85:
129:
20:
255:
decides that the Count's patibular justice should have only four pillars". However, when the title of the seigniory evolves, the number of authorized pillars tends to remain unchanged: " Pillars; according to their titles and immemorial possession. And for this purpose, there is no need to innovate
170:, states that "many high justiciars do not have forks, but for this reason, the right of their justice cannot be weakened" and even that "those who have average justice have the power to hang without dragging, and can only have forks with two pillars whose links are dedicated".
35:
that consisted of two or more columns of stone, with an horizontal beam of wood resting on top. Placed high and visible from the main public thoroughfare, it signalled the seat of high justice, the number of stone columns indicating the holder's title.
303:(Montpellier Medieval Studies Center), on the one hand, patibular forks were used, perhaps not often, but in any case not merely symbolically; on the other hand, they were intended to punish outsiders (vagrants, adventurers, rivals, etc.), unlike
100:
Patibular forks first appeared at the beginning of the 12th century. In
Touraine, ecclesiastical records and documents attest to their presence since the 13th century. The most famous was that of the Provost of Paris: the
194:
three, and simple high justiciars two. There were, however, many exceptions to this general rule, and these varied, for example, according to the customary law of the various provinces and the history of each seigneury:
144:
Patibular forks were generally placed on high ground outside cities, towns, and villages, usually near a main road and in a place where travellers could see them, to inspire the horror of the crime.
288:
According to the study of the Paris forks, the bodies of the tortured were removed as late as possible, even if this meant rehanging body parts that had fallen off. Indeed, forks lose their
782:
65:
to punish slaves. After stripping the slaves of their clothes, the slaves' head was passed through a fork and their body was attached to the same piece of wood to be beaten with sticks.
260:
The High
Justice must obtain the King's authorization to erect new patibular forks, or to rebuild them if they have been down or destroyed for more than a year and a day.
628:
578:
251:
which mention the rights attributed to the Lord of a land erected into a County, give him the right to have a six-pillar patibular justice although other
285:
Matthew's Gospel evokes suicide by hanging, while Luke's evokes disembowelment. Both versions can be found in the literature of the twelfth century.
163:
In principle, high justiciars were required to have patibular forks "both as a sign and token of their high justice and for the execution thereof".
749:(Re)lecture archéologique de la justice en Europe médiévale et moderne : actes du colloque international tenu à Bordeaux les 8-10 février 2017
737:
765:
548:
391:
207:
of the church of
Angiers", high justiciars in their seigneury of Plexis-au-Gramaire, to rebuild their four-pillared patibular forks there.
698:"Les fourches sont-elles vraiment patibulaires ? Les fourches et leur contraire à partir de quelques exemples languedociens"
442:"Un objet d'histoire (presque) introuvable : les fourches patibulaires dans les sources tourangelles (xiiie-xviiie siècles)"
813:
211:
84:
823:
510:
527:
808:
110:
214:
made the land of the
Garnerans a county, he allowed the Count to rebuild the four-pillared patibular forks.
645:
200:
803:
247:(Treaty of the Justices of the Lord and the Rights depending on them - 1764) mentions that "most of the
118:
331:
89:
238:
of Poitou) stipulates that counts, viscounts, or barons may have and hold four-pillar patibular forks.
151:
were often set up in the vicinity of the patibular forks, as hangings were a popular spectacle in the
46:
Although sometimes used in the singular, the term "patibular forks" is usually written in the plural.
43:
from the wooden beam, their bodies left on the gallows for passers-by to see and for crows to devour.
316:
102:
128:
122:
114:
218:
828:
761:
715:
678:
459:
345:
274:(Center of Advanced Studies in Medieval Civilization), the hanging and the disembowelment (by
19:
818:
705:
670:
449:
562:
611:
595:
279:
252:
248:
235:
697:
662:
583:(in French). Marseille: Société anonyme de l'imprimerie marseillaise. 1885. p. 7.
493:
441:
797:
663:"Fourches patibulaires et corps suppliciés dans les enluminures des XIVe-XVe siècles"
256:
or research anything, but to leave things as they are, to avoid endless litigation".
147:
Despite the macabre nature of these constructions and the foul smell they emitted,
62:
335:
325:
191:
137:
93:
424:
152:
710:
674:
454:
756:
Charageat, Martine; Ribémont, Bernard; Soula, Mathieu; Vivas, Mathieu (2020).
367:
222:
719:
682:
463:
426:
Encyclopédie ou
Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
405:
739:
Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du xie au xvie siècle
702:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
667:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
446:
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
362:
357:
321:
304:
133:
73:
69:
40:
32:
268:
According to the thesis of Anne Lafran, quoted by Cécile Voyer of the
647:
Les
Oeuvres de Me Jean Bacquet, avocat du Roy en la Chambre du tresor
495:
Les
Oeuvres de Me Jean Bacquet, avocat du Roy en la Chambre du tresor
275:
16:
Gallows of columns of stone that rested on a horizontal beam of wood.
187:
183:
127:
83:
18:
178:
Only the king could have as many as he wished, and in principle,
783:"Surveiller et punir : archéologie de la justice médiévale"
179:
650:(in French). Vol. 1. Lyon: Les freres Duplain. p. 49.
600:(in French). Limoges: Vve H. Ducourtieux. pp. 115 (CXV).
630:
Traité des justices de seigneur et des droits en dépendants
244:
Traité des justices de seigneur et des droits en dépendants
61:
The origin of the term comes from the forks used by the
580:
La famille Cachet de Montézan des Comtes de
Garnerans
547:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFViollet-Le-Duc1861 (
390:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFViollet-Le-Duc1861 (
271:
Centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale
567:(in French). Paris: Impr. royale. 1840. p. 534.
758:Résister à la justice : xiie – xviiie siècles
564:Ordonnance des Rois de France de la troisième race
633:(in French). Lyon: J.-B. Reguilliat. p. 413.
117:at the instigation of his minister and advisor,
542:
476:
406:"PATIBULAIRE : Définition de PATIBULAIRE"
385:
225:granted him only four-pillar patibular forks.
8:
298:
289:
269:
242:
229:
68:Patibular forks should not be confused with
532:(in French). Paris: A. Durand. p. 643.
515:(in French). Paris: A. Durand. p. 638.
492:Bacquet, Jean; Ferrière, Claude de (1744).
742:(in French). Vol. 5. Paris: B. Bance.
423:Diderot, Denis; Le Rond d'Alembert, Jean.
307:, which were intended to punish insiders.
751:(in French). Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions.
709:
613:Traité des fiefs sur la Coutume de Poitou
453:
300:Centre d'études médiévales de Montpellier
231:Traité des fiefs sur la Coutume de Poitou
109:(northeast of the city, near the present
88:The justice pillars (patibular forks) of
616:(in French). Harcher. 1762. p. 243.
113:). The gallows had been installed under
378:
294:as soon as they are no longer in use.
23:Patibular forks on a hill, after 1480.
132:The justice columns at Kergroadez in
7:
597:Généalogie de la Maison de Lambertie
487:
485:
221:a marquisate with high justice, the
121:, who was himself hanged thereafter
297:According to Vincent Chalet of the
241:In an attempt at a synthesis, the
14:
760:(in French). Classiques Garnier.
155:(remains of a cabaret in Creuë).
440:Mauclair, Fabrice (2015-09-21).
736:Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène (1861).
696:Challet, Vincent (2015-09-21).
58:("cross", "gallows", "pole").
39:Those condemned to death were
1:
661:Voyer, Cécile (2015-09-21).
644:Ferrière, Claude de (1744).
529:Le Grand Coutumier de France
526:d'Ableiges, Jacques (1868).
512:Le grand coutumier de France
509:d'Ableiges, Jacques (1868).
212:Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
228:In an edition of 1762, the
166:But an older treatise, the
845:
711:10.4000/criminocorpus.3033
675:10.4000/criminocorpus.3098
455:10.4000/criminocorpus.3024
498:(in French). Vol. 1.
168:Grand Coutumier de France
627:Jacquet, Pierre (1764).
594:Lecler, Abbé A. (1895).
234:(Treaty of Fiefs on the
747:Vivas, Mathieu (2019).
111:Place du Colonel-Fabien
814:Instruments of torture
776:Broadcasts and reports
344:The Mount of Forks in
299:
290:
270:
243:
230:
217:In 1719, when he made
203:allowed the "dean and
141:
97:
24:
131:
119:Enguerrand de Marigny
87:
22:
543:Viollet-Le-Duc (1861
477:Viollet-le-Duc (1861
386:Viollet-Le-Duc (1861
317:Gibbet of Montfaucon
103:Gibbet of Montfaucon
824:Capital punishment
332:Château de Kerjean
219:Cons-la-Grandville
142:
98:
90:Château de Kerjean
25:
809:Execution methods
767:978-2-406-09713-6
704:(in French) (5).
669:(in French) (5).
448:(in French) (5).
346:Vitry-en-Perthois
174:Number of pillars
70:patibular ladders
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790:
771:
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313:
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176:
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123:Philip the Fair
115:Philip the Fair
82:
74:patibular marks
54:From the Latin
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
842:
840:
832:
831:
826:
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545:, p. 554)
535:
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481:
479:, p. 560)
469:
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397:
388:, p. 553)
377:
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353:
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349:
348:
342:
341:Gibet of Creuë
339:
329:
319:
312:
309:
280:death of Judas
265:
262:
258:
257:
239:
226:
215:
210:In 1696, when
208:
175:
172:
160:
159:Justice levels
157:
107:Porte de Paris
81:
78:
51:
48:
29:patibular fork
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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291:raison d'être
286:
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278:) recall the
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804:Medieval law
789:(in French).
786:
757:
748:
738:
730:Bibliography
701:
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666:
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494:
472:
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429:(in French).
425:
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412:(in French).
409:
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381:
296:
287:
284:
267:
259:
204:
201:Charles VIII
177:
167:
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148:
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106:
99:
67:
60:
55:
53:
45:
38:
28:
26:
787:Radiofrance
182:had eight,
153:Middle Ages
798:Categories
374:References
368:Court leet
223:Duc de Bar
192:chatelains
125:'s death.
720:2108-6907
683:2108-6907
464:2108-6907
336:Finistère
326:Finistère
311:Locations
305:pillories
264:Principle
205:chappitre
199:In 1496,
138:Finistère
105:, at the
94:Finistère
56:patibulum
50:Etymology
829:Penology
410:cnrtl.fr
352:See also
149:cabarets
819:Hanging
363:Pillory
358:Hanging
322:Plourin
253:Coutume
249:Coutume
236:Coutume
134:Plourin
80:History
33:gallows
764:
718:
681:
462:
276:corvus
190:four,
188:barons
184:counts
63:Romans
41:hanged
31:was a
186:six,
180:dukes
762:ISBN
716:ISSN
679:ISSN
549:help
460:ISSN
392:help
706:doi
671:doi
450:doi
72:or
800::
785:.
714:.
700:.
677:.
665:.
484:^
458:.
444:.
408:.
282:.
140:).
96:).
76:.
27:A
770:.
722:.
708::
685:.
673::
551:)
466:.
452::
394:)
338:)
334:(
328:)
324:(
136:(
92:(
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