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Paul Glimcher

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814:”––could be refined with a neuroeconomical approach. Glimcher et al. incorporated fMRI measurements to contrast with the outputs of traditional contingent valuation. Their research showed that the way people value environmental public goods differs on a neurobiological level from “neural activity associated with previously examined goods and preference measures”. In other words, people value environmental goods differently from other tangible goods, like food or clothing. While further research is required in this line of inquiry, the research could influence public policy and how scientists communicate with the public about dangers posed to the environment and/or shared resources. 739:
resonance imaging) for behavioral science, to understand how value is encoded in the brain and how the brain uses those neural representations of value to guide decision-making; for example, how the brain carries out delay discounting or action-selection in the face of both risk and ambiguity. His laboratory in NYU's Center for Neural Science uses a wide range of methods including cohort studies in experimental economics, brain imaging, and single-neuron studies in non-human animals.
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understanding that future groundbreaking behavioral science research would require an interdisciplinary approach to overcome the inherent research limitations of any one discipline. He co-authored what is often referred to as the first academic paper in neuroeconomics, with American neurobiologist, Michael Platt, which was published in the journal
730:, which can enable new methods of: data analytics for large-scale datasets; conducting clinical or basic biomedical/behavioral research; and recruiting and retaining human research subjects. Today Datacubed health sells its product to Pharma and CROs. Glimcher is currently the CSO of Datacubed Health. 656:
began to develop in the late 1990s as a natural out-growth of the maturation of many different disciplines––such as neuroscience, psychology, and economics––happening all at once. Glimcher was instrumental in facilitating the development of the bourgeoning of the field by recognizing these trends and
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Glimcher's laboratory has conducted extensive research on the brain's reward system, in particular the dopamine system and reinforcement learning. In 2005, with Hannah Bayer, he published the first quantitative test of the Dopamine Reward Prediction Error Hypothesis based on single neuron recordings
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In 2016, in light of governmental fiscal austerity for basic research at all levels, Glimcher founded Human Project Inc., then an NYU incubator company established to develop the foundational technologies used by The HUMAN Project and commercialize those technologies to generate revenue which can in
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In 2004, he founded the Center for Neuroeconomics at NYU––the first such research entity devoted to the field––while also serving as the founding president of the Society for Neuroeconomics. The Center for Neuroeconomics became the Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Decision Making in 2014
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His most notable contributions are in: the development of the field of neuroeconomics; studies of dopamine and reinforcement learning; elucidating the neurobiological basis of human preferences; how people make intertemporal choices; and pioneering the application of “normalized representation” to
801:. In 2013, with Kenway Louie and Mel Win Khaw, he demonstrated that efficient compressive encoding of subjective value by neurons in the brains of monkeys predicts novel anomalies in choice behavior which they subsequently observed in both monkeys and humans. These findings were published in the 738:
Glimcher's research aims to describe the neural events that underlie behavioral decision-making using tools from neuroscience, psychology, and economics. His research merges psychological and economic models with computational neuroscience, including pioneering uses of fMRI (function magnetic
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In 2004, he founded the Center for Neuroeconomics at New York University, one of the first research centers ever dedicated to the field. In 2006, Glimcher became an associate professor in economics in addition to his postings in neural science and psychology, and in 2008 was promoted to full
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might be involved in planning those movements as well. Glimcher's earlier work focused on the identification and characterization of signals that intervene between the neural processes that engage in sensory encoding and the neural processes that engage in movement generation, which underlie
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Glimcher, as an active member of the scientific community, also plays a prominent role with the U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, where he has served on numerous advisory boards and research study committees operated by the Academies, including:
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In 2011, with Ifat levy, Stephanie Lazzaro and Robb Rutledge, he published the first demonstration that activity patterns in the human medial prefrontal cortex, measured in the absence of choice behavior, could be used to predict later choices by the same individuals in the
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Professor of Neural Science, Economics, and Psychology. In 2010, Glimcher became the Silver Endowed Chair in Neural Science. In March 2014 the Center for Neuroeconomics became the Institute for the Study of Decision Making, reporting directly to NYU's Provost.
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After starting up the Institute for the Study of Decision Making in 2014, Glimcher––working with Miyoung Chun of The Kavli Foundation––also began the development of a new interdisciplinary longitudinal study sponsored by
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Levy, I., Lazzaro, S., Rutledge, R.B., & Glimcher, P.W. (2011). Choice from non-choice: Predicting consumer preferences from blood oxygenation level-dependent signals obtained during passive viewing.
583:, the second largest private art gallery in the world. Not as artistically inclined as his father and the family business, Paul Glimcher was always interested in science and technology from an early age. 1040: 746:
In 1999, with neuroscientist, Michael Platt, Glimcher was the first to demonstrate a utility-like value signal in the brain of a living creature. This finding appeared in the peer reviewed journal
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Since that time, his methodologies have broadened to include techniques from experimental economics, behavioral economics, econometrics, and brain imaging, most notably pioneering the use of
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turn sustain the long-term operation of The HUMAN Project, whose funding is supplemented by limited Federal and philanthropic funding. Now called Datacubed Healthcare, its product is a
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were the first to demonstrate a clear subject value signal in the human brain that could be effectively disassociated from objective value signals. This finding was published in
665:(MIT Press) was published in 2003 and is often identified as the first book to use the word Neuroeconomics. That book won the PROSE Award for Best Medical Science Book of 2003. 1544: 844:
and the McKnight, Whitehall, Klingenstein, and McDonnell Foundations, as well as a member of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives. He is or has been an investigator of the
785:. In 2010, with Andrew Caplin, Mark Dean and Robb Rutledge, he published the first example of an axiomatic economic analysis applied to the neurobiology of decision-making in 841: 533:. He is one of the foremost researchers focused on the study of human behavior and decision-making, and is known for his central role in founding and developing the field of 1367:. 10(12): 1625 - 1633; Levy, I., Snell, J., Nelson, A.J., Rustichini, A., and Glimcher, P.W. (2010). Neural representation of subjective value under risk and ambiguity. 1215: 817:
Overall, Glimcher's research has appeared in academic journals in the fields of economics, psychology, neuroscience, as well as in general scholarly journals such as
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for behavioral research. His work has pioneered the notion of subjective value, which is widely identified as the neurobiological correlate of economic utility.
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Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
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which takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding how humans make decisions. Glimcher also founded the Institute for the Study of Decision Making at
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The Kavli HUMAN Project is Glimcher's signature research project, combining almost all of the elements of his research over the past three decades.
541:(NYU). Today he serves as Chair of the Department of Neuroscience and Director of the Neurosciences Institute at NYU's Grossman School of Medicine. 75: 810:
In 2016, Glimcher and co-authors explained how a preexisting survey-based methodology for valuing public environmental goods (e.g. public parks)––“
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Dorris, M.C. and Glimcher, P.W. (2004) Activity in Posterior Parietal Cortex is Correlated with the Subjective Desirability of an Action.
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Louie, K., Khaw, M.W., & Glimcher, P.W. (2013). Normalization is a general neural mechanism for context-dependent decision making.
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His 2009 textbook on neuroeconomics received the American Association of Publishers PROSE Award for Excellence in the Social Sciences.
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In addition to the many books and scholarly papers he's written in the field of neuroeconomics, he is the lead editor of the textbook,
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Caplin, A., Dean, M., Glimcher, P.W., & Rutledge, R.B. (2010). Measuring beliefs and rewards: A neuroeconomic approach.
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Bayer, H.M. and Glimcher, P.W. (2005) Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Encode a Quantitative Reward Prediction Error Signal.
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Platt, M.L. and Glimcher, P.W. (1999) Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Nature. 400: 233-238
889: 857: 713:. The survey will study tens of thousands of Americans for decades, much like past longitudinal studies––such as the 290: 177: 1734: 599: 468: 413: 148: 140: 692:(2008, Elsevier). That book won the 2009 PROSE Award for Excellence in the Social Sciences. In 2011 he published 552:
where he also holds professorial appointments in Economics and Psychology, and in Neuroscience and Physiology in
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Margaret and Herman Sokol Faculty Award in the Sciences 2003, NYU’s Lifetime Accomplishment Teaching Award 2006.
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Kable, J.W., and Glimcher, P.W. (2007). The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice.
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Khaw, Mel W.; Grab, Denise A.; Livermore, Michael A.; Vossler, Christian A.; Glimcher, Paul W. (2015-07-29).
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that control eye rotations, Glimcher uncovered evidence that structures participating in the execution of
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Paul W. Glimcher was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Arne and Mildred Glimcher. His father,
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Glimcher holds the Julius Silver, Rosyln S. Silver and Enid Silver Winslow Chair of Neural Science at
2027: 1105: 829:. He has published nearly 100 academic articles with colleagues, postdoctoral fellows, and students. 811: 761: 595: 472: 410: 752:. In 2004, with Michael Dorris, he published the first experimental test of the hypothesis that the 1520:"Neuroeconomics: A New Direction for Valuing Environmental Public Goods | Resources for the Future" 791:. This paper was also the first in a first-tier economic journal to include images of brain scans. 781: 642: 545: 538: 498: 764:, mixed strategy equilibria emerge when the subject values of options being mixed are equivalent. 603: 44: 1573: 1864: 1856: 1657: 1647: 1612: 1501: 1483: 1209: 1191: 1073: 1011: 992: 973: 955: 756:
in strategic games specifies an internal representation of value in the peer-reviewed journal
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physiology. Working with Professor David Sparks (University of Pennsylvania) researching the
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Servick, Kelly (2015-10-30). "Proposed study would closely track 10,000 New Yorkers".
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He has also been a reviewer on multiple proposal and program review panels for the
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Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications (2009);
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In 1994, Glimcher began work as an assistant professor in Neural Science at
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Committee on Making the Soldier Decision on Future Battlefields (2013);
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Presenter to the Social and Behavioral Sciences Decadal Survey (2016);
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Glimcher's work has also been featured in the popular press such as
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Decisions, Uncertainty and the Brain: The Science of Neuroeconomics
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Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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Growing up in New York City, Glimcher attended the prestigious
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Rangel, A. (2011) How does the brain make economic decisions?
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Two terms on the Army Research Lab Technical Assessment Board.
598:. In 1989 he received a Ph.D. degree in neuroscience from the 229: 154:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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from dopamine neurons and a novel kernel-based analysis in
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Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications
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and Institute for the Study of Decision Making in 2017.
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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of the first textbook dedicated to the discipline of
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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In 1983 Glimcher received an A.B. 16:American neuroscientist, psychologist, economist 804:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1192:"New York University - Endowed Professorships" 1008:Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain 970:Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain 565:Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain 8: 1214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 690:Neuroeconomics Decision-Making and the Brain 672:In 2009 he served as lead editor along with 631:functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 602:, studying under the American psychologist, 76:promotes the subject in a subjective manner 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 637:Career and role in founding Neuroeconomics 360: 147:about living persons that is unsourced or 1958:"Compiling a Massive Index of Urban Life" 1632:Council, National Research (2009-05-11). 1597:Council, National Research (2013-04-23). 1495: 1477: 609:Glimcher's post-doctoral training was in 349:Learn how and when to remove this message 331:Learn how and when to remove this message 218:Learn how and when to remove this message 98:Learn how and when to remove this message 1155:Robert J. Shiller (November 21, 2011). 1031: 513:(born November 3, 1961) is an American 1207: 760:. They found that, as hypothesized by 1361:Foundations of Neuroeconomic Analysis 1357:Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain 1327: 1325: 1300: 1298: 989:Foundations of Neuroeconomic Analysis 952:Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain 694:Foundations of Neuroeconomic Analysis 7: 1772:Christian Scmidt (9 November 2004). 1752:"Where economics meets neuroscience" 1254:Christian Scmidt (9 November 2004). 1240: 1238: 2048:20th-century American psychologists 1998:21st-century American psychologists 1794:Budras, Corinna (30 October 2009). 1306:"2009 Award Winners - PROSE Awards" 850:National Institute of Mental Health 73:This article contains wording that 1421:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 788:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 78:without imparting real information 14: 2018:University of Pennsylvania alumni 1574:"SBS Decadal Summit Speaker Bios" 34:This article has multiple issues. 2038:21st-century American economists 1988:Economists from New York (state) 991:. Oxford University Press, USA. 234: 114: 64: 23: 1157:"The Neuroeconomics Revolution" 42:or discuss these issues on the 1750:Tim Haford (27 October 2008). 1700:Adler, Jerry. "Mind Reading". 1675:Bill Saporito (4 March 2013). 1176:Adler, Jerry. "Mind Reading". 913:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 1: 1932:Resnick, Brian (2016-08-26). 1796:"Aktienhändler denken anders" 1713:Eryn Brown (2 October 2012). 886:National Institutes of Health 567:, now in its second edition. 261:secondary or tertiary sources 1853:10.1126/science.350.6260.493 1479:10.1371/journal.pone.0132842 1230:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 840:Glimcher is a fellow of the 728:Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 550:College of Arts and Sciences 267:, especially if potentially 245:biography of a living person 125:biography of a living person 2013:Princeton University alumni 2003:New York University faculty 1578:sites.nationalacademies.org 890:National Science Foundation 858:National Institute on Aging 379:Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 265:must be removed immediately 152:must be removed immediately 2064: 1369:Journal of Neurophysiology 1282:"2003 PROSE Award Winners" 1180:. 5 July 2004:44-47. Print 1064:Crow, Kelly (2011-08-26). 1006:Glimcher, Paul W. (2013). 987:Glimcher, Paul W. (2011). 950:Glimcher, Paul W. (2003). 600:University of Pennsylvania 469:Computational Neuroscience 414:University of Pennsylvania 2043:American textbook writers 1128:"Paul W. Glimcher, Ph.D." 661:in 1999. His first book, 504: 445: 1993:American neuroscientists 1448:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 711:Sloan Digital Sky Survey 571:Early life and education 1435:Journal of Neuroscience 798:Journal of Neuroscience 1819:www.quantamagazine.org 1800:Frankfurter Allgemeine 1717:. Articles.latimes.com 1410:. 10(12): 1625 - 1633. 1098:"NYU Shanghai Profile" 846:National Eye Institute 715:Framingham Heart Study 623:saccadic eye movements 554:NYU School of Medicine 465:Cognitive Neuroscience 259:Please help by adding 139:Please help by adding 1131:kavlihumanproject.org 1039:Health, NYU Langone. 920:, New York Magazine, 836:Honors and other work 775:In 2007 Glimcher and 594:in neuroscience from 558:Software-as-a-Service 432:Longitudinal Research 2033:Dalton School alumni 1549:www.decisionsrus.com 812:Contingent Valuation 721:Datacubed Health LLC 707:The Kavli Foundation 619:mesencephalic nuclei 596:Princeton University 473:Systems Neuroscience 411:Princeton University 145:Contentious material 1159:. Project Syndicate 1108:on 15 February 2018 1070:Wall Street Journal 954:. A Bradford Book. 782:Nature Neuroscience 643:New York University 539:New York University 499:New York University 248:relies too much on 1683:. Content.time.com 1045:www.prnewswire.com 1010:. Academic Press. 604:C. Randy Gallistel 1847:(6260): 493–494. 1450:, 110: 6129-6144. 1423:, 125(3): 923-960 743:decision-making. 700:The HUMAN Project 626:decision-making. 508: 507: 447:Scientific career 377:November 3, 1961 375:Paul W. Glimcher 359: 358: 351: 341: 340: 333: 315: 228: 227: 220: 202: 128:needs additional 108: 107: 100: 57: 2055: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821:. 23 August 2016 1811: 1805: 1803: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1551:. 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PROSE Awards 1273: 1246: 1234: 1221: 1182: 1169: 1147: 1119: 1089: 1066:"Keeping Pace" 1056: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017:978-0124160088 1016: 1003: 998:978-0199744251 997: 984: 979:978-0123741769 978: 966: 961:978-0262072441 960: 945: 942: 938:The Atlantic's 897: 894: 882: 881: 878: 875: 872: 837: 834: 735: 732: 686:neuroeconomics 654:neuroeconomics 638: 635: 572: 569: 535:neuroeconomics 519:neuroscientist 515:neuroeconomist 506: 505: 502: 501: 496: 492: 491: 457:Neuroeconomics 454: 450: 449: 443: 442: 439: 435: 434: 424:Neuroeconomics 421: 420:Known for 417: 416: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 393: 374: 372: 368: 367: 364: 357: 356: 339: 338: 242: 240: 233: 226: 225: 149:poorly sourced 122: 120: 113: 106: 105: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2060: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008:Living people 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1889: 1888:New Scientist 1885: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1735:Archive index 1731: 1728: 1716: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1682: 1678: 1677:"Stocking Up" 1671: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1653:9780309127400 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1618:9780309284530 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1555:on 2019-02-21 1554: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1536: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1338: 1337:Science of Us 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1232:. 15:3.95-96. 1231: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1158: 1151: 1148: 1137:on 2016-10-21 1136: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 994: 990: 985: 981: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957: 953: 948: 947: 943: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916: 914: 909: 905: 904: 896:Popular press 895: 893: 891: 887: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 868: 864: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 835: 833: 830: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 808: 806: 805: 800: 799: 792: 790: 789: 784: 783: 778: 773: 771: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750: 744: 740: 733: 731: 729: 723: 722: 718: 716: 712: 708: 702: 701: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674:Colin Camerer 670: 666: 664: 660: 655: 652:The field of 650: 646: 644: 636: 634: 632: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 588:Dalton School 584: 582: 578: 577:Arne Glimcher 570: 568: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 503: 500: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 455: 451: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 429: 425: 422: 418: 415: 412: 409: 405: 402: 399: 395: 391:(age 62) 378: 373: 369: 365:Paul Glimcher 362: 353: 350: 335: 332: 324: 313: 310: 306: 303: 299: 296: 292: 289: 285: 282: â€“  281: 277: 276:Find sources: 270: 266: 262: 256: 255: 251: 246: 241: 237: 232: 231: 222: 219: 211: 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: â€“  168: 164: 163:Find sources: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 136: 135: 131: 126: 121: 112: 111: 102: 99: 91: 79: 77: 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 1965:. Retrieved 1961: 1952: 1941:. Retrieved 1937: 1927: 1916:. Retrieved 1914:. 2016-03-15 1911: 1902: 1891:. Retrieved 1887: 1877: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1823:. Retrieved 1818: 1809: 1799: 1789: 1778:. Retrieved 1776:. Lemonde.fr 1767: 1756:. Retrieved 1745: 1730: 1719:. Retrieved 1708: 1701: 1696: 1685:. Retrieved 1680: 1670: 1634: 1627: 1599: 1592: 1581:. Retrieved 1577: 1568: 1557:. Retrieved 1553:the original 1548: 1538: 1527:. Retrieved 1523: 1514: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1340:. Retrieved 1336: 1313:. Retrieved 1309: 1286:. Retrieved 1276: 1265:. Retrieved 1259: 1249: 1229: 1224: 1199:. Retrieved 1195: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1161:. Retrieved 1150: 1139:. Retrieved 1135:the original 1130: 1122: 1110:. Retrieved 1106:the original 1102:NYU Shanghai 1101: 1092: 1081:. Retrieved 1069: 1059: 1048:. Retrieved 1044: 1034: 1007: 988: 969: 951: 937: 933: 930:Fast Company 929: 926:NewScientist 925: 921: 917: 911: 907: 901: 899: 883: 865: 862: 839: 831: 826: 822: 818: 816: 809: 802: 796: 793: 786: 780: 774: 769: 766: 757: 748: 745: 741: 737: 724: 720: 719: 703: 699: 698: 693: 689: 671: 667: 662: 658: 651: 647: 640: 628: 608: 591: 585: 581:Pace Gallery 574: 564: 562: 543: 531:entrepreneur 523:psychologist 510: 509: 495:Institutions 461:Neuroscience 446: 428:Neuroscience 376: 345: 327: 318: 308: 301: 294: 287: 275: 264: 247: 214: 205: 195: 188: 181: 174: 162: 151: 134:verification 127: 94: 85: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 2028:1961 births 1754:. Bbc.co.uk 1524:www.rff.org 1196:www.nyu.edu 1112:14 February 397:Nationality 321:August 2023 271:or harmful. 208:August 2023 88:August 2023 1982:Categories 1967:2016-10-20 1943:2016-10-20 1918:2016-10-20 1893:2016-10-20 1825:2016-10-20 1780:2014-02-20 1758:2014-02-20 1721:2014-02-20 1687:2014-02-20 1583:2016-10-20 1559:2016-10-20 1529:2016-10-20 1342:2016-10-20 1315:2016-10-20 1288:2016-10-20 1267:2014-02-20 1201:2016-10-20 1163:2014-02-20 1141:2016-10-20 1083:2016-10-20 1050:2023-07-25 1026:References 856:, and the 678:Ernst Fehr 611:oculomotor 489:Innovation 477:Psychology 385:1961-11-03 291:newspapers 250:references 178:newspapers 39:improve it 1861:0036-8075 1488:1932-6203 1078:0099-9660 940:CityLab. 777:Joe Kable 615:brainstem 527:economist 481:Economics 130:citations 45:talk page 1912:Co.Exist 1869:26516261 1702:Newsweek 1662:25032335 1506:26221734 1466:PLOS ONE 1261:Le Monde 1210:cite web 1178:Newsweek 972:. 2008. 908:Le Monde 888:and the 825:and the 823:Science, 734:Research 485:Genetics 401:American 269:libelous 156:libelous 1962:CityLab 1841:Science 1737:at the 1497:4519262 922:Science 548:in the 305:scholar 192:scholar 1867:  1859:  1804:print. 1660:  1650:  1615:  1504:  1494:  1486:  1395:Neuron 1382:Neuron 1076:  1014:  995:  976:  958:  936:, and 852:, the 848:, the 819:Nature 770:Neuron 758:Neuron 749:Nature 680:, and 659:Nature 453:Fields 438:Awards 307:  300:  293:  286:  278:  194:  187:  180:  173:  165:  944:Books 312:JSTOR 298:books 243:This 199:JSTOR 185:books 123:This 1865:PMID 1857:ISSN 1681:Time 1658:PMID 1648:ISBN 1613:ISBN 1502:PMID 1484:ISSN 1216:link 1114:2018 1074:ISSN 1012:ISBN 993:ISBN 974:ISBN 956:ISBN 903:Time 762:Nash 617:and 371:Born 284:news 171:news 132:for 1938:Vox 1849:doi 1845:350 1640:doi 1605:doi 1492:PMC 1474:doi 934:Vox 546:NYU 475:), 463:, ( 252:to 1984:: 1960:. 1936:. 1910:. 1886:. 1863:. 1855:. 1843:. 1817:. 1798:. 1679:. 1656:. 1646:. 1638:. 1611:. 1603:. 1576:. 1547:. 1522:. 1500:. 1490:. 1482:. 1470:10 1468:. 1464:. 1335:. 1324:^ 1308:. 1297:^ 1258:. 1237:^ 1212:}} 1208:{{ 1194:. 1100:. 1072:. 1068:. 1043:. 932:, 928:, 924:, 910:, 892:. 821:, 807:. 772:. 688:: 676:, 525:, 521:, 517:, 487:, 483:, 479:, 471:, 467:, 459:, 430:, 426:, 387:) 143:. 48:. 1970:. 1946:. 1921:. 1896:. 1871:. 1851:: 1828:. 1802:. 1783:. 1761:. 1724:. 1690:. 1664:. 1642:: 1621:. 1607:: 1586:. 1562:. 1532:. 1508:. 1476:: 1345:. 1318:. 1291:. 1270:. 1218:) 1204:. 1166:. 1144:. 1116:. 1086:. 1053:. 1020:. 1001:. 982:. 964:. 915:, 383:( 352:) 346:( 334:) 328:( 323:) 319:( 309:· 302:· 295:· 288:· 257:. 221:) 215:( 210:) 206:( 196:· 189:· 182:· 175:· 158:. 137:. 101:) 95:( 90:) 86:( 80:. 55:) 51:(

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