1950:
1957:
2115:
28:
1167:
1172:
1944:
160:
2139:
121:. With the exception of mesosaurs, which only have the lower temporal opening, all of these are universally agreed to be diapsids which either secondarily closed the lower opening (araeoscelids, trilophosaurs) or lost the lower bar (squamates, pleurosaurs, protorosaurs).
92:
Historically, a variety of reptiles with upper fenestrae, either alone or with a lower emargination, have been considered euryapsid or parapsid, and to have had their patterns of fenestration originate separately from those of diapsids. This includes
54:, which also have a single opening behind the orbit, by the placement of the fenestra. In synapsids, this opening is below the articulation of the post-orbital and squamosal bones. It is now commonly believed that euryapsids (particularly
85:) condition instead of a truly euryapsid one. In ichthyosaurs, the squamosal bone is never part of the fenestra's margin. Parapsida was originally a taxon consisting of ichthyosaurs, squamates, protorosaurs, araeoscelidans and
490:
Wolniewicz, Andrzej S; Shen, Yuefeng; Li, Qiang; Sun, Yuanyuan; Qiao, Yu; Chen, Yajie; Hu, Yi-Wei; Liu, Jun (2023-08-08). Ibrahim, Nizar; Perry, George H; Benton, Michael (eds.).
2180:
62:(which have two fenestrae behind the orbit) that lost the lower temporal fenestra. Euryapsids are usually considered entirely extinct, although
2209:
2204:
687:
604:
Jiang, Baoyu; He, Yiming; Elsler, Armin; Wang, Shengyu; Keating, Joseph N.; Song, Junyi; Kearns, Stuart L.; Benton, Michael J. (2023).
2214:
2173:
1949:
66:
might be part of the sauropterygian clade while other authors disagree. Euryapsida may also be a synonym of
Sauropterygia
2199:
2166:
1713:
492:"An armoured marine reptile from the Early Triassic of South China and its phylogenetic and evolutionary implications"
1956:
1807:
1859:
778:
680:
141:
1765:
805:
341:"A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland"
1902:
1739:
1126:
1687:
1166:
1171:
1943:
617:
562:
551:"European origin of placodont marine reptiles and the evolution of crushing dentition in Placodontia"
378:
Maisch, M. (2010). "Phylogeny, systematics, and origin of the
Ichthyosauria – the state of the art".
282:
1101:
2146:
2118:
1331:
673:
477:
Die systematische
Phylogenie (Dritter Theil/Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata))
269:
Simões, Tiago R.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2022-08-19).
133:
2057:
1702:
1486:
1441:
1404:
1219:
1073:
387:
340:
271:"Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles"
1632:
2047:
2001:
1796:
651:
633:
586:
578:
531:
513:
360:
316:
298:
248:
2150:
1848:
1470:
1240:
922:
641:
625:
570:
521:
503:
352:
306:
290:
238:
183:
125:
1823:
1616:
1573:
1479:
1260:
992:
763:
450:
47:
646:
621:
605:
566:
526:
491:
286:
2077:
1754:
1523:
1500:
931:
888:
790:
311:
270:
179:
110:
86:
50:, under which the post-orbital and squamosal bones articulate. They are different from
2193:
2052:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1891:
1839:
1728:
1647:
1640:
1544:
1537:
1432:
1381:
1321:
1230:
1115:
1087:
1057:
1043:
1029:
55:
391:
2087:
2062:
2042:
2032:
1816:
1676:
1558:
1551:
1411:
1371:
1281:
1270:
1250:
983:
953:
945:
938:
665:
118:
106:
94:
39:
27:
345:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
227:"Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds"
2067:
2011:
1782:
1661:
1625:
1602:
1595:
1565:
1514:
1456:
1395:
1301:
1291:
1094:
961:
159:
153:
114:
74:
629:
2082:
2037:
1879:
1588:
1530:
1449:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1080:
1036:
999:
908:
871:
858:
817:
696:
149:
137:
43:
637:
582:
550:
517:
364:
302:
1868:
1580:
1493:
1006:
898:
205:
175:
have also been used for a taxon including ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians.
145:
51:
46:
that are distinguished by a single temporal fenestra, an opening behind the
655:
590:
535:
356:
320:
294:
252:
2072:
1827:
1654:
1418:
1020:
738:
732:
200:
195:
102:
98:
17:
508:
2138:
2027:
1786:
1202:
1189:
1138:
1066:
969:
747:
702:
574:
59:
243:
226:
136:
for a taxon including sauropterygians, turtles and rhynchocephalians.
1911:
1777:
726:
63:
42:(unnatural, as the various members are not closely related) group of
549:
Neenan, James M.; Klein, Nicole; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2013-03-27).
1311:
158:
26:
1875:
606:"Extended embryo retention and viviparity in the first amniotes"
1973:
1187:
856:
719:
669:
144:
178:
Some 21st century studies have found that ichthyosaurs,
2154:
439:(3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
140:
1751:
1725:
1699:
1673:
1613:
1511:
1467:
1429:
1392:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1215:
1112:
1054:
1017:
980:
919:
904:
894:
884:
182:
and sauropterygians were close relatives, either as
2020:
1984:
1890:
1847:
1838:
1795:
1776:
1750:
1724:
1698:
1672:
1612:
1510:
1466:
1428:
1391:
1200:
1137:
1111:
1053:
1016:
979:
918:
869:
816:
789:
762:
2174:
681:
8:
2181:
2167:
1981:
1970:
1844:
1792:
1208:
1197:
1184:
877:
866:
853:
795:
768:
759:
716:
688:
674:
666:
645:
525:
507:
310:
242:
77:skull is sometimes described as having a
217:
128:as a substitute for the earlier term
7:
2135:
2133:
334:
332:
330:
264:
262:
2153:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
405:Williston, Samuel Wendell (1925).
25:
2137:
2114:
2113:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1170:
1165:
435:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1966).
420:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1956).
339:Rieppel, Olivier (1989-01-04).
231:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
610:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1:
2210:Prehistoric reptile taxonomy
479:. Vol. 3. Georg Reimer.
2205:Prehistoric marine reptiles
124:Euryapsida was proposed by
2231:
2132:
630:10.1038/s41559-023-02074-0
2215:Prehistoric reptile stubs
2109:
1980:
1969:
1940:
1211:
1196:
1183:
1163:
880:
865:
852:
798:
771:
758:
715:
422:Osteology of the Reptiles
407:Osteology of the Reptiles
132:, originally created by
475:Haeckel, Ernst (1895).
437:Vertebrate Paleontology
357:10.1098/rstb.1989.0001
295:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898
225:Lee, M. S. Y. (2013).
164:
32:
2145:This article about a
555:Nature Communications
186:or as stem-saurians.
162:
30:
2200:Polyphyletic groups
2147:prehistoric reptile
1985:Possible sauropsids
622:2023NatEE...7.1131J
567:2013NatCo...4.1621N
509:10.7554/eLife.83163
287:2022SciA....8.1898S
2058:Procolophonomorpha
1714:Ichthyosauromorpha
1703:Ichthyosauromorpha
1515:Drepanosauromorpha
1442:Acerosodontosaurus
575:10.1038/ncomms2633
165:
33:
31:A euryapsid skull.
2162:
2161:
2127:
2126:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2048:Lanthanosuchoidea
2002:Protorothyrididae
1965:
1964:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1824:rhynchocephalians
1808:Lepidosauromorpha
1797:Lepidosauromorpha
1179:
1178:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
848:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
244:10.1111/jeb.12268
237:(12): 2729–2738.
163:A parapsid skull.
16:(Redirected from
2222:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2141:
2134:
2117:
2116:
1982:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1860:Archosauromorpha
1849:Archosauromorpha
1845:
1793:
1753:
1727:
1701:
1675:
1615:
1513:
1471:Weigeltisauridae
1469:
1431:
1394:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1241:Cryptovaranoides
1238:
1228:
1217:
1209:
1198:
1185:
1174:
1169:
1114:
1056:
1019:
982:
923:Acleistorhinidae
921:
906:
896:
886:
878:
867:
854:
796:
769:
760:
753:
752:
717:
710:
701:
690:
683:
676:
667:
660:
659:
649:
616:(7): 1131–1140.
601:
595:
594:
546:
540:
539:
529:
511:
487:
481:
480:
472:
466:
465:
463:
461:
447:
441:
440:
432:
426:
425:
417:
411:
410:
402:
396:
395:
375:
369:
368:
336:
325:
324:
314:
281:(33): eabq1898.
275:Science Advances
266:
257:
256:
246:
222:
126:Edwin H. Colbert
21:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2097:
2016:
1976:
1961:
1954:
1922:
1886:
1834:
1780:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1694:
1668:
1617:Kuehneosauridae
1608:
1574:Megalancosaurus
1506:
1480:Coelurosauravus
1462:
1424:
1387:
1261:Elachistosuchus
1205:
1192:
1175:
1153:
1133:
1107:
1049:
1012:
975:
914:
874:
861:
832:
812:
785:
779:Tetrapodomorpha
764:Tetrapodomorpha
754:
722:
721:
711:
705:
699:
694:
664:
663:
603:
602:
598:
548:
547:
543:
489:
488:
484:
474:
473:
469:
459:
457:
455:Merriam-Webster
449:
448:
444:
434:
433:
429:
419:
418:
414:
404:
403:
399:
380:Palaeodiversity
377:
376:
372:
338:
337:
328:
268:
267:
260:
224:
223:
219:
214:
192:
184:stem-archosaurs
111:weigeltisaurids
56:sauropterygians
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2142:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Younginiformes
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1766:Thalattosauria
1759:
1757:
1755:Thalattosauria
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1524:Ancistronychus
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1501:Weigeltisaurus
1497:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1102:Nanomilleretta
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
986:
977:
976:
974:
973:
966:
958:
950:
942:
935:
932:Acleistorhinus
927:
925:
916:
915:
913:
912:
902:
892:
889:Australothyris
881:
875:
870:
863:
862:
857:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
831:
830:
829:
828:
822:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
809:
808:
806:Reptiliomorpha
799:
793:
791:Reptiliomorpha
787:
786:
784:
783:
782:
781:
772:
766:
756:
755:
751:
750:
741:
735:
729:
720:
713:
712:
695:
693:
692:
685:
678:
670:
662:
661:
596:
541:
482:
467:
451:"Enaliosauria"
442:
427:
412:
397:
370:
351:(1212): 1–73.
326:
258:
216:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
191:
188:
134:Edward D. Cope
95:araeoscelidans
75:ichthyosaurian
58:) are in fact
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Millerosauria
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Recumbirostra
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Captorhinidae
1995:
1993:
1992:Araeoscelidia
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1903:Pantestudines
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1892:Pantestudines
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Archelosauria
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1740:Sauropterygia
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1729:Sauropterygia
1723:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:Kuehneosuchus
1645:
1643:
1642:
1641:Kuehneosaurus
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:Drepanosaurus
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:Dolabrosaurus
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1433:Tangasauridae
1427:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1382:Sphodrosaurus
1376:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:Maiothisavros
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:Lanthanolania
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:Claudiosaurus
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1147:
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1142:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1127:Procolophonia
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1116:Procolophonia
1110:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:Millerosaurus
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1058:Millerettidae
1052:
1046:
1045:
1044:Stereosternum
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:Brazilosaurus
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:
997:
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994:
990:
989:
987:
985:
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972:
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964:
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948:
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936:
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917:
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879:
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868:
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826:
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824:
823:
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797:
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749:
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736:
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724:
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648:
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631:
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623:
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584:
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568:
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510:
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199:
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189:
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185:
181:
180:thalattosaurs
176:
174:
170:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Synaptosauria
127:
122:
120:
119:trilophosaurs
116:
112:
108:
107:pleurosaurids
104:
100:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
19:
2155:expanding it
2144:
2129:
2092:
2088:Eolacertilia
2063:Ankyramorpha
2043:Parareptilia
2033:Captorhinida
1947:
1910:
1880:crocodilians
1867:
1817:Lepidosauria
1815:
1688:Choristodera
1677:Choristodera
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1559:Kyrgyzsaurus
1557:
1552:Hypuronector
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1417:
1412:Thadeosaurus
1410:
1403:
1380:
1372:Saurosternon
1370:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1282:Feralisaurus
1280:
1271:Eunotosaurus
1269:
1259:
1251:Dolerosaurus
1249:
1239:
1229:
1218:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1005:
998:
991:
984:Bolosauridae
968:
960:
954:Delorhynchus
952:
946:Colobomycter
944:
939:Carbonodraco
937:
930:
907:
897:
887:
743:
737:Superclass:
706:
613:
609:
599:
558:
554:
544:
499:
495:
485:
476:
470:
458:. Retrieved
454:
445:
436:
430:
421:
415:
406:
400:
383:
379:
373:
348:
344:
278:
274:
234:
230:
220:
177:
172:
169:Enaliosauria
168:
166:
150:Plesiosauria
129:
123:
115:protorosaurs
91:
82:
78:
72:
67:
40:polyphyletic
35:
34:
2068:Neodiapsida
2012:Varanopidae
1869:Archosauria
1662:Rhabdopelix
1626:Icarosaurus
1603:Vallesaurus
1596:Unguinychus
1566:Longisquama
1457:Tangasaurus
1405:Galesphyrus
1396:Younginidae
1302:Kenyasaurus
1292:Heleosuchus
1220:Adelosaurus
1095:Milleropsis
1074:Heleophilus
962:Feeserpeton
561:(1): 1621.
460:22 December
386:: 151–214.
154:Placodontia
146:Nothosauria
87:pleurosaurs
2194:Categories
2093:Euryapsida
2083:Avicephala
2038:Eureptilia
2021:Other taxa
1912:Testudines
1589:Skybalonyx
1531:Avicranium
1450:Hovasaurus
1362:Palaeagama
1352:Palacrodon
1342:Orovenator
1148:see below↓
1081:Milleretta
1037:Mesosaurus
1021:Mesosauria
1000:Bolosaurus
909:Microleter
872:Sauropsida
859:Sauropsida
827:see below↓
818:Sauropsida
707:sensu lato
697:Sauropsida
502:: e83163.
212:References
173:Halisauria
167:The terms
68:sensu lato
44:sauropsids
36:Euryapsida
1909:Includes
1874:includes
1866:Includes
1828:squamates
1822:includes
1814:Includes
1633:Idiosaura
1581:Protoavis
1494:Rautiania
1007:Eudibamus
899:Erpetonyx
739:Tetrapoda
725:Kingdom:
638:2397-334X
583:2041-1723
518:2050-084X
365:0080-4622
303:2375-2548
206:Synapsida
142:Williston
103:squamates
99:mesosaurs
52:Synapsida
18:Parapsida
2119:Category
2073:Eosuchia
2028:Anapsida
1975:See also
1787:Reptilia
1655:Pamelina
1487:Glaurung
1419:Youngina
1203:Diapsida
1190:Diapsida
1139:Diapsida
733:Chordata
731:Phylum:
727:Animalia
703:Reptilia
656:37308704
647:10333127
591:23535642
536:37551884
527:10499374
392:87979321
321:35984885
253:24256520
201:Diapsida
196:Anapsida
190:See also
83:parapsid
79:metapsid
60:diapsids
1917:turtles
1067:Broomia
993:Belebey
970:Karutia
748:Amniota
618:Bibcode
563:Bibcode
312:9390993
283:Bibcode
156:in it.
64:turtles
1778:Sauria
654:
644:
636:
589:
581:
534:
524:
516:
390:
363:
319:
309:
301:
251:
152:) and
117:, and
2149:is a
1876:birds
1783:Crown
1312:Kudnu
744:Clade
496:eLife
388:S2CID
48:orbit
38:is a
2151:stub
1901:see
1878:and
1858:see
1826:and
1806:see
1764:see
1738:see
1712:see
1686:see
1125:see
804:see
777:see
652:PMID
634:ISSN
587:PMID
579:ISSN
532:PMID
514:ISSN
462:2021
361:ISSN
317:PMID
299:ISSN
249:PMID
171:and
148:and
138:Baur
81:(or
73:The
642:PMC
626:doi
571:doi
522:PMC
504:doi
353:doi
349:323
307:PMC
291:doi
239:doi
2196::
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640:.
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500:12
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329:^
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297:.
289:.
277:.
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261:^
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1785:-
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1752:†
1726:†
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1430:†
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700:(
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628::
620::
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573::
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506::
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394:.
384:3
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355::
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293::
285::
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241::
20:)
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