38:
231:
523:, or when an existing government stays in power by fixing an election. States once formally recognized both the government of a state and the state itself, but many no longer follow that practice, even though, if diplomatic relations are to be maintained, it is necessary that there be a government with which to engage in diplomatic relations. Countries such as the
1047:
Special Report of
William E. Fuller, Assistant Attorney-General: Being a Condensed Statement of the Work Done, the Questions Considered, the Principles Laid Down, and the Most Important Decisions Made by the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission from the Organization of the Commission, April 8, 1901, to
132:
of another country is an implicit recognition of that country by the country so voting, as only states may be members of the UN. On the other hand, a negative vote for UN membership does not necessarily mean non-recognition of the applicant as a state, as other criteria, requirements or special
222:
or other egregious violations of norms of general international law, in particular, those of a peremptory character (jus cogens). In the context of Kosovo, the
Security Council has never taken this position. The exceptional character of the resolutions enumerated above appears to the Court to
217:
ruled that "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence." The Court carefully noted "that in all of those instances the
Security Council was making a determination as regards the concrete situation existing at the time that those declarations of
160:
Diplomatic recognition must be distinguished from formal recognition of states or their governments. The fact that states do not maintain bilateral diplomatic relations does not mean that they do not recognize or treat one another as states. A state is not required to accord formal bilateral
226:
States can exercise their recognition powers either explicitly or implicitly. The recognition of a government implies recognition of the state it governs, but even countries which have a policy of formally recognising states may not have a policy of doing the same regarding governments.
210:
749:" The declaration, made over the strong U.S. opposition, stated that the Sandinistas were eligible for "treatment and prerogatives" accorded to belligerents under international law. This declaration allowed the Andean countries to provide arms to the FSLN.
108:
basis. Partial recognition can occur if many sovereign states refuse to recognize an entity as a peer. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a
218:
independence were made; the illegality attached to the declarations of independence thus stemmed not from the unilateral character of these declarations as such, but from the fact that they were, or would have been, connected with the unlawful
441:, or the signing of a bilateral treaty. If implicit recognition is possible, a state may feel the need to explicitly proclaim that its acts do not constitute diplomatic recognition, like when the United States commenced its dialogue with the
659:
noted that "A parent state never formally recognizes the insurgents as belligerents, although it may in fact treat them as such by carrying on war against them in accordance with the rules and usages of international warfare.")
476:) or simply refuse to deal with that other country, after withdrawing from all diplomatic relations with that country, such as embassies and consulates, and requiring the other country to do the same. The state will appoint a
706:. The British extension of belligerent recognition to the Confederacy greatly angered and concerned the United States, which strenuously and successfully worked to prevent full diplomatic recognition.
651:
to support the position of such rights and duties." Extension of the rights of belligerency is usually done by other states, rather than by the government fighting the rebel group. (A 1907 report by
614:
governments have little or no influence in the areas they claim to rule, whereas in the latter they have varying degrees of control, and may provide essential services to people living in the areas.
117:. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in
647:, which is rare today, signifies that the parties to the civil war or other internal conflict "are entitled to excise belligerent rights, thus accepting that the rebel group possesses sufficient
294:
161:
recognition to any other state, and some have a general policy of not doing so, considering that a vote for its membership of an international organisation restricted to states, such as the
519:
Besides recognizing other states, states also can recognize the governments of states. This can be problematic particularly when a new government comes to power by illegal means, such as a
687:
173:
Some consider that a state has a responsibility not to recognize as a state any entity that has attained the qualifications for statehood by a violation of basic principles of the
527:
answer queries over the recognition of governments with the statement: "The question of recognition does not arise: we are conducting our relations with the new government."
133:
circumstances may be considered relevant for UN membership. Similarly, a country may choose not to apply for UN membership for its own reasons, as is the case with
803:
202:
194:
186:
182:
583:
that enjoy military protection and informal diplomatic representation abroad through another state to prevent forced reincorporation into their original states.
148:
The non-recognition of particular acts of a state does not normally affect the recognition of the state itself. For example, the international rejection of the
875:
See Stefan Talmon, Recognition of
Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) pages 1–4
920:, § 202 (Recognition or Acceptance of States), § 203 (Recognition or Acceptance of Governments); and § 204 (Recognition and Maintaining Diplomatic Relations).
152:
of particular territory by a recognised state does not imply non-recognition of the state itself, nor a rejection of a change of government by illegal means.
765:
50:
31:
672:
991:
819:
536:
289:
recognition is more tentative and recognizes only that a government exercises control over a territory. An example of the difference is when the
223:
confirm that no general prohibition against unilateral declarations of independence may be inferred from the practice of the
Security Council."
1241:
958:
See for example, the oral arguments in the
International Court of Justice case on Kosovo's declaration of independence. CR 2009/32, page 39
742:
930:
Caplan, Richard (2002). "Conditional recognition as an instrument of ethnic conflict regulation: the
European Community and Yugoslavia".
129:
1087:
702:." Another right of significance accorded to belligerents that was seen as potentially significant at the time was the right to issue
1306:
1260:
1222:
1199:
1005:
932:
917:
860:
442:
219:
209:) issued Chapter VII resolutions (binding in international law) that denied their statehood and precluded recognition. In the 2010
698:
belligerent status, the right to contract loans and purchase supplies in neutral nations and to exercise belligerent rights on the
1234:
The
Recognition of States: A Study on the Historical Development in Doctrine and Practice with a Special Focus on the Requirements
1192:
The Baltic
Dilemma, The case of the de jure recognition of incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Unions by Australia
1052:
783:
656:
1180:
1325:
1277:
960:
887:
788:
214:
695:
427:
364:
391:
1008:
has moved away from the practice of recognizing governments. See: Digest of U.S. Practice in
International Law 19–21.
885:
Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion
62:
912:
See, e.g., Restatement (Third) Foreign Relations Law of the United States, American Law Institute Publishers, 1990,
1330:
1056:
360:
118:
370:
Renewing recognition of a government is not necessary when it changes in a normal, constitutional way (such as an
121:, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member.
680:
415:
386:. Recognition of a new government by other states can be important for its long-term survival. For instance, the
472:
A state may withdraw diplomatic recognition of another state (despite doing so being specifically banned by the
1162:
1099:
576:. Such states are commonly referred to as "break-away" states. Some of these entities are in effect internally
81:
1103:
809:
507:
in 1965. Withdrawal of recognition of a government is a more severe act of disapproval than the breaking of
37:
46:
1017:
Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law at 13; Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law at 34.
798:
710:
473:
753:
508:
483:
The doctrine of non-recognition of illegal or immoral situations, like territorial gains achieved by
399:
66:
629:
461:
448:
Formal diplomatic recognition can be used as a tool of political influence with examples including
407:
178:
149:
1271:
Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile
640:
rights of a party in a conflict. Recognition of the latter does not imply recognition of a state.
691:
449:
431:
411:
243:
54:
96:
in control of a state (may be also a recognized state). Recognition can be accorded either on a
1302:
1256:
1237:
1218:
1195:
985:
913:
856:
703:
652:
648:
602:. Unrecognized countries may have either full control over their occupied territory (such as
577:
565:
520:
500:
344:
58:
1084:
941:
546:
492:
488:
477:
230:
206:
142:
42:
1281:
1184:
1091:
891:
829:
603:
573:
198:
89:
1211:
1159:
Bullets Vs. Ballots: Political Violence and Revolutionary War in El Salvador, 1979–1991
814:
676:
607:
496:
453:
379:
290:
211:
International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence
162:
125:
1291:
1319:
1177:
1029:
524:
438:
313:
30:"State recognition" redirects here. For state-recognized Native American tribes, see
27:
Political act where a state acknowledges an act or status of another state/government
1286:
Gregory Weeks; "Almost Jeffersonian: U.S. Recognition Policy toward Latin America",
1274:
967:
884:
17:
714:
580:
457:
403:
321:
1046:
824:
769:
664:
644:
637:
623:
542:
336:
138:
114:
633:
569:
545:
entities lack general international recognition, but wish to be recognized as
383:
375:
174:
93:
85:
945:
793:
738:
734:
699:
557:
328:
722:
504:
484:
423:
395:
371:
363:
related to the United Nations' withdrawal of recognition in favor of the
325:
190:
134:
98:
726:
718:
387:
104:
70:
1117:
Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War
761:
757:
561:
553:
control these entities exert over the territories they claim varies.
348:
305:
239:
110:
141:
was not a member until 2002 because of its concerns to maintain its
852:
As barbas do imperador : D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos
456:
in early 1990s dependent on new states commitment to protection of
406:, while far more had recognized the government of ousted President
452:'s conditional recognition of independence of former republics of
419:
229:
69:), and other dignitaries. At right, a winged figure, representing
36:
437:
Recognition can be implied by other acts, such as a visit of the
1034:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
730:
355:
independent and sovereign, but is not universally recognized as
1085:
Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–1865
1213:
Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
1133:
Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
269: Recognition of Palestine, with some relations to Israel
257: Recognition of Israel, with some relations to Palestine
1299:
As barbas do imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos
1146:
A Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977–1990
394:, which lasted from 1996 to 2001, was recognized only by
92:
that acknowledges an act or status of another state or
737:) "declared that 'a state of belligerency' existed in
308:
in 1948, whose government was immediately recognized
1172:
Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, and Henry Srebrnik;
1036:(2d ed.: Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 163.
1301:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
1210:
1080:
1078:
343:by the international community in 1949. Also, the
675:recognized the Greek revolutionaries against the
499:where it is a method of ensuring compliance with
1135:, 11th ed. (Taylor & Francis, 2017), p. 167.
855:. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. p. 181.
1070:Internal War and the Search for Normative Order
903:ICJ Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010, para. 81.
480:to represent its interests in the other state.
804:International Organization for Standardization
628:Other elements that may be recognized include
304:only in 1924. Another example is the state of
73:, carving the "great event" on a stone tablet.
65:, their daughter Maria da Glória (later Queen
1131:Gerhard von Glahn & James Larry Taulbee,
8:
1174:De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty ,
32:State-recognized tribes in the United States
1127:
1125:
1119:(University Press of Kentucky 2007), p. 50.
586:The word "control" in this list refers to
491:, and has become more important since the
331:which was whose government was recognized
766:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
378:), but may be necessary in the case of a
1025:
1023:
894:, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 403, para. 84.
49:. The painting depicts British diplomat
1194:. Robert Speller & Sons, New York.
841:
820:List of states with limited recognition
990:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
983:
745:(FSLN) represented a 'legitimate army.
156:Recognition of states and governments
7:
743:Sandinista National Liberation Front
606:), or only partial control (such as
277:recognition of states, rather than
263: Recognition of Palestine only
41:Allegory of the recognition of the
25:
1006:United States Department of State
443:Palestine Liberation Organization
113:with the other state or making a
1072:(Martinus Nijhoff, 1971), p. 21.
1053:Spanish Treaty Claims Commission
784:Constitutive theory of statehood
772:as a belligerent in August 1981.
657:Spanish Treaty Claims Commission
251: Recognition of Israel only
1297:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998).
1288:Presidential Studies Quarterly,
849:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998).
789:Declarative theory of statehood
690:soon after the outbreak of the
503:– for instance, in the case of
359:independent due to the complex
285:recognition is stronger, while
88:declarative political act of a
1255:. Cambridge University Press.
1148:(The Free Press, 1996), p. 93.
351:", is generally recognized as
1:
694:, which "tacitly granted the
61:, who is flanked by his wife
686:The United Kingdom issued a
422:is not recognized by either
392:Islamic State of Afghanistan
165:, is an act of recognition.
741:and that the forces of the
679:as belligerents during the
663:Examples of recognition of
124:A vote by a country in the
119:international organizations
1347:
1209:Gerhard von Glahn (1992).
1057:Government Printing Office
688:proclamation of neutrality
621:
618:Other types of recognition
534:
515:Recognition of governments
474:1933 Montevideo Convention
428:People's Republic of China
365:People's Republic of China
361:political status of Taiwan
238: Recognition of both
181:has in several instances (
29:
1190:Edgars Dunsdorfs (1975).
681:Greek War of Independence
649:international personality
572:from the original parent
468:Withdrawal of recognition
324:. Another example is the
1273:Clarendon Press, (1998)
1251:Malcolm N. Shaw (2003).
1163:Lynne Rienner Publishers
1100:U.S. Department of State
1104:Office of the Historian
946:10.1111/1469-8219.00044
933:Nations and Nationalism
810:International relations
610:). In the former, the
568:of their own that have
541:Several of the world's
205:(1992), concerning the
1326:Diplomatic recognition
1232:Daniel Högger (2015).
1068:Roscoe Ralph Oglesby,
643:Formal recognition of
271:
78:Diplomatic recognition
74:
1096:Milestones: 1861–1865
799:Montevideo Convention
622:Further information:
556:Most are subnational
418:under the control of
347:, commonly known as "
316:and three days later
233:
40:
1115:Burrus M. Carnahan,
1004:Since the 1970s the
754:Salvadoran Civil War
711:Nicaraguan Civil War
509:diplomatic relations
495:, especially in the
400:United Arab Emirates
67:Maria II of Portugal
18:Partially recognised
537:Unrecognized states
462:national minorities
408:Burhanuddin Rabbani
197:(1983), concerning
189:(1965), concerning
179:UN Security Council
1280:2011-06-04 at the
1183:2011-06-04 at the
1176:Routledge, (2004)
1157:Sewall H. Menzel,
1090:2013-08-28 at the
890:2010-08-21 at the
692:American Civil War
531:Unrecognized state
450:European Community
432:Republic of Turkey
412:disputed territory
390:government of the
272:
75:
55:letter of credence
51:Sir Charles Stuart
1331:International law
1253:International Law
1243:978-3-643-80196-8
704:letters of marque
653:William E. Fuller
636:of territory, or
566:national identity
501:international law
416:Jammu and Kashmir
345:Republic of China
143:neutrality policy
128:in favour of the
82:international law
59:Pedro I of Brazil
16:(Redirected from
1338:
1312:
1266:
1247:
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1205:
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1149:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1120:
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1107:
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1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:, 1907), p. 262.
1043:
1037:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
995:
989:
981:
979:
978:
972:
966:. Archived from
965:
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950:
949:
927:
921:
910:
904:
901:
895:
882:
876:
873:
867:
866:
846:
748:
667:status include:
549:. The degree of
547:sovereign states
493:Second World War
489:Stimson Doctrine
487:, is called the
478:protecting power
268:
262:
256:
250:
237:
207:Republika Srpska
63:Maria Leopoldina
47:its independence
43:Empire of Brazil
21:
1346:
1345:
1341:
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1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1309:
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1290:Vol. 31, 2001
1282:Wayback Machine
1269:Stefan Talmon;
1263:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1185:Wayback Machine
1169:
1165:, 1994), p. 22.
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892:Wayback Machine
883:
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830:Non-recognition
779:
764:recognized the
746:
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604:Northern Cyprus
539:
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517:
470:
293:recognized the
270:
266:
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199:Northern Cyprus
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53:presenting his
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1318:
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1307:
1294:
1292:online edition
1284:
1275:online edition
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1248:
1242:
1229:
1223:
1206:
1200:
1187:
1178:online edition
1168:
1167:
1150:
1144:Robert Kagan,
1137:
1121:
1108:
1074:
1061:
1048:April 10, 1907
1038:
1019:
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951:
940:(2): 157–177.
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684:
677:Ottoman Empire
673:United Kingdom
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608:Western Sahara
590:over the area
578:self-governing
535:Main article:
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497:United Nations
469:
466:
454:SFR Yugoslavia
291:United Kingdom
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234:
203:Resolution 787
195:Resolution 541
187:Resolution 217
183:Resolution 216
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163:United Nations
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126:United Nations
26:
24:
14:
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1217:. Macmillan.
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1024:
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1007:
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998:
993:
987:
973:on 2011-06-05
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918:0-314-30138-0
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671:In 1823, the
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439:head of state
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314:United States
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300:in 1921, but
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521:coup d'état
380:coup d'etat
337:Netherlands
281:, is rare.
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