:animal
3945:Holism
3833:animal
3696:ritual
3676:Burial
3617:social
3522:forced
3413:values
3313:ethnic
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2293:choice
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2226:Nature
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5351:Islam
4989:Vices
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4873:Peace
4768:Guilt
4605:Value
4565:Souls
4470:Magic
4440:Ideas
4281:Truth
4252:logic
4185:Faith
3865:Cults
3780:Caste
3740:Oaths
3681:Games
3251:Media
3067:Norms
3043:Memes
3014:Facts
1899:JSTOR
1340:
1221:JSTOR
970:Dogma
278:fable
221:Plato
146:Greek
4987:and
4836:Love
4682:Duty
4590:Time
3750:Play
3194:list
3016:and
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2167:Fact
2088:and
2017:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1667:OCLC
1657:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1261:2022
1232:2021
1205:Mind
1155:ISBN
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911:and
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