539:(CPV1) and CPV2. CPV2 causes the most serious disease and affects domesticated dogs and wild canids. There are variants of CPV2 called CPV-2a and CPV-2b, identified in 1979 and 1984 respectively. Most of canine parvovirus infection are believed to be caused by these two strains, which have replaced the original strain, and the present day virus is different from the one originally discovered, although they are indistinguishable by most routine tests. An additional variant is CPV-2c, a Glu-426 mutant, and was discovered in Italy, Vietnam, and Spain. The antigenic patterns of 2a and 2b are quite similar to the original CPV2. Variant 2c however has a unique pattern of antigenicity. This has led to claims of ineffective vaccination of dogs, but studies have shown that the existing CPV vaccines based on CPV-2b provide adequate levels of protection against CPV-2c. A strain of CPV-2b (strain FP84) has been shown to cause disease in a small percentage of domestic cats, although vaccination for FPV seems to be protective. With severe disease, dogs can die within 48 to 72 hours without treatment by fluids. In the more common, less severe form, mortality is about 10 percent. Certain breeds, such as Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, and Pit bull terriers as well as other black and tan colored dogs may be more susceptible to CPV2. Along with age and breed, factors such as a stressful environment, concurrent infections with bacteria, parasites, and canine coronavirus increase a dog's risk of severe infection. Dogs infected with parvovirus usually die from the dehydration it causes or secondary infection rather than the virus itself.
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824:. Appropriate vaccination should be performed starting at 7–8 weeks of age, with a booster given every 3–4 weeks until at least 16 weeks of age. Pregnant mothers should not be vaccinated as it will abort the puppies and could make the mother extremely sick. The virus is extremely hardy and has been found to survive in feces and other organic material such as soil for up to 1 year. It survives in extremely low and high temperatures. The only household
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can recover in two or three days if the IV fluids are begun as soon as symptoms are noticed and the CPV test confirms the diagnosis. If more severe, depending on treatment, puppies can remain ill from five days up to two weeks. However, even with hospitalization, there is no guarantee that the dog will be cured and survive.
835:
Puppies are generally vaccinated in a series of doses, extending from the earliest time that the immunity derived from the mother wears off until after that passive immunity is definitely gone. Older puppies (16 weeks or older) are given 3 vaccinations 3 to 4 weeks apart. The duration of immunity of
635:
This form is less common and affects puppies infected in the uterus or shortly after birth until about 8 weeks of age. The virus attacks the heart muscle and the puppy often dies suddenly or after a brief period of breathing difficulty due to pulmonary edema. On the microscopic level, there are many
454:
Once the dog can keep fluids down, the IV fluids are gradually discontinued, and very bland food slowly introduced. Oral antibiotics are administered for a number of days depending on the white blood cell count and the patient's ability to fight off secondary infection. A puppy with minimal symptoms
801:
Previously it has been thought that the virus does not undergo cross species infection. However studies in
Vietnam have shown that CPV2 can undergo minor antigenic shift and natural mutation to infect felids. Analyses of feline parvovirus (FPV) isolates in Vietnam and Taiwan revealed that more than
435:
In addition to fluids given to achieve adequate rehydration, each time the puppy vomits or has diarrhea in a significant quantity, an equal amount of fluid is administered intravenously. The fluid requirements of a patient are determined by the animal's body weight, weight changes over time, degree
360:
Survival rate depends on how quickly CPV is diagnosed, the age of the dog, and how aggressive the treatment is. There is no approved treatment, and the current standard of care is supportive care, involving extensive hospitalization, due to severe dehydration and potential damage to the intestines
463:
Kindred
Biosciences, a biopharmaceutical company, is developing a monoclonal antibody as a prophylactic therapy to prevent clinical signs of parvovirus infection and also as treatment of established parvovirus infection. In 2021, Kindred Biosciences announced the completion of a pivotal efficacy
450:
to the sick dog. Some veterinarians keep these dogs on site, or have frozen serum available. There have been no controlled studies regarding this treatment. Additionally, fresh frozen plasma and human albumin transfusions can help replace the extreme protein losses seen in severe cases and help
843:
A dog that successfully recovers from CPV2 generally remains contagious for up to three weeks, but it is possible it may remain contagious for up to six. Ongoing infection risk is primarily from fecal contamination of the environment due to the virus's ability to survive many months in the
844:
environment. Neighbours and family members with dogs should be notified of infected animals so that they can ensure that their dogs are vaccinated or tested for immunity. A modified live vaccine may confer protection in 3 to 5 days; the contagious individual should remain in
451:
assure adequate tissue healing. However, this is controversial with the availability of safer colloids such as
Hetastarch, as it will also increase the colloid osmotic pressure without the ill effect of predisposing that canine patient to future transfusion reaction.
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331:
has become available to diagnose CPV2, and can be used later in the disease when potentially less virus is being shed in the feces that may not be detectable by ELISA. Clinically, the intestinal form of the infection can sometimes be confused with
696:
with little or no clinical signs of disease. The virus may have already crossed the placenta to infect the fetus. This can lead to several abnormalities. In mild to moderate cases the pups can be born with neurological abnormalities such as
523:. It is possible that CPV2 is a mutant of an unidentified parvovirus (similar to feline parvovirus (FPV)) of some wild carnivore. CPV2 was thought to only cause diseases in canines, but newer evidence suggest pathogenicity in cats too.
424:. IV fluids are administered and antinausea and antibiotic injections are given subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The fluids are typically a mix of a sterile, balanced electrolyte solution, with an appropriate amount of
282:
balance and this may affect the dog critically. Secondary infections occur as a result of the weakened immune system. Because the normal intestinal lining is also compromised, blood and protein leak into the intestines, leading to
432:, and potassium chloride. Analgesic medications can be used to counteract the intestinal discomfort caused by frequent bouts of diarrhea; however, the use of opioid analgesics can result in secondary ileus and decreased motility.
648:
are the site of viral replication within cells. The disease may or may not be accompanied with the signs and symptoms of the intestinal form. However, this form is now rarely seen due to widespread vaccination of breeding dogs.
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as drugs which have the most potential as broad-spectrum antiviral agents against canine parvovirus and its various subspecies, raising the prospect these drugs may yield potential for future treatments of this disease.
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that carry the virus. Following ingestion, the virus replicates in the lymphoid tissue in the throat, and then spreads to the bloodstream. From there, the virus attacks rapidly dividing cells, notably those in the
622:
in the feces for up to three weeks, and the dog may remain an asymptomatic carrier and shed the virus periodically. The virus is usually more deadly if the host is concurrently infested with worms or other
542:
The variants of CPV-2 are defined by surface protein (VP capsid) features. This classification does not correlate well with phylogenies built from other parts of the viral genome, such as the NS1 protein.
802:
80% of the isolates were of the canine parvovirus type, rather than feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV). CPV2 may spread to cats easier than dogs and undergo faster rates of mutation within that species.
1184:
Tuteja, Deepika; Banu, Kauser; Mondal, Bhairab (2022). "Canine parvovirology – A brief updated review on structural biology, occurrence, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention".
491:
conditional approval to develop a Canine
Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody (CPMA) which targets the virus instead of its symptoms. Initial distribution of CPMA to veterinarians began in July 2023.
892:
Holmes, Edward C.; Parrish, Colin R.; Dubovi, Edward J.; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie I.; Gerhold, Richard W.; Brown, Justin D.; Fox, Karen A.; Kohler, Dennis J.; Allison, Andrew B. (2013-02-15).
499:
Parvovirus CPV2 is a relatively new disease that appeared in the late 1970s. It was first recognized in 1978 and spread worldwide in one to two years. The virus is very similar to
352:
of the intestinal lining also point more towards parvovirus, especially in an unvaccinated dog. The cardiac form is typically easier to diagnose because the symptoms are distinct.
576:
and destruction of the intestinal crypts. Anaerobic bacteria that normally reside in the intestines can then cross into the bloodstream, a process known as translocation, with
1599:
Cavalli, Alessandra; Vito
Martella; Costantina Desario; Michele Camero; Anna Lucia Bellacicco; Pasquale De Palo; Nicola Decaro; Gabriella Elia; Canio Buonavoglia (March 2008).
1702:
Mira, F; Canuti, M; Purpari, G; Cannella, V; Di Bella, S; Occhiogrosso, L; Schirò, G; Chiaramonte, G; Barreca, S; Pisano, P; Lastra, A; Decaro, N; Guercio, A (29 March 2019).
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and bone marrow. A CPV test should be given as early as possible if CPV is suspected in order to begin early treatment and increase survival rate if the disease is found.
1109:"Kindred Biosciences Announces Positive Results from Pivotal Efficacy Study of Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Deaths in Dogs Infected by Parvovirus"
295:. Dogs have a distinctive odor in the later stages of the infection. The white blood cell level falls, further weakening the dog. Any or all of these factors can lead to
748:
long. CPV2 continues to evolve, and the success of new strains seems to depend on extending the range of hosts affected and improved binding to its receptor, the canine
1507:
Gamoh K, Senda M, Inoue Y, Itoh O (2005). "Efficacy of an inactivated feline panleucopenia virus vaccine against a canine parvovirus isolated from a domestic cat".
1828:
ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.050.1.01. Parvovirus. In: ICTVdB—The
Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA
2211:
2109:
1974:
Recent
Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases, Carmichael L. (Ed.) International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca NY (www.ivis.org), 2000; A0106.0100
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1818:. Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY; College of Vet Med, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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234:. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases. Treatment often involves veterinary hospitalization. Canine
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603:
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316:
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study showing a 100% survival rate for dogs treated with KIND-030 compared to a 41% survival rate for dogs treated with placebo.
1242:
1986:"Predominance of canine parvovirus (CPV) in unvaccinated cat populations and emergence of new antigenic types of CPVs in cats"
1649:
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618:, a condition where part of the intestine prolapses into another part. Three to four days following infection, the virus is
67:
1754:
2202:
178:
1812:
Polymerase Chain
Reaction Amplification Of Parvoviral DNA From The Brains Of Dogs And Cats With Cerebellar Hypoplasia
274:. Secondary signs are loss of weight and appetite or diarrhea followed by vomiting. Diarrhea and vomiting result in
684:. The lining of the blood vessels are also severely affected, which lead the lesions in this region to hemorrhage.
31:
2216:
328:
1087:
2140:
752:
561:
2164:
1389:
Marks SL (2016). "Rational
Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Infectious Causes of Diarrhea in Kittens".
816:
Prevention is the only way to ensure that a puppy or dog remains healthy because the disease is extremely
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and has been found to be at least three years after the initial puppy series and a booster 1 year later.
606:(SIRS). SIRS leads to a range of complications such as hypercoagulability of the blood, endotoxaemia and
2249:
2239:
1934:
Horiuchi M, Yamaguchi Y, Gojobori T, Mochizuki M, Nagasawa H, Toyoda Y, Ishiguro N, Shinagawa M (1998).
698:
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Dogs that develop the disease show signs of the illness within three to ten days. The signs may include
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512:
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62:
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Decaro N, Martella V, Desario C, Bellacicco A, Camero M, Manna L, d'Aloja D, Buonavoglia C (2006).
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324:
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54:
230:. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their
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1412:
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This type of infection can occur when a pregnant female dog is infected with CPV2. The adult may
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Even less frequently, the disease may also lead to a generalized infection in neonates and cause
216:
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2007:
1957:
1916:
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1735:
1704:"Molecular Characterization and Evolutionary Analyses of Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 NS1 Gene"
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1936:"Differences in the evolutionary pattern of feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus"
2083:
2046:
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1997:
1984:
Ikeda, Y; Mochizuki M; Naito R; Nakamura K; Miyazawa T; Mikami T; Takahashi E (2000-12-05).
1947:
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905:
768:
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393:
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320:
1552:"First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain"
832:. The dilute bleach solution needs to be in a 1:30 ratio to disinfect and kill parvovirus.
2153:
1810:
Schatzberg, S.J.; N.J. Haley; S.C. Bar; A. deLahunta; J.N. Kornegay; N.J.H. Sharp (2002).
164:
2135:
1432:"Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats"
1892:
1347:
2051:
2027:"One-Step Immunochromatography Assay Kit for Detecting Antibodies to Canine Parvovirus"
2026:
1759:
Proceedings of the 28th World
Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
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1911:
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270:, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea (usually bloody). Generally, the first sign of CPV is
2233:
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1227:
837:
772:
592:
413:
255:
116:
1877:"High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus"
1536:
1416:
1332:"High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus"
2074:
Schultz R (2006). "Duration of immunity for canine and feline vaccines: a review".
1653:
1601:"Evaluation of the Antigenic Relationships among Canine Parvovirus Type 2 Variants"
1135:"Inhibitory Effects of Antiviral Drug Candidates on Canine Parvovirus in F81 cells"
894:"Frequent Cross-Species Transmission of Parvoviruses among Diverse Carnivore Hosts"
825:
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152:
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128:
104:
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46:
30:
This article is about canine parvovirus type 2. For canine parvovirus type 1, see
17:
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Dogs become infected through oral contact with CPV2 in feces, infected soil, or
389:
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292:
279:
275:
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2025:
Oh J, Ha G, Cho Y, Kim M, An D, Hwang K, Lim Y, Park B, Kang B, Song D (2006).
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235:
1263:
Carmichael L (2005). "An annotated historical account of canine parvovirus".
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vaccines for CPV2 has been tested for all major vaccine manufacturers in the
1901:
1840:
Truyen U (2006). "Evolution of canine parvovirus—a need for new vaccines?".
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950:
790:. CPV2a and CPV2b have been isolated from a small percentage of symptomatic
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from a donor dog that has already survived CPV is sometimes used to provide
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243:
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2011:
2002:
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1243:"Monoclonal antibodies show promise as new therapy for veterinary patients"
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has also been reported secondarily to sepsis. Dogs with CPV are at risk of
1961:
1520:
507:); they are 98% identical, differing only in two amino acids in the viral
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349:
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271:
267:
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Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M (April 2002).
728:
307:
1133:
Zhou H, Su X, Lin L, Zhang J, Qi Q, Guo F, Xu F, Yang B (August 2019).
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Diagnosis is made through detection of CPV2 in the feces by either an
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284:
227:
2158:
1038:
International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Symposium 2003
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340:. Parvovirus, however, is more serious and the presence of bloody
306:
251:
231:
219:
79:
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and viral replication and attack in other tissues other than the
779:
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points of necrosis of the heart muscle that are associated with
2162:
2136:
Canine Parvovirus Information - Common Symptoms and Treatments
791:
783:
520:
247:
239:
223:
1391:
August's Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 7
1187:
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
2149:
Parvovirus Infection In Your Dog Parvo Virus Enteritis—CPV
467:
Preliminary research in kidney cell lines have identified
1084:
Proceedings of the CVC Veterinary Conference, Kansas City
584:. The most common bacteria involved in severe cases are
1330:
Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC (2005).
1034:
Intensive Care Treatment of Severe Parvovirus Enteritis
771:. In contrast, FPV seems to evolve only through random
640:
infiltration. The formation of excess fibrous tissue (
299:
and death. Younger animals have worse survival rates.
951:"Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases"
364:
Supportive care ideally also consists of crystalloid
1875:
Shackelton L, Parrish C, Truyen U, Holmes E (2005).
2171:
949:Hartmann, Katrin; Steutzer, Bianca (August 2014).
436:of dehydration at presentation, and surface area.
1004:Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995).
1677:Nelson, Richard W.; Couto, C. Guillermo (1998).
1485:Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
732:, meaning small, as the virus is only 20 to 26
602:species. This can lead to a syndrome known as
1027:
1025:
8:
2110:"Resources – Koret Shelter Medicine Program"
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1323:
1073:
1071:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
372:(e.g., Hetastarch), antinausea injections (
2159:
1080:"Treatment of Severe Parvoviral Enteritis"
1060:Jones, T.C.; Hunt, R.D.; King, W. (1997).
511:protein VP2. It is also highly similar to
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36:
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2001:
1951:
1910:
1900:
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1652:. WoodTV.com-Grand Rapids. Archived from
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254:. Felines (cats) are also susceptible to
1776:
1774:
1556:Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B
1265:Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B
1006:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1307:A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology
1008:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.
884:
759:, possibly due to a rate of nucleotide
604:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
644:) is often evident in surviving dogs.
238:often infects other mammals including
27:Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs
1502:
1500:
291:escape into the bloodstream, causing
7:
258:, a different strain of parvovirus.
1481:"Treatment of Parvoviral Enteritis"
848:until other animals are protected.
608:acute respiratory distress syndrome
1399:10.1016/B978-0-323-22652-3.00001-3
1241:Jacob, Julie (November 21, 2023).
25:
1755:"Canine Parvovirus and Distemper"
1301:Carter, G.R.; Wise, D.J. (2004).
1650:"Virus killing Kent County dogs"
1648:TV.com, Wood (August 23, 2008).
1568:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00974.x
1277:10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00868.x
1032:Silverstein, Deborah C. (2003).
858:
723:family. The name comes from the
311:A test kit of a CPV positive dog
66:
1479:Macintire, Douglass K. (2006).
1078:Macintire, Douglass K. (2008).
515:(MEV), and the parvoviruses of
1679:Small Animal Internal Medicine
806:Prevention and decontamination
531:There are two types of canine
1:
2142:Parvovirus Information Center
2043:10.1128/CVI.13.4.520-524.2006
2260:Vaccine-preventable diseases
2088:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.013
1881:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1854:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.003
1436:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2144:from The Pet Health Library
1786:The Merck Veterinary Manual
1204:10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101765
179:Carnivore protoparvovirus 1
2276:
1336:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
967:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027
809:
755:. CPV2 has a high rate of
32:Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1
29:
459:Treatments in development
287:and loss of protein, and
61:
53:
44:
39:
2255:Infraspecific virus taxa
2203:Canine parvovirus type 2
828:that kills the virus is
794:and is more common than
568:. There is depletion of
1902:10.1073/pnas.0406765102
1681:(2nd ed.). Mosby.
1357:10.1073/pnas.0406765102
1064:. Blackwell Publishing.
736:in diameter. It has an
2003:10.1006/viro.2000.0653
1953:10.1006/viro.1998.9335
1788:. 2006. Archived from
1753:Lobetti, Remo (2003).
1448:10.3201/eid0804.010228
688:Infection of the fetus
312:
2245:Animal viral diseases
2031:Clin. Vaccine Immunol
1521:10.1136/vr.157.10.285
699:cerebellar hypoplasia
396:, and broad-spectrum
310:
203:(also referred to as
57:of canine parvovirus
1617:10.1128/CVI.00444-07
1605:Clin Vaccine Immunol
1062:Veterinary Pathology
910:10.1128/JVI.02428-12
796:feline panleukopenia
638:mononuclear cellular
625:intestinal parasites
513:mink enteritis virus
501:feline panleukopenia
489:Elanco Animal Health
63:Virus classification
1893:2005PNAS..102..379S
1782:"Canine Parvovirus"
1348:2005PNAS..102..379S
898:Journal of Virology
778:CPV2 affects dogs,
572:in lymph nodes and
537:canine minute virus
400:injections such as
325:electron microscopy
55:Electron micrograph
2154:Parvovirus in dogs
955:Veterinary Journal
763:that is more like
610:(ARDS). Bacterial
426:B-complex vitamins
336:or other forms of
313:
40:Canine parvovirus
18:Parvovirus, canine
2227:
2226:
2173:Canine parvovirus
2165:Taxon identifiers
1721:10.3390/v11040308
1688:978-0-8151-6351-0
1408:978-0-323-22652-3
1393:. pp. 1–22.
1152:10.3390/v11080742
1015:978-0-7216-6795-9
562:intestinal crypts
483:In May 2023, the
222:mainly affecting
201:Canine parvovirus
198:
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192:Canine parvovirus
16:(Redirected from
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1086:. Archived from
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889:
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863:
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769:Influenzavirus A
713:single-stranded
694:develop immunity
658:gastrointestinal
473:closantel sodium
448:passive immunity
394:prochlorperazine
346:white blood cell
321:hemagglutination
278:that upsets the
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616:intussusception
549:
547:Intestinal form
529:
497:
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404:/enrofloxacin,
358:
305:
264:
194:
182:
166:Protoparvovirus
130:Quintoviricetes
65:
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28:
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2130:External links
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2076:Vet. Microbiol
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2017:
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1842:Vet. Microbiol
1832:
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1562:(10): 468–72.
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1422:
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1381:
1342:(2): 379–384.
1319:
1303:"Parvoviridae"
1290:
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1125:
1113:prnewswire.com
1100:
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961:(2): 150–155.
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866:Viruses portal
853:
850:
812:DA2PPC Vaccine
807:
804:
744:is about 5000
740:symmetry. The
709:CPV2 is a non-
706:
703:
689:
686:
682:adrenal cortex
632:
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382:metoclopramide
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1946:(2): 440–52.
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1887:(2): 379–84.
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1515:(10): 285–7.
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1090:on 2014-01-02
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838:United States
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798:in big cats.
797:
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773:genetic drift
770:
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593:Campylobacter
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414:metronidazole
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256:panleukopenia
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118:Cossaviricota
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2250:Dog diseases
2240:Parvovirinae
2172:
2141:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2037:(4): 520–4.
2034:
2030:
2020:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1970:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1824:
1811:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1785:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1748:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1678:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1643:
1611:(3): 534–9.
1608:
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1559:
1555:
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1512:
1508:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1442:(4): 341–6.
1439:
1435:
1425:
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1339:
1335:
1311:. Retrieved
1306:
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1258:
1248:December 13,
1246:. Retrieved
1236:
1191:
1185:
1179:
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1138:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1115:. 2021-06-02
1112:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1083:
1061:
1033:
1005:
980:17 September
978:. Retrieved
958:
954:
944:
901:
897:
887:
842:
834:
826:disinfectant
815:
800:
786:, and other
777:
761:substitution
727:
720:Parvoviridae
718:
708:
691:
660:tissues and
651:
634:
631:Cardiac form
597:
591:
585:
550:
541:
530:
498:
482:
469:nitazoxanide
466:
462:
453:
441:blood plasma
438:
434:
422:enrofloxacin
410:enrofloxacin
363:
359:
323:test, or by
314:
265:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
191:
177:
165:
154:Parvoviridae
153:
142:Piccovirales
141:
129:
117:
106:Shotokuvirae
105:
94:Monodnaviria
93:
86:
76:(unranked):
2197:Wikispecies
2082:(1): 75–9.
1996:(1): 13–9.
1848:(1): 9–13.
765:RNA viruses
750:transferrin
746:nucleotides
738:icosahedral
664:, but also
612:myocarditis
587:Clostridium
580:leading to
570:lymphocytes
566:bone marrow
558:lymph nodes
444:transfusion
390:ondansetron
374:antiemetics
348:count, and
334:coronavirus
293:endotoxemia
280:electrolyte
276:dehydration
2234:Categories
2119:2018-10-25
1816:ACVIM 2002
1796:2007-04-22
1764:2007-04-22
1714:(4): 308.
1660:2011-08-10
1490:2007-06-09
1313:2014-01-30
1198:: 101765.
1145:(8): 742.
1119:2023-03-25
1094:2011-08-10
880:References
874:Parvovirus
846:quarantine
822:contagious
810:See also:
599:Salmonella
578:bacteremia
564:, and the
533:parvovirus
505:parvovirus
406:ampicillin
398:antibiotic
386:dolasetron
378:maropitant
376:) such as
289:endotoxins
236:parvovirus
217:contagious
1228:246781209
1212:0147-9571
918:0022-538X
757:evolution
715:DNA virus
711:enveloped
646:Myofibers
477:closantel
402:cefazolin
366:IV fluids
356:Treatment
338:enteritis
303:Diagnosis
173:Species:
101:Kingdom:
2188:Q2931887
2182:Wikidata
2114:UC DAVIS
2096:16707236
2061:16603622
2012:11112475
1990:Virology
1940:Virology
1921:15626758
1862:16765539
1740:30934948
1635:18160619
1586:17123424
1537:24254820
1529:16157570
1509:Vet. Rec
1466:11971764
1417:78691815
1376:15626758
1285:16316389
1220:35182832
1196:Elsevier
1171:31412574
975:24923754
936:23221559
852:See also
818:virulent
767:such as
753:receptor
705:Virology
642:fibrosis
574:necrosis
527:Variants
517:raccoons
503:(also a
487:granted
430:dextrose
418:timentin
370:colloids
350:necrosis
344:, a low
342:diarrhea
272:lethargy
268:lethargy
149:Family:
113:Phylum:
2052:1459639
1962:9791034
1889:Bibcode
1731:6520740
1708:Viruses
1626:2268271
1577:7165763
1457:2730235
1344:Bibcode
1162:6724046
1139:Viruses
927:3571474
717:in the
678:kidneys
654:lesions
553:fomites
535:called
495:History
368:and/or
215:) is a
187:Virus:
161:Genus:
137:Order:
125:Class:
2094:
2059:
2049:
2010:
1960:
1919:
1912:544290
1909:
1860:
1738:
1728:
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1367:544290
1364:
1309:. IVIS
1283:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1169:
1159:
1012:
973:
934:
924:
916:
830:bleach
788:canids
780:wolves
742:genome
729:parvus
680:, and
582:sepsis
509:capsid
475:, and
285:anemia
252:skunks
250:, and
244:wolves
228:wolves
2217:10788
1533:S2CID
1413:S2CID
1224:S2CID
784:foxes
725:Latin
674:lungs
670:liver
666:brain
662:heart
521:foxes
420:, or
319:or a
317:ELISA
297:shock
262:Signs
240:foxes
232:feces
220:virus
213:parvo
211:, or
87:Realm
80:Virus
2212:NCBI
2092:PMID
2057:PMID
2008:PMID
1958:PMID
1917:PMID
1858:PMID
1736:PMID
1683:ISBN
1631:PMID
1582:PMID
1525:PMID
1462:PMID
1403:ISBN
1372:PMID
1281:PMID
1250:2023
1216:PMID
1208:ISSN
1167:PMID
1010:ISBN
982:2020
971:PMID
932:PMID
914:ISSN
820:and
792:cats
620:shed
596:and
519:and
485:USDA
392:and
248:cats
226:and
224:dogs
209:CPV2
2084:doi
2080:117
2047:PMC
2039:doi
1998:doi
1994:278
1948:doi
1944:249
1907:PMC
1897:doi
1885:102
1850:doi
1846:117
1726:PMC
1716:doi
1621:PMC
1613:doi
1572:PMC
1564:doi
1517:doi
1513:157
1452:PMC
1444:doi
1395:doi
1362:PMC
1352:doi
1340:102
1273:doi
1200:doi
1157:PMC
1147:doi
963:doi
959:201
922:PMC
906:doi
329:PCR
205:CPV
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1988:.
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