Patriarchy - Knowledge (XXG)

3437:. Aaby concludes: 'The connection between the reification of women on the one hand and the state and private property on the other is exactly the opposite of that posed by Engels and his followers. Without the reification of women as a historically given socio-structural feature, the origin of private property and the state will remain inexplicable.' If we follow Aaby's argument, which I find persuasive, we must conclude that in the course of the agricultural revolution the exploitation of human labor and the sexual exploitation of women become inextricably linked. 1384: 1484:, a philosopher who wrote about "good mothers" in the context of maternal ethics, describes the dilemma facing contemporary mothers who must train their children within a patriarchal system. She asks whether a "good mother" trains her son to be competitive, individualistic, and comfortable within the hierarchies of patriarchy, knowing that he may likely be economically successful but a mean person, or whether she resists patriarchal ideologies and 5892: 1221:

Epistle to the Hebrews. In his essay "A Judicial Patriarchy: Family Law at the Turn of the Century", Michael Grossberg coined the phrase "judicial patriarchy", stating that "The judge became the buffer between the family and the state", and that "Judicial patriarchs dominated family law because within these institutional and intraclass rivalries judges succeeded in protecting their power over the law governing the hearth."

1336:. According to standard sociological theory, patriarchy is the result of sociological constructions that are passed down from generation to generation. These constructions are most pronounced in societies with traditional cultures and less economic development. Even in modern, developed societies, however, gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions largely favor males having a dominant status. 1826: 7704: 998:, which has traditionally been controlled by men. In this view, men directed household production and sought to control women in order to ensure the passing of family property to their own (male) offspring, while women were limited to household labor and producing children. Lerner disputes this idea, arguing that patriarchy emerged before the development of class-based society and the concept of private property. 1854: 1812: 7692: 1840: 1306:, laws governing morality, sexuality, and gender-relations continued to be based on Confucian teachings. Men and women were both subject to strict laws regarding sexual behavior, however men were punished infrequently in comparison to women. Additionally, women's punishment often carried strong social stigma, "rendering unmarriageable", a stigma which did not follow men. Similarly, in the 5906: 7714: 5918: 1344:

have periods of time where they can be aggressive and irrational; furthermore, unrelated effects of aging and similar medical problems are often blamed on menopause, amplifying its reputation. These biological traits and others specific to women, such as their ability to get pregnant, are often used against them as an attribute of weakness.

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combined to sustain patriarchy. Gradually, technological advances, especially industrial machinery, diminished the primacy of physical strength in everyday life. Introduction of household appliances reduced the amount of manual labor needed in the households. Similarly, contraception has given women control over their reproductive cycle.

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structure in his theories. Lerner claims that through this patriarchal belief system, passed down generation to generation, people have been conditioned to believe that men are superior to women. These symbols are benchmarks which children learn about when they grow up, and the cycle of patriarchy continues much past the Greeks.

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patriarchy still grew with power. Lewontin and others argue that such biological determinism unjustly limits women. In his study, he states women behave a certain way not because they are biologically inclined to, but rather because they are judged by "how well they conform to the stereotypical local image of femininity".

1548:, analyzing the concept of patriarchy and the role that it has played in the development of feminist thought, says that seeing patriarchy as a "universal, trans-historical and trans-cultural phenomenon" where "women were everywhere oppressed by men in more or less the same ways tended toward a biological essentialism." 1263:, a Confucian text, places a woman's value on her loyalty and obedience. It explains that an obedient woman is to obey their father before her marriage, her husband after marriage, and her first son if widowed, and that a virtuous woman must practice sexual propriety, proper speech, modest appearance, and hard work. 887:. Several researchers have stated that the first signs of a sexual division of labour dates from around 2 million years ago, deep within humanity's evolutionary past. It has been connected to an evolutionary process during a period of resource scarcity in Africa approximately 2 million years ago. In the 2009 book 1714:. In 1973, Goldberg wrote, "The ethnographic studies of every society that has ever been observed explicitly state that these feelings were present, there is literally no variation at all." Goldberg has critics among anthropologists. Concerning Goldberg's claims about the "feelings of both men and women", 4682:

Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism

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often refers to male domination generally, another interpretation sees it as literally "rule of the father". So some people believe patriarchy does not refer simply to male power over women, but the expression of power dependent on age as well as gender, such as by older men over women, children, and

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represents an outlier in this regard. German argued for a need to redefine the origins and sources of the patriarchy, describing the mainstream theories as providing "little understanding of how women's oppression and the nature of the family have changed historically. Nor is there much notion of how

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and applied the challenges they faced to women today. Working from both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, she analysed different variations of patriarchy, and outlined the paradox of Rahab, a prostitute in the Old Testament who became a role-model in the New Testament Epistle of James, and

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denies inheritance of paternal authority stating, "... reason shows us that mothers have rights and authority equal to those of fathers; for the obligations imposed on children originate equally from the mother and the father, as both are equally responsible for bringing them into the world. Thus the

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family, which they see as a necessary component of female oppression. The family not only serves as a representative of the greater civilization by pushing its own affiliates to change and obey, but performs as a component in the rule of the patriarchal state that rules its inhabitants with the head

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of women. Firestone believes that patriarchy is caused by the biological inequalities between women and men, e.g. that women bear children, while men do not. Firestone writes that patriarchal ideologies support the oppression of women and gives as an example the joy of giving birth, which she labels

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stated that Aristotle believed that "soul contributes the form and model of creation". This implies that any imperfection that is caused in the world must be caused by a woman because one cannot acquire an imperfection from perfection (which he perceived as male). Aristotle had a hierarchical ruling

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The operations of power in such cases are usually enacted unconsciously. All are subject, even fathers are bound by its strictures. It is represented in unspoken traditions and conventions performed in everyday behaviors, customs, and habits. The triangular relationship of a father, a mother and an

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Feminists believe that people have gendered biases, which are perpetuated and enforced across generations by those who benefit from them. For instance, it has historically been claimed that women cannot make rational decisions during their menstrual periods. This claim cloaks the fact that men also

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But in a situation in which ecological conditions and irregularities in biological reproduction threatened the survival of the group, people would search for more reproducers — that is, women. Thus, the first appropriation of private property consists of the appropriation of the labor of women as

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voiced skepticism about the ability of men to translate and interpret passages relating to the roles of the sexes without bias. She proposed alternative translations and interpretations of passages relating to women, and she applied historical and cultural criticism to a number of verses, arguing

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Although many 16th- and 17th-century theorists agreed with Aristotle's views concerning the place of women in society, none of them tried to prove political obligation on the basis of the patriarchal family until sometime after 1680. The patriarchal political theory is closely associated with Sir

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Marx was on to something more profound than he knew when he observed that the family contained within itself in embryo all the antagonisms that later develop on a wide scale within the society and the state. For unless revolution uproots the basic social organisation, the biological family – the

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Although patriarchy exists within the scientific atmosphere, "the periods over which women would have been at a physiological disadvantage in participation in hunting through being at a late stage of pregnancy or early stage of child-rearing would have been short". During the time of the nomads,

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First of all, if you take the virtue of a man, it is easily stated that a man's virtue is this—that he be competent to manage the affairs of his city, and to manage them so as to benefit his friends and harm his enemies, and to take care to avoid suffering harm himself. Or take a woman's virtue:

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In its narrow meaning, patriarchy refers to the system, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male head of the household had absolute legal and economic power over his dependent female and male family members. Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and

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that a woman's primary concern is to subordinate themselves before patriarchal figures, such as a husband or father, and that they need not concern themselves with intelligence or talent. Ban Zhao is considered by some historians as an early champion for women's education in China; however, her

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The core concept of patriarchy of male domination and female subordination Although patriarchy has been variously defined, for purposes of this article, it means social arrangements that privilege males, where men as a group dominate women as a group, both structurally and ideologically man

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Anna Pollert has described use of the term patriarchy as circular and conflating description and explanation. She remarks the discourse on patriarchy creates a "theoretical impasse ... imposing a structural label on what it is supposed to explain" and therefore impoverishes the possibility of

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The idea that patriarchy is natural has, however, come under attack from many sociologists, explaining that patriarchy evolved due to historical, rather than biological, conditions. In technologically simple societies, men's greater physical strength and women's common experience of pregnancy

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Feminism, as I understand it, arises in resistance to the gender binary enforced by the patriarchy, an injustice that is as harmful to men as it is to women, as we can see in the long history of unjust wars, rationalized by patriarchy, in which men have fought and been killed and injured and

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itself. As such, female liberation needs to begin "with an assessment of the material position of women in capitalist society." In that, German differs from Young or Hartmann by rejecting the notion ("eternal truth") that the patriarchy is at the root of female oppression.

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understanding of patriarchy argue that because of human female biology, women are more fit to perform roles such as anonymous child-rearing at home, rather than high-profile decision-making roles, such as leaders in battles. Through this basis, "the existence of a

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that is harmful to both men and women. It often includes any social, political, or economic mechanism that evokes male dominance over women. Because patriarchy is a social construction, it can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations.

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portrayed women as morally, intellectually, and physically inferior to men; saw women as the property of men; claimed that women's role in society was to reproduce and to serve men in the household; and saw male domination of women as natural and virtuous.

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in the West, "the emperor of Japan changed Japanese modes of worship", giving supremacy to male deities and suppressing belief in female spiritual power in what feminist scholars in the field of religious studies have called a "patriarchal revolution."

1033:. Steven Taylor argues that the rise of patriarchal domination was associated with the appearance of socially stratified hierarchical polities, institutionalised violence and the separated individuated ego associated with a period of climatic stress. 2387:

Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious power in most societies thanks to patriarchy, a system whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior, and generally dominate

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argues that the new term identifies the ideological system itself (that men claim dominance and superiority to women) that can be believed and acted upon by either men or women, whereas the earlier terms imply only men act as oppressors of women.

821:; these writers sought to use an understanding of patriarchal social relations to liberate women from male domination. This concept of patriarchy was developed to explain male dominance as a social, rather than biological, phenomenon. 1465:

widely differing that oppression is from class to class." Instead, the patriarchy is not the result of men's oppression of women or sexism per se, with men not even identified as the main beneficiaries of such a system, but

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that there was no single event, and documents that patriarchy as a social system arose in different parts of the world at different times. Some scholars point to social and technological events, notably the emergence of

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as far back as 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a woman's reproductive capacity and exclusion from "the process of representing or the construction of history". According to some researchers, with the appearance of the

1586:) suggest that sexual conflicts of interest underlying the patriarchy precede the emergence of the human species. However, the extent of male power over females varies greatly across different primate species. Among 1295:, a book containing biographies of women who lived according to the Confucian ideals of virtuous womanhood, popularized an entire genre of similar writing during the Ming dynasty. Women who lived according to this 1274:

extensive writing on the value of a woman's mediocrity and servile behavior leaves others feeling that this narrative is the result of a misplaced desire to cast her in a contemporary feminist light. Similarly to

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in primitive societies is a starting point as much for purely social accounts of the origins of patriarchy as for biological." Hence, the rise of patriarchy is recognized through this apparent "sexual division".

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Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organization of a range of different cultures. Most contemporary societies are, in practice, patriarchal.

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Feldblum, Joseph T.; Wroblewski, Emily E.; Rudicell, Rebecca S.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Paiva, Thais; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Pusey, Anne E.; Gilby, Ian C. (December 2014).

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positive laws of God that relate to the obedience of children join the father and the mother without any differentiation; both possess a kind of ascendancy and jurisdiction over their children...."

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in rituals of courtship and marriage. They provide conceptual models for organising power relations in spheres that have nothing to do with the family, for example, politics and business.

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countered in 1974 that the data on women's attitudes are "sparse and contradictory", and that the data on male attitudes about male–female relations are "ambiguous". Also, the effects of

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Sometimes, men in matrilineal societies were the ones who inherited, but they did so through their mother's brothers, and passed their own inheritances along to their sisters' children.

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compare human gender roles to sexed behavior in other primates and some argue that gender inequality comes primarily from genetic and reproductive differences between men and women.

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over which males of most species will compete. This idea suggests that females prefer males who control more resources that can help her and her offspring, which in turn causes an

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Lerner states that Aristotle believed that women had colder blood than men, which made women not evolve into men, the sex that Aristotle believed to be perfect and superior.

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states that "...many cultures bestow power preferentially on one sex or the other...." Some anthropologists, such as Floriana Ciccodicola, have argued that patriarchy is a

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argues that patriarchy evolved in humans through conflict between the respective reproductive interests of males and females. She lists six ways it may have emerged:

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Many feminists (especially scholars and activists) have called for culture repositioning as a method for deconstructing patriarchy. Culture repositioning relates to

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Sociologists tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that socialization processes are primarily responsible for establishing

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Catalano, D. Chase J.; Griffin, Pat (2016). "Sexism, Heterosexism, and Trans* Oppression: An Integrated Perspective". In Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne (eds.).

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i.e. patriarchy as the 'norm' or common sense, is relevant. However, there do exist cultures that some anthropologists have described as matriarchal. Among the

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Alger, Ingela; Hooper, Paul L.; Cox, Donald; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Kaplan, Hillard S. (19 May 2020). "Paternal provisioning results from ecological change".

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to describe the interactive relationship of capitalism and patriarchy in producing and reproducing the oppression of women. According to Hartmann, the term

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contest this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain control over women.

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also understands patriarchy as the primary cause of women's oppression. The system of patriarchy accomplishes this by alienating women from their bodies.

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along gender lines, with power predominantly held by men, has been observed in most, but not all societies. The concept of patriarchy is also related to

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Jaggar, Young, and Hartmann are among the feminist theorists who argue that the system of patriarchy should be completely overturned, especially the

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Feminist theorists have written extensively about patriarchy either as a primary cause of women's oppression, or as part of an interactive system.

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institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general.

1257:, Confucianism has strong dictates regarding the behavior of women, declaring a woman's place in society, as well as outlining virtuous behavior. 610: 3239:. Cambridge McDonald Monograph Series. Cambridge Oakville, Connecticut: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. 3194: 1454:. In its being both systematic and universal, therefore, the concept of patriarchy represents an adaptation of the Marxist concept of class and 1080:. In it, Plato argues that women would have complete educational and political equality in such a society, and would serve in the military. The 7227: 2435:

extended from the 1840s to the late 1970s Nevertheless, men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures

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there is no difficulty in describing it as the duty of ordering the house well, looking after the property indoors, and obeying her husband.

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There is also considerable variation in the role that gender plays in human societies, and there is no academic consensus on to what extent

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This psychoanalytic model is based upon revisions of Freud's description of the normally neurotic family using the analogy of the story of

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However, in the latter half of the 18th century, clerical sentiments of patriarchy were meeting challenges from intellectual authorities –

655: 1590:(a close relative of humans), for example, male coercion of females is rarely, if ever, observed, and bonobos are widely considered to be 1310:, laws governing morality which were written as egalitarian were selectively enforced favoring men, with insufficient enforcement against 7658: 7616: 7366: 7202: 6775: 1351:

has composed six overlapping structures that define patriarchy and that take different forms in different cultures and different times:

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The household: women are more likely to have their labor expropriated by their husbands such as through housework and raising children

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a patriarchal myth. For Firestone, women must gain control over reproduction in order to be free from oppression. Feminist historian

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between males and females may have originated with the invention of cooking, which is estimated to have happened simultaneously with

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younger men. Some of these younger men may inherit and therefore have a stake in continuing these conventions. Others may rebel.

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Hunnicutt, Gwen (2009). "Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women: Resurrecting 'Patriarchy' as a Theoretical Tool".

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vinculum through which the psychology of power can always be smuggled – the tapeworm of exploitation will never be annihilated.

1241:, and ancient writings were replete with references to great priestesses and magicians. However, at the time contemporary with 905: 648: 5716:

Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity

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believes that male control over women's sexuality and reproductive functions is a fundamental cause and result of patriarchy.

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Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community".

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I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women.

7778: 7773: 7606: 7596: 7538: 7114: 6096: 6086: 1575: 1307: 285: 1687:, argues that females almost always invest more energy into producing offspring than males, and therefore, females are a 7646: 7571: 7426: 6779: 6734: 6727: 6297: 6121: 6091: 2565: 1929: 156: 4118: 3764: 2650: 2633: 2616: 2599: 2582: 2548: 849:

defines patriarchy as "a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women".

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Resisting Injustice and the Feminist Ethics of Care in the Age of Obama: "Suddenly ... All the Truth Was Coming Out"

3289: 7717: 7197: 7089: 5016: 2645: 2611: 2577: 2543: 1984: 1634:, China), for example, women exert greater power, authority, and control over decision-making. Other societies are 1603: 1200:

that their admonitions applied to specific historical situations, and were not to be viewed as universal commands.

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Family and other relations: a thesis examining the extent to which family relationships shape the relations of art

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in the Aegean, the Balkans and southern Italy instituted male hierarchies that led to the rise of patriarchy in

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What Paul Really Said About Women: an Apostle's liberating views on equality in marriage, leadership, and love

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inheriting eldest son frequently form the dynamic and emotional narratives of popular culture and are enacted

574: 5581: 5276: 7493: 7453: 7207: 7163: 7156: 6995: 6507: 5198: 3829: 3214: 2014: 1887: 1088: 932: 734: 337: 5371:(2nd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 177–200. 4314: 3825:"Crossing boundaries: nineteenth-century domestic relations law and the merger of family and legal history" 2404: 7601: 7301: 7217: 7067: 6931: 6909: 6899: 6874: 6864: 6435: 6304: 6260: 6203: 6041: 5959: 5936: 5432: 4978: 2943: 1684: 1662: 1598: 1496: 1203: 809:

rule by the male head of a family; however, since the late 20th century it has also been used to refer to

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Gao, Xiongya (2003). "Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China".

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In the 19th century, various women began to question the commonly accepted patriarchal interpretation of

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in which power is primarily held by adult men. The term was particularly used by writers associated with

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was meant as a moral guide for proper feminine behavior, and was widely accepted as such for centuries.

1242: 1160: 850: 638: 426: 1383: 3898: 1773:. Those who fall outside the Oedipal triad of mother/father/child are less subject to male authority. 7513: 7468: 7438: 7421: 7411: 7259: 7180: 7168: 7104: 7077: 6960: 6879: 6859: 6809: 6667: 6388: 6336: 6025: 6008: 5998: 5779: 5659: 4835: 4778: 1999: 1790: 1680: 1208: 1206:

used Grimké's criticism of biblical sources to establish a basis for feminist thought. She published

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left a record of his shock at the contrast between the roles of Egyptian women and the women of

5637:(1999). "Articulating adolescent girls' resistance to patriarchal discourse in popular media". 5458: 4578: 3899:"Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions" 3003: 2738:

Hennessy, Rosemary (2012). "Patriarchy". In Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.L.; Muller, H. (eds.).

7707: 7564: 7443: 7406: 7401: 7381: 7376: 7346: 7311: 7264: 7254: 7126: 7052: 7042: 7035: 7025: 6926: 6919: 6894: 6884: 6869: 6739: 6712: 6536: 6502: 6482: 6467: 6450: 6341: 6331: 6267: 6233: 6218: 5952: 5863: 5836: 5817: 5793: 5744: 5719: 5665: 5620: 5588: 5556: 5529: 5517: 5496: 5469: 5404: 5372: 5364: 5340: 5308: 5283: 5250: 5165: 5103: 5078: 5070: 5046: 5040: 4986: 4957: 4932: 4924:"Patriarchal Chimpanzees, Matriarchal Bonobos: Potential Ecological Causes of a Pan Dichotomy" 4895: 4853: 4804: 4671: 4586: 4546: 4540: 4458: 4448: 4380: 4321: 4291: 4281: 4236: 4211: 4186: 4072: 4062: 4036: 4026: 3993: 3933: 3871: 3805: 3797: 3742: 3689: 3664: 3626: 3595: 3568: 3541: 3487: 3458: 3421: 3378: 3335: 3296: 3240: 3173: 3165: 3144: 3140: 3064: 3046: 2979: 2924: 2906: 2835: 2802: 2777: 2768: 2743: 2715: 2682: 2461: 2420: 2376: 2344: 2316: 2286: 2248: 2240: 2148: 1553: 1415: 1370:

Culture: representation of women in media, and popular culture is "within a patriarchal gaze".

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Some preconditions for the eventual development of patriarchy were the emergence of increased

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Practicing anthropology in development processes: new perspectives for a radical anthropology

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ideal were celebrated in official documents, and some had structures erected in their honor.

943:, and suggests that patriarchal social structures did not develop until after the end of the 7528: 7523: 7433: 7361: 7356: 7316: 7269: 7244: 7190: 7084: 6980: 6914: 6799: 6687: 6612: 6600: 6580: 6541: 6514: 6477: 6413: 6383: 6319: 6314: 6292: 6272: 6213: 6198: 6046: 5646: 5436: 5207: 5134: 5066: 4887: 4843: 4794: 4786: 4739: 4704: 4630: 4372: 4269: 4130: 3925: 3838: 3562: 3375:

Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge, Volume 2

3352: 3327: 3206: 3195:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles" 3136: 3054: 3036: 2914: 2898: 2827: 2707: 2451: 2412: 2232: 2186: 1959: 1612: 1511: 1431: 1296: 1233:, power in society was more evenly distributed, particularly in the religious domain, where 1077: 1046: 995: 985: 909: 897: 834: 541: 531: 511: 501: 5790:

Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale: women in the international division of labour

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Buss, David Michael; Schmitt, David P. (May 2011). "Evolutionary psychology and feminism".

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Bosson, Jennifer Katherine; Vandello, Joseph Alan; Buckner, Camille E. (27 February 2018).

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in various areas, while infanticide of any form was, by the letter of the law, prohibited.

1072:

Not all of the great Greek thinkers believed that women were inferior. Aristotle's teacher

7748: 7696: 7151: 7010: 6943: 6819: 6764: 6744: 6702: 6619: 6607: 6546: 6492: 6440: 6403: 6324: 6287: 6223: 5807: 5758: 5612: 5238: 5185: 2655: 2621: 2587: 2553: 2489: 2281:

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tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that

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Foucault, Subjectivity, and Identity: Historical Constructions of Subject and Self

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on males to be competitive with each other in order to gain resources and power.

1084:

also valued the participation of women, who were treated as intellectual equals.

1045:, in the Platonic dialogue of the same name, sums up the prevailing sentiment in 959:, historical research has not yet found a specific "initiating event". Historian 6529: 6346: 6255: 4743: 4708: 3804:. Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 289–307. 2190: 1719: 1635: 1473: 1254: 1119: 971: 948: 944: 940: 936: 928: 894: 726: 718: 466: 461: 5689:"Gender, democratic citizenship v. patriarchy: a feminist perspective on Rawls" 5100:

Male dominance and female autonomy: domestic authority in matrilineal societies

4007: 3210: 1853: 6754: 5929: 5785: 5454: 5424: 5138: 5011: 4848: 4823: 4790: 4659: 4054: 3947: 2512: 2101: 2041: 1811: 1807: 1639: 1591: 1583: 1545: 1537: 1528: 1423: 1399: 1159:. However, it was not published until after his death. In it, he defended the 1155: 880: 806: 358: 151: 4990: 4462: 4384: 4076: 3875: 3050: 2910: 2244: 2236: 1358:

Paid work: women are likely to be paid less and face exclusion from paid work

6985: 6590: 5905: 4295: 4157: 4040: 3715:

Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project

3084:"Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues" 3041: 2831: 2046: 2029: 1969: 1882: 1706:, and thus that patriarchy arises more as a result of inherent biology than 1238: 1099: 1065: 830: 546: 215: 118: 17: 4899: 4857: 4808: 4090:

Waltner, Ann (1981). "Widows and Remarriage in Ming and Early Qing China".

3929: 3783:

Women in a Patriarchal World; Twenty five empowering stories from the Bible

3133:

The Human Advantage: A New Understanding of How Our Brain Became Remarkable

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The gendering of art education: modernism, identity, and critical feminism

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The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Volume 5

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1703: 1264: 1123: 1115: 1010:, there is also "the exclusion of woman from the God-humanity covenant". 842: 706: 200: 38: 5774: 5528:. London Bristol, Pennsylvania: Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–209. 4392: 4360: 4103: 3974: 3883: 2198: 6208: 5440: 4891: 4545:. Routledge Research in American Politics and Governance. p. 143. 4119:"Law, Sexual Morality, and Gender Equality in Qing and Communist China" 3859: 3741:(1st ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. pp. 130–138. 3564:

The police power: patriarchy and the foundations of American government

1770: 1711: 1579: 1175: 1106:. He observed that Egyptian women attended market and were employed in 1007: 981: 122: 5221: 4583:

Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P-Z

4142: 3802:

Governing the hearth: law and the family in nineteenth-century America

3591:

Engendering origins: critical feminist readings in Plato and Aristotle

3004:"Why ancient men had to evolve from carousers to doting dads — or die" 2891:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1488:

her son to be cooperative and communal but economically unsuccessful.

2460:(revised and expanded ed.). Greenwood Publishing. p. 1048. 1631: 1587: 1477: 1451: 1361:

The state: women are unlikely to have formal power and representation

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Sommer, Volker; Bauer, Jan; Fowler, Andrew; Ortmann, Sylvia (2010).

4316:

The menopause industry: how the medical establishment exploits women

3170:

Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history

2944:"Patrilineal vs. Matrilineal Succession: How Does Inheritance Work?" 1450:

to a moral and political responsibility liable directly to men as a

1398:, a radical-libertarian feminist, defines patriarchy as a system of 1367:

Sexuality: women's sexuality is more likely to be treated negatively

682:

in which positions of authority are primarily held by men. The term

5077:. Abingdon, Oxon, UK; New York, N.Y.: Routledge. pp. 106–107. 4134: 5661:

In a different voice: psychological theory and women's development

3922:

Finding God Among Our Neighbors: An Interfaith Systematic Theology

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between 1 and 2 million years ago. The idea was early proposed by

694:

controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males, and in

195: 113: 4490:

Hartmann, Heidi. "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism".

3515:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 5761:(2004). "On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men's interests". 5526:

The gender-technology relation: contemporary theory and research

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on the cultures represented in the studies were not considered.

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The Power of Woman: The Life and writings of Sarah Moore Grimké

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interact together to oppress women. Young, Hartmann, and other

947:

epoch, following social and technological developments such as

698:

to describe a broader social structure in which men as a group

4023:

Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China

3798:"A judicial patriarchy: family law at the turn of the century" 2285:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 969–970. 1710:. Goldberg contends that patriarchy is a universal feature of 975: 2634: 2600: 2566: 2532: 1502:

Some feminist theorists believe that patriarchy is an unjust

1249:

In ancient China, gender roles and patriarchy were shaped by

994:(1884), assigns the origin of patriarchy to the emergence of 789: 780: 770: 756: 30:

This article is about the social system. For other uses, see

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3686:

Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World

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literally means "the rule of the father" and comes from the

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Smuts, B (1995). "The evolutionary origins of patriarchy".

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Peer prejudice and discrimination: the origins of prejudice

2887:"Lineal kinship organization in cross-specific perspective" 2797:

Fitzpatrick, Tony; et al., eds. (2013). "Patriarchy".

1126:. Women also secured loans, and witnessed legal documents. 829:

Patriarchy is a social system in which men are the primary

3785:(1st ed.). London, UK.: SPCK Publishing. p. 144. 3709:

Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (Biography) (February 2003).

1745:

female strategies that reinforce male control over females

1936:

Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism

1153:. Sometime before 1653, Filmer completed a work entitled 1076:

laid out his vision of the most just society in his work

5835:(30th anniversary ed.). Stanford University Press. 5278:

Defining women: Social institutions and gender divisions

4767:"Sexually coercive male chimpanzees sire more offspring" 4607: 3647:

Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to The Old Testament

3455:

The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe

2681:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 592–593. 1216:

retold the stories of thirty biblical women in her book

1049:

about the respective virtues of men and women. He says:

991:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

5552:

Masculinity and the British organization man since 1945

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Gordon, Schochet (2004). "Patriarchy and Paternalism".

1702:

argues that social behavior is primarily determined by

1654:

of southern Africa, have been characterized as largely

1480:

and patriarchy were intertwined systems of oppression.

5664:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 5583:

The dialectic of sex: the case for feminist revolution

4515:"Lindsey German: Theories of Patriarchy (Spring 1981)" 3110:"Review of 'Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human'" 2373:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

857:

in a anthropological sense, although not exclusively.

709:

acts to explain and justify patriarchy by attributing

5816:. Vol. 2. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 4278:

Not in our genes: biology, ideology, and human nature

2431:

The heyday of the patriarchal structures analyzed in

725:

processes are primarily responsible for establishing

6058:

Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

5741:

Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography, Volume 2: K-Z

5365:"The Oedipus myth: beyond the riddles of the Sphinx" 3990:

After Confucius: Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy

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Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction

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New York: HarperOne. 3513:Plato in Twelve Volumes 3478:Taylor, Steven (2005). 3108:Rehg, Jennifer (2010). 3042:10.1073/pnas.1917166117 2832:10.4324/9781315775852-8 2766:Gardiner, Jean (1999). 2651:A Greek–English Lexicon 2617:A Greek–English Lexicon 2583:A Greek–English Lexicon 2549:A Greek–English Lexicon 2371:Lockard, Craig (2015). 2313:Essentials of Sociology 2015:Sociology of fatherhood 1888:Imperial House of Japan 1757:Psychoanalytic theories 1661:Some proponents of the 1604:Encyclopædia Britannica 1526:, early feminists used 1089:Maryanne Cline Horowitz 1037:Ancient Western history 801:Historically, the term 735:Social constructionists 323:and the State in Africa 7789:Political anthropology 7632:Conservative feminisms 6932:Women in the workforce 6900:Violence against women 6875:Sexual objectification 6835:Opposition to feminism 6042:Bicycling and feminism 5937:Encyclopedia Americana 5909:Quotations related to 5710:Keith, Thomas (2017). 5433:University of Plymouth 5071:"Troubling patriarchy" 4312:Coney, Sandra (1994). 3930:10.2307/j.ctt1ggjhm3.7 3615:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 3412:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 3287:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 2903:10.1098/rstb.2019.0005 2343:. Detroit: Macmillan. 2225:Violence Against Women 2139:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 1801: 1663:biological determinist 1436:patriarchal capitalism 1391: 1204:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1144:Modern Western history 1062: 565:Circumscription theory 352:Europe and the People 321:Technology, Tradition, 7744:Cultural anthropology 7672:Women in peacekeeping 7213:Revisionist mythology 6656:Children's literature 5339:. London: Routledge. 5272:"Life without father" 4822:Thompson, ME (2014). 4061:. Oxford City Press. 3199:American Psychologist 2942:Lewis, Jone Johnson. 2642:Liddell, Henry George 2608:Liddell, Henry George 2574:Liddell, Henry George 2540:Liddell, Henry George 1980:Nature versus nurture 1965:Hegemonic masculinity 1796: 1750:evolution of language 1693:evolutionary pressure 1440:capitalist patriarchy 1386: 1322:Further information: 1237:worships the goddess 1161:divine right of kings 1017:argues that waves of 851:Social stratification 639:cultural anthropology 427:E. E. 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Claessen 162:Pantribal sodalities 7697:Feminism portal 7577:Ecofeminist authors 7427:Trinidad and Tobago 7367:Republic of Ireland 7228:Composition studies 6910:Women's empowerment 6865:Sex workers' rights 6790:Feminist capitalism 6770:Internalized sexism 6708:Feminism in culture 6591:Kurdish (Jineology) 5833:The Sexual Contract 5759:Messner, Michael A. 5587:. New York: Quill. 5337:Écrits: a selection 5194:by Steven Goldberg" 4929:Primates of Gashaka 4840:2014CBio...24R1125T 4834:(23): R1125–R1127. 4783:2014CBio...24.2855F 4419:Science in the News 3371:"Feminism: Marxist" 3088:The Harvard Gazette 2486:Oxford Dictionaries 2433:The Sexual Contract 1873:Biblical patriarchy 1786:Shulamith Firestone 1708:social conditioning 1685:Bateman's principle 1679:An early theory in 1630:(a tiny society in 1560:Biological theories 1554:gender inequalities 1396:Shulamith Firestone 1190:Christian scripture 1138:Alexander the Great 877:paternal investment 575:Left–right paradigm 7759:Gender and society 7073:Literary criticism 6951:Complementarianism 6678:Effects on society 6646:Complementarianism 6458:Women's liberation 5694:Fordham Law Review 4983:The New York Times 4892:10.1007/BF02734133 4348:. 30 January 2019. 2897:(1780): 20190005. 2864:Santa Fe Institute 2492:on 3 November 2018 2448:Ferguson, Kathy E. 2025:Tree of patriarchy 1975:Male expendability 1878:Chinese patriarchy 1867:Patriarchal models 1788:wrote in her 1970 1642:, primarily among 1609:cultural universal 1599:biology determines 1392: 1312:female infanticide 1280:Precepts for Women 1270:Precepts for Women 1013:The archaeologist 957:Robert M. 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Carneiro 191:Segmentary lineage 128:Leveling mechanism 78:legal anthropology 7726: 7725: 7680: 7679: 7090:Political ecology 6996:Écriture féminine 6895:Triple oppression 6885:Toxic masculinity 6870:Sexual harassment 6735:Feminist stripper 6713:Feminist movement 6632: 6631: 6570:Ethnic and racial 6171: 6170: 5921:Media related to 5869:978-0-7619-7036-1 5842:978-1-5036-0827-6 5823:978-0-252-02997-4 5799:978-1-78360-169-1 5750:978-0-313-32737-7 5725:978-1-317-59534-2 5671:978-0-674-44544-4 5626:978-0-7456-2265-1 5594:978-0-688-12359-8 5562:978-0-19-825693-9 5535:978-0-7484-0161-1 5502:978-0-07-143959-6 5475:978-0-335-19649-4 5410:978-0-231-11895-8 5378:978-0-230-57646-9 5346:978-0-415-25392-5 5314:978-0-7453-0583-7 5289:978-0-7456-0979-9 5256:978-0-394-47472-4 5171:978-0-688-05175-4 5133:(9–10): 768–787. 5109:978-0-87536-328-8 5084:978-0-415-57829-5 5067:Buchbinder, David 5052:978-88-6134-791-5 4963:978-1-5063-3132-4 4938:978-1-4419-7402-0 4777:(23): 2855–2860. 4677:978-0-7434-8033-8 4592:978-0-415-24352-0 4552:978-1-135-09970-1 4492:Capital and Class 4454:978-0-8133-5070-7 4327:978-0-89793-161-8 4287:978-0-14-022605-8 4242:978-0-13-040737-5 4217:978-0-8476-9534-8 4068:978-1-84902-664-2 4032:978-0-520-91900-6 3999:978-0-8248-2842-4 3939:978-1-5064-2330-2 3811:978-0-8078-6336-7 3748:978-0-86554-876-3 3695:978-0-684-31200-2 3670:978-0-06-061063-0 3632:978-0-19-503996-2 3601:978-0-7914-1643-3 3574:978-0-231-13207-7 3547:978-0-8058-3772-8 3493:978-1-905047-20-8 3464:978-0-06-250337-4 3427:978-0-19-503996-2 3384:978-0-415-92088-9 3302:978-0-19-503996-2 3246:978-0-9519420-1-7 3179:978-1-56639-832-9 3150:978-0-262-03425-8 3135:. The MIT Press. 2985:978-0-465-01362-3 2841:978-1-317-68869-3 2808:978-1-13-661004-2 2783:978-0-41-518718-3 2749:978-1-13-678694-5 2721:978-1-4051-8353-6 2708:Meagher, Michelle 2688:978-0-41-510829-4 2511:Harper, Douglas. 2467:978-0-313-31072-0 2426:978-1-4051-9694-9 2405:"Sexual Contract" 2382:978-1-285-78312-3 2350:978-0-02-865960-2 2322:978-0-536-94185-5 2292:978-1-4129-6846-1 2154:978-0-19-503996-2 1512:heteropatriarchal 1432:Marxist feminists 1416:Iris Marion Young 1209:The Woman's Bible 1023:Ukrainian steppes 1003:Ancient Near East 902:division of labor 711:gender inequality 673: 672: 397:Jeremy Boissevain 382:Georges Balandier 377:E. 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According to 925:Anthropological 922: 920:Sex hierarchies 873: 868: 863: 841:and control of 839:moral authority 827: 747: 731:Sociobiologists 696:feminist theory 669: 629: 628: 605: 597: 596: 580:State formation 560: 552: 551: 537:Bjorn Thomassen 492:Elizabeth Mertz 477:Ted C. Lewellen 422:Pierre Clastres 372: 371:Major theorists 364: 363: 354:Without History 353: 322: 258: 250: 249: 172:Paramount chief 104:Achieved status 99:Ascribed status 91:Status and rank 87: 76: 56: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7802: 7800: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7731: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7700: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7665:SCUM Manifesto 7661: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7534:United Kingdom 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208:Existentialism 7205: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7164:Existentialism 7161: 7160: 7159: 7157:Justice ethics 7149: 7144: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6956:Gender studies 6953: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6927:Women's rights 6924: 6921:Women's health 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Male privilege 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6774:International 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6117:United Kingdom 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5886: 5885:External links 5883: 5882: 5881: 5868: 5847: 5841: 5828: 5822: 5804: 5798: 5782: 5755: 5749: 5730: 5724: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5645:(2): 210–229. 5631: 5625: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5568: 5561: 5541: 5534: 5522:Gill, Rosalind 5508: 5501: 5481: 5474: 5446: 5431:(PhD thesis). 5416: 5409: 5393:Butler, Judith 5384: 5377: 5352: 5345: 5320: 5313: 5295: 5288: 5262: 5255: 5227: 5206:(2): 363–365. 5177: 5170: 5152: 5115: 5108: 5090: 5083: 5058: 5051: 5031: 5003: 4969: 4962: 4944: 4937: 4913: 4863: 4814: 4757: 4722: 4687: 4676: 4648: 4629:(3): 334–350. 4613: 4598: 4591: 4569: 4551: 4531: 4501: 4482: 4453: 4432: 4406: 4351: 4333: 4326: 4301: 4286: 4248: 4241: 4223: 4216: 4194: 4171: 4148: 4135:10.2307/797055 4109: 4098:(3): 129–146. 4082: 4067: 4046: 4031: 4013: 3998: 3980: 3969:(3): 114–125. 3953: 3948:j.ctt1ggjhm3.7 3938: 3912: 3889: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3837:(4): 799–847. 3810: 3788: 3773: 3754: 3747: 3727: 3701: 3694: 3676: 3669: 3651: 3638: 3631: 3607: 3600: 3594:. SUNY Press. 3580: 3573: 3553: 3546: 3526: 3499: 3492: 3470: 3463: 3441: 3426: 3404: 3383: 3361: 3345: 3326:(4): 377–392. 3319:Family Process 3308: 3301: 3272: 3252: 3245: 3220: 3205:(6): 408–423. 3185: 3178: 3156: 3149: 3123: 3100: 3074: 3020: 2991: 2984: 2963: 2934: 2877: 2847: 2840: 2814: 2807: 2789: 2782: 2755: 2748: 2727: 2720: 2694: 2687: 2660: 2626: 2592: 2558: 2524: 2503: 2473: 2466: 2439: 2425: 2392: 2381: 2356: 2349: 2328: 2321: 2298: 2291: 2270: 2231:(5): 553–573. 2215: 2185:(2): 213–234. 2164: 2153: 2126: 2111: 2108:. 2 June 2023. 2093: 2090:. 3 June 2023. 2074: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2052:Male privilege 2049: 2044: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2010:Son preference 2007: 2005:Phallocentrism 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1920: 1919:Related topics 1917: 1916: 1915: 1902: 1899:Pater familias 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1849: 1835: 1821: 1818:Society portal 1805: 1802: 1779:performatively 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1676: 1673: 1617:Roland Barthes 1615:suggests that 1582:(for example, 1561: 1558: 1520:culture change 1462:Lindsey German 1456:class struggle 1434:use the terms 1420:Heidi Hartmann 1380: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1319: 1316: 1226: 1223: 1214:Elaine Storkey 1145: 1142: 1128:Athenian women 1056: 1038: 1035: 929:archaeological 921: 918: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 855:patrilineality 845:. Sociologist 826: 823: 811:social systems 746: 743: 671: 670: 668: 667: 660: 653: 645: 642: 641: 631: 630: 627: 626: 621: 614: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 594: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 527:Aidan Southall 524: 519: 517:James C. Scott 514: 509: 507:Rodney Needham 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 452:Ernest Gellner 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 356: 348: 347: 345: 341: 340: 334: 333: 331: 327: 326: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 300: 299: 296: 294: 290: 289: 282: 277: 269: 268: 265: 263: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 245:Ritual warfare 242: 237: 231: 230: 228: 227:Law and custom 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 182: 181: 179: 175: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 138: 137: 135: 131: 130: 125: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 94: 92: 88: 86:Basic concepts 85: 84: 81: 80: 69: 68: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7801: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7719: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7539:United States 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7387:Latin America 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7218:Technoscience 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7068:Art criticism 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:Men's studies 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6890:Transmisogyny 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Purplewashing 6848: 6846: 6845:Protofeminism 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Honor killing 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Transnational 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:Individualist 6303: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Anti-abortion 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6129:United States 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5927: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5901:at Wiktionary 5900: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5851:Pilcher, Jane 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718:. Routledge. 5717: 5713: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5401: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5361:Mulvey, Laura 5356: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329:Lacan, Jaques 5324: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5188:(June 1974). 5187: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5032: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4683:and violence. 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4535: 4532: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4191:0-205-18109-0 4188: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3728: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3539: 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Bailey 319: 284: 272: 257:Case studies 216:Ethnic group 186:Band society 146: 61: 53:Patriarchate 18:Patriarchial 7647:Comic books 7572:Art critics 7494:South Korea 7474:Philippines 7454:New Zealand 7449:Netherlands 7181:Pornography 7169:Metaphysics 7110:Criminology 7105:Archaeology 7078:Film theory 6780:Women's Day 6530:Ecofeminist 6389:Reactionary 6337:Materialist 6112:Switzerland 6107:New Zealand 6026:Fourth-wave 6009:Second-wave 5786:Mies, Maria 5455:Dalton, Pen 5441:10026.1/758 4886:(1): 1–32. 4660:hooks, bell 4558:11 February 4425:17 February 4055:Lin, Yutang 3509:"71E: Meno" 3435:reproducers 3093:11 December 3013:11 December 1720:colonialism 1656:egalitarian 1636:matrilinear 1592:matriarchal 1584:chimpanzees 1552:explaining 1474:Audre Lorde 1302:In China's 1285:In China's 1255:Han dynasty 1243:Constantine 1229:In ancient 1171:tradition. 1120:real estate 972:agriculture 949:agriculture 945:Pleistocene 941:egalitarian 937:prehistoric 883:, and of a 866:Pre-history 763:patriarkhēs 745:Terminology 467:Ulf Hannerz 462:Lesley Gill 7754:Fatherhood 7739:Patriarchy 7733:Categories 7637:Literature 7582:Economists 7302:Bangladesh 7236:By country 7186:Psychology 7142:Empiricism 7137:Aesthetics 7132:Philosophy 6991:Patriarchy 6971:Matriarchy 6776:Girl's Day 6755:Girl power 6728:In hip hop 6651:Literature 6586:Indigenous 6525:Reclaiming 6421:Standpoint 6394:Separatism 6367:Postmodern 6261:Vegetarian 6251:Difference 6194:Analytical 6021:Third-wave 6004:First-wave 5923:Patriarchy 5911:Patriarchy 5898:patriarchy 4738:(4): 235. 4703:(2): 235. 4346:Penn Today 3519:9 February 2534:πατριάρχης 2106:Britannica 2070:References 2042:Androcracy 1763:patriarchy 1640:matrilocal 1546:Joan Acker 1538:bell hooks 1524:patriarchy 1486:socializes 1444:patriarchy 1424:capitalism 1400:oppression 1156:Patriarcha 1027:Old Europe 893:, British 881:fatherhood 807:autocratic 803:patriarchy 758:πατριάρχης 750:Patriarchy 684:patriarchy 676:Patriarchy 359:Cargo cult 262:Acephelous 152:Matriarchy 147:Patriarchy 134:Leadership 7392:Argentina 7352:Indonesia 7342:Hong Kong 7297:Australia 7198:Seriality 7122:Geography 7048:Sociology 7001:Economics 6986:Kyriarchy 6488:Christian 6468:Religious 6409:Socialist 6199:Anarchist 6144:States of 6082:Australia 5769:: 74–88. 5681::Cited in 5331:(2001) . 5126:Sex Roles 4991:0362-4331 4752:145758809 4732:Sociology 4717:143683720 4697:Sociology 4643:144448501 4610:. UNESCO. 4471:cite book 4463:979993556 4385:0034-6535 4183:Sociology 4077:744466115 4057:(2011) . 3876:8755-4178 3618:"Symbols" 3393:cite book 3051:0027-8424 2948:ThoughtCo 2911:0962-8436 2496:4 January 2261:206667077 2245:1077-8012 2207:220676988 2179:Sociology 2047:Kyriarchy 2030:Womb envy 1970:Homemaker 1883:Domostroy 1428:socialist 1239:Amaterasu 1235:Shintoism 1100:Herodotus 1066:Aristotle 831:authority 702:society. 547:Eric Wolf 119:Age grade 73:Political 7708:Category 7642:American 7514:Thailand 7469:Pakistan 7439:Malaysia 7422:Paraguay 7412:Honduras 7260:Ethiopia 7127:Pedagogy 7053:Rhetoric 7043:Sexology 7036:Womanist 7031:Thealogy 7026:Theology 6825:Misogyny 6698:Femicide 6683:Equality 6637:Concepts 6552:Orthodox 6515:Neopagan 6503:Womanist 6483:Buddhist 6451:Africana 6446:Womanism 6342:Maternal 6332:Lipstick 6298:Activism 6268:Equality 6234:Cultural 6219:Carceral 6154:Virginia 6134:Timeline 6077:Timeline 6014:timeline 5999:Timeline 5976:Feminism 5810:(2004). 5788:(2014). 5775:41035593 5615:(2001). 5579:(1970). 5457:(2001). 5395:(2000). 5363:(2009). 5241:(1974). 5069:(2013). 4908:17741169 4900:24202828 4858:25465331 4809:25454788 4662:(2004). 4524:18 March 4393:40043126 4296:10348941 4104:41298764 4041:42922667 3975:41675091 3884:25002039 3819:See also 3069:32358187 2929:31303167 2450:(1999). 2403:(2016). 2388:society. 2339:(2007). 2253:19182049 2199:42853921 2058:Contrast 1804:See also 1704:genetics 1580:primates 1265:Ban Zhao 1124:property 1116:tribunal 1078:Republic 1057:— 843:property 825:Overview 817:such as 767:compound 707:ideology 700:dominate 604:Journals 201:Chiefdom 178:Polities 64:a series 62:Part of 39:Machismo 7654:Parties 7529:Ukraine 7524:Vietnam 7434:Lebanon 7332:Germany 7322:Finland 7317:Denmark 7292:Albania 7280:Senegal 7275:Nigeria 7191:Therapy 7174:Science 7085:Biology 6613:Mizrahi 6581:Chicana 6542:Islamic 6478:Atheist 6414:Marxist 6384:Radical 6320:Liberal 6315:Lesbian 6293:Hip hop 6273:Eugenic 6214:Atheist 6187:General 6159:Wyoming 5992:General 5984:History 5147:7878675 5024:23 June 4836:Bibcode 4800:4905588 4779:Bibcode 4401:9870721 3720:1 April 3340:1790784 3060:7245097 3008:Inverse 2920:6664128 2654:at the 2620:at the 2586:at the 2552:at the 1771:Oedipus 1646:. Some 1588:bonobos 1467:capital 1176:Diderot 1008:Hebrews 982:Marxist 861:History 309:Mandala 142:Big man 123:Age set 7749:Family 7668:(1967) 7592:Muslim 7587:Jewish 7565:People 7519:Turkey 7509:Taiwan 7499:Sweden 7484:Russia 7479:Poland 7464:Norway 7417:Mexico 7397:Brazil 7372:Israel 7337:Greece 7327:France 7307:Canada 7245:Africa 7152:Ethics 7011:Method 6944:Theory 6855:Racism 6620:Romani 6608:Jewish 6547:Jewish 6493:Mormon 6441:Victim 6404:Social 6377:French 6325:Equity 6288:Global 6224:Choice 6097:Kuwait 6087:Canada 6035:Social 5866: 5839: 5820: 5796: 5773: 5747: 5722: 5668: 5623: 5591: 5559: 5532: 5499: 5472: 5407: 5375: 5343: 5311: 5286: 5253: 5222:674209 5220: 5168: 5145: 5106: 5081: 5049: 5020:. 2018 4989: 4960: 4935: 4906: 4898: 4856: 4807: 4797: 4750: 4715: 4674: 4641: 4589: 4549: 4461: 4451: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4324: 4294: 4284: 4239: 4214: 4189: 4143:797055 4141: 4102: 4075: 4065: 4039: 4029: 4006: 3996: 3973: 3946: 3936: 3882: 3874: 3808: 3745: 3692: 3667: 3629: 3598: 3571: 3544: 3490: 3461: 3424: 3381: 3338: 3299: 3243: 3176: 3147: 3067: 3057: 3049: 2982: 2953:4 June 2927: 2917: 2909: 2870:4 June 2838: 2805: 2780: 2746: 2718: 2685: 2568:πατριά 2464: 2423: 2379: 2347: 2319: 2289: 2266:power! 2259: 2251: 2243: 2205: 2197: 2151: 1534:sexism 1478:racism 1452:gender 1194:Quaker 1104:Athens 1019:kurgan 912:in an 777:patria 772:πατριά 635:Social 304:Negara 7718:Index 7625:Other 7602:Poets 7557:Lists 7504:Syria 7444:Nepal 7407:Haiti 7402:Chile 7382:Japan 7377:Italy 7347:India 7312:China 7265:Ghana 7255:Egypt 6815:Media 6625:White 6576:Black 6537:Hindu 6508:Asian 6431:Trans 6426:State 6357:Post- 6310:Labor 6239:Cyber 6122:Wales 6092:Japan 5877:(PDF) 5860:(PDF) 5771:JSTOR 5520:. 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