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Cordwainer Smith

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768:, rebuild and expand to the stars in the Second Age of Space around 6000 AD. Over the next few thousand years, mankind spreads to thousands of worlds and human life becomes safe but sterile, as robots and the animal-derived Underpeople take over many human jobs and humans themselves are genetically programmed as embryos for specified duties. Towards the end of this period, the Instrumentality attempts to revive old cultures and languages in a process known as the Rediscovery of Man, where humans emerge from their mundane utopia and Underpeople are freed from slavery. 2005: 1956: 492: 328: 250: 1975: 216: 228: 44: 602:. More recently, both Elms and librarian Lee Weinstein have gathered circumstantial evidence to support the case for Linebarger's being Allen, but both concede there is no direct proof that Linebarger was ever a patient of Lindner's or that he suffered from a disorder similar to that of Kirk Allen. 469:
wrote that Linebarger was "perhaps the leading practitioner of 'black' and 'gray' propaganda in the Western world". According to Joseph Burkholder Smith, a former CIA operative, he conducted classes in psychological warfare for CIA agents at his home in Washington under cover of his position at the
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His young life was unsettled as his father moved the family to a succession of places in Asia, Europe, and the United States. He was sometimes sent to boarding schools for safety. In all, Linebarger attended more than 30 schools. In 1919, while at a boarding school in Hawaii, he was blinded in his
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For years, Linebarger had a pocket notebook which he had filled with ideas about The Instrumentality and additional stories in the series. But while in a small boat in a lake or bay in the mid 60s, he leaned over the side, and his notebook fell out of his breast pocket into the water, where it was
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In his stories, which were a wonderful and inimitable blend of a strange, raucous poetry and a detailed technological scene, we begin to read of human beings in worlds so far from our own in space in time that they were no longer quite Earth (even when they were the third planet out from Sol), and
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Character names in the stories often derive from words in languages other than English. Smith seemed particularly fond of using numbers for this purpose. For instance, the name "Lord Sto Odin" in the story "Under Old Earth" is derived from the Russian words for "One hundred and one", сто один; it
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derives from the German words "menschen" meaning, in some senses, "men" or "mankind", and "jäger", meaning a hunter, and refers to war machines that roam the wild lands between the walled cities and prey on men, except for those they can identify as Germans. Another example is "Meeya Meefla", the
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cut to block the "pain of space", and who perceive only by vision and various life-support implants. A technological breakthrough removes the need for the treatment, but resistance among the Scanners to their perceived loss of status ensues, forming the basis of the story "Scanners Live in
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to whom he became an advisor. Linebarger's father sent his wife to give birth in Milwaukee, Wisconsin so that their child would be eligible to become president of the United States. Sun Yat-sen, who was considered the father of Chinese nationalism, became Linebarger's
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is harvested from gigantic, virus-infected sheep each weighing more than 100 tons. Norstrilians are nominally the richest people in the galaxy and defend their immensely valuable stroon with sophisticated weapons (as shown in the story
883:. They are seen everywhere throughout regions controlled by the Instrumentality. Names of Underpeople have a single-letter prefix based on their animal species. Thus C'Mell ("The Ballad of Lost C'Mell") is cat-derived; D'Joan (" 747:
to Smith's works back to 1949. But Linebarger's daughter Rosana Hart has indicated that he did not become an Anglican until 1950, and was not strongly interested in religion until later still. The introduction to the collection
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Gary K. Wolfe and Carol T. Williams, "The Majesty of Kindness: The Dialectic of Cordwainer Smith", Voices for the Future: Essays on Major Science Fiction Writers, Volume 3, Thomas D. Clareson editor, Popular Press, 1983, pages
743:. He used many of their concepts in his fiction. His fiction often has religious overtones or motifs, particularly evident in characters who have no control over their actions. James B. Jordan argued for the importance of 806:", which led many of its earliest readers to assume that "Cordwainer Smith" was a new pen name for one of the established giants of the genre. It was selected as one of the best science fiction short stories of the pre- 1895: 752:
notes that from around 1960 Linebarger became more devout and expressed this in his writing. Linebarger's works are sometimes included in analyses of Christianity in fiction, along with the works of authors such as
732:), which may be roughly translated as "Forest of Incandescent Bliss"; "Felix" is Latin for "happy". In his later years, Linebarger proudly wore a tie with the Chinese characters for this name embroidered on it. 868:, which are crewed by humans telepathically linked with cats to defend against the attacks of malevolent entities in space, which are perceived by the humans as dragons, and by the cats as gigantic rats, in " 2208: 930:. Quite a few of the names mean "five-six" in different languages, including both the robot Fisi (fi-si), the dead Lady Panc Ashash (in Sanskrit "pañcha" is "five" and "ṣaṣ" is "six"), Limaono ( 879:, animals modified into human form and intelligence to fulfill servile roles, and treated as property. Several stories feature clandestine efforts to liberate the Underpeople and grant them 816: 985:
Remnants of modern culture accordingly appear as valued antiquities or sometimes just as unrecognized survivals, lending a rare feeling of nostalgia for the present to the stories.
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After "Scanners Live in Vain", Smith's next story did not appear for several years, but from 1955 until his death in 1966 his stories appeared regularly, for the most part in
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which are not explained to any great extent, but serve to produce an atmosphere of strangeness. These words are usually derived from non-English words. For instance,
2148: 852:"). However, extremely high taxes ensure that everyone on the planet lives a frugal, rural life, like the farmers of old Australia, to keep the Norstrilians tough. 791:, defended by agents of the Instrumentality, to a state of sterile utopia, in which freedom can be found only deep below the surface, in long-forgotten and buried 811: 702:
Linebarger's cultural links to China are partially expressed in the pseudonym "Felix C. Forrest", which he used in addition to "Cordwainer Smith". His godfather
286:. Although his career as a writer was shortened by his death at the age of 53, he is considered one of science fiction's more talented and influential authors. 826: 643:": two kinds of skilled workers with traditional materials.) Linebarger also employed the literary pseudonyms "Carmichael Smith" (for his political thriller 2218: 1244: 547:
In 1950, Linebarger married his second wife Genevieve Collins; they had no children. They remained married until his death from a heart attack in 1966, at
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Most of Smith's stories are set in the far future, between 4,000 and 14,000 years from now. After the Ancient Wars devastate Earth, humans, ruled by the
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only city to have preserved its name from the pre-atomic era: evidently Miami, Florida, from its abbreviated form (as on road signs) "MIAMI FLA".
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Linebarger's father, Paul Myron Wentworth Linebarger, was a lawyer, working as a judge in the Philippines. There he met Chinese nationalist
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Linebarger's identity as "Cordwainer Smith" was secret until his death. ("Cordwainer" is an archaic word for "a worker in cordwain or
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in 1965. With the book gone, he felt empty of ideas, and decided to start a new series which was an allegory of Mid-Eastern politics.
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Linebarger was familiar with English, German, and Chinese by adulthood. At the age of 23, he received a PhD in political science from
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to coordinate military intelligence operations. When he later pursued his interest in China, Linebarger became a close confidant of
367: 345: 1170: 849: 2198: 2153: 2123: 1679: 2168: 2118: 1950: 792: 43: 958:" (six). Four of the characters in "Think Blue, Count Two" are called "Thirteen" in different languages: Tiga-belas (both in 715: 513: 349: 2065: 1639: 2143: 707: 559:, at age 53. Linebarger had expressed a wish to retire to Australia, which he had visited in his travels. He is buried in 1187: 821: 1251: 884: 563:, Section 35, Grave Number 4712. His widow, Genevieve Collins Linebarger, was interred with him on November 16, 1981. 560: 462: 1420:(2007; collection of many Instrumentality of Mankind short stories, including all of those previously collected in 1122: 869: 765: 544:
In 1936, Linebarger married Margaret Snow. They had a daughter in 1942 and another in 1947. They divorced in 1949.
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Smith's first professionally published science fiction story, "Scanners Live in Vain", originally appeared in
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right eye, which was replaced by a glass eye. The vision in his remaining eye was impaired by infection.
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As an expert in psychological warfare, Linebarger was very interested in the newly developing fields of
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Titles marked with an asterisk * are independent stories not related to the Instrumentality universe.
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The planet Norstrilia (Old North Australia), a semi-arid planet where an immortality drug called
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lost forever. Another story claims that he accidentally left the notebook in a restaurant in
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School of Advanced International Studies. He traveled extensively and became a member of the
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According to Cordwainer Smith scholar Alan C. Elms, this speculation first reached print in
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and the Operation Planning and Intelligence Board. He also helped organize the army's first
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Smith's works consist of one novel, originally published in two volumes in edited form as
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the people were no longer quite human, but something perhaps better, certainly different.
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Some of Smith's stories are written in narrative styles closer to traditional
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of science fiction, but they are ultimately more optimistic and distinctive.
649:), "Anthony Bearden" (for his poetry) and "Felix C. Forrest" (for the novels 1547:. Duke Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Political Science 1048:"Draft statement of a ten-year China and Indochina policy, 1956–1966" (1956) 1037:
Immediate improvement of theater-level psychological warfare in the Far East
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The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-Sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I
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Smith's novelette "Drunkboat" took the cover of the October 1963 issue of
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suggested to Linebarger that he adopt the Chinese name "Lin Bai-lo" (
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than to most English-language fiction, as well as reminiscent of the
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in the reserves. He was recalled to advise the British forces in the
699:(1993), including two versions of the short story "War No. 81-Q"). 2058: 1965: 1260:"Down to a Sunless Sea" (October 1975) (with Genevieve Linebarger) 993: 906: 856: 412: 248: 226: 214: 2039: 2029: 1680:"Behind the Jet-Propelled Couch: Cordwainer Smith and Kirk Allen" 391:
While retaining his professorship at Duke after the beginning of
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Smith's most celebrated short story is his first-published, "
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In 1947, Linebarger moved to the Johns Hopkins University's
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From 1937 to 1946, Linebarger held a faculty appointment at
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Stimpson, Ashley; Irtenkauf, Jeffrey (September 5, 2018).
1266:"The Colonel Came Back from the Nothing-at-All" (May 1979) 795:
strata. These features may place Smith's works within the
1870:"Cordwainer Smith: The Ballad of Lost Linebarger, Part 2" 438:(1948), regarded by many in the field as a classic text. 1712:
Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction.
1134:"Western Science Is So Wonderful" (December 1958) * 434:. He used his experiences in the war to write the book 817:
The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964
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People of the United States Office of War Information
419:. By the end of the war, he had risen to the rank of 1150:"Golden the Ship Was—Oh! Oh! Oh!" (April 1959) 1043:
Far Eastern Government and Politics: China and Japan
384:, where he began producing highly regarded works on 1508:"Paul M. A. Linebarger, 1913-1966: An Appreciation" 1378:(1975; first complete publication in intended form) 1318:(1963, collection of short science fiction stories) 687:(1968), and later restored to its original form as 430:in Washington, DC, where he served as Professor of 202: 194: 184: 168: 157: 149: 141: 131: 120: 100: 79: 53: 34: 1851: 1570: 278:works. Linebarger was a US Army officer, a noted 235:was the cover story on the October 1962 issue of 1801:"日韩精品香蕉久久夜夜嗨蜜臀,亚洲老熟女乱女一区二区,五月伊人网,熟妇人妻系列AV无码一区二区" 1015:The China of Chiang K'ai-shek: A Political Study 1628:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 86–87. 970:), Talatashar (based on an Arabic dialect form 891:figure, is descended from dogs; and B'dikkat (" 616: 403:, where he was involved in the creation of the 1850:Smith, Cordwainer (1975). Pierce, J.J. (ed.). 812:Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America 1762: 1760: 1758: 1668:New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1954. 1344:(1966; four related science fiction novellas) 8: 2214:United States Army personnel of World War II 1603:"New Book Points Up Middle East Involvement" 1404:(1994; corrected edition with variant texts) 1156:"The Fife Of Bodhidharma" (June 1959) * 827:The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two 1896:"Cordwainer Smith - The Rediscovery of Man" 1723:Weinstein, Lee. "In Search of Kirk Allen," 1245:The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal 1159:"The Lady Who Sailed The Soul" (April 1960) 1052:Essays on military psychological operations 839:. His universe featured creations such as: 693:(1975); and 32 short stories (collected in 27:American science fiction writer (1913–1966) 2084:Past Masters: Forest of Incandescent Bliss 2003: 1045:(1954; with Djang Chu and Ardath W. Burks) 474:, and was called upon to advise President 31: 2139:20th-century American short story writers 1263:"The Queen of the Afternoon" (April 1978) 1131:"The Burning of the Brain" (October 1958) 571:Linebarger is long rumored to have been " 532:Learn how and when to remove this message 461:, but is known to have done work for the 368:Learn how and when to remove this message 1272:"War No. 81-Q" (rewritten version, 1993) 1234:"The Good Friends" (October 1963) * 926:also suggests the name of the Norse god 428:School of Advanced International Studies 1929:Works by Cordwainer Smith in eBook form 1453: 549:Johns Hopkins University Medical Center 274:, was an American author known for his 2149:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery 1947:Works by Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger 1938:Works by Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger 1784: 1782: 1605:. San Antonio Express. August 12, 1969 1358:Under Old Earth and Other Explorations 1222:"Three to a Given Star" (October 1965) 1111:" (original version, June 1928) * 1023:(1948; revised second edition, 1954 - 824:" was similarly honored, appearing in 631:", and a "smith" is "one who works in 2046:, with 18 library catalog records 2001:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 1390:(1979; short science fiction stories) 1384:(1975; short science fiction stories) 1366:(1971; short science fiction stories) 1360:(1970; short science fiction stories) 1336:(1965; short science fiction stories) 1312:(1949; writing as "Carmichael Smith") 1304:(1948; writing as "Felix C. Forrest") 1298:(1947; writing as "Felix C. Forrest") 1216:"On the Storm Planet" (February 1965) 1204:The stories making up the collection 7: 2036:, with 7 library catalog records 1981:Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger Papers 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1219:"On the Sand Planet" (December 1965) 1137:"No, No, Not Rogov!" (February 1959) 978:) and Sh'san (based on Mandarin 十三, 913:Early works in the timeline include 783:of Earth. The settings range from a 594:'s 1973 history of science fiction, 514:adding citations to reliable sources 350:adding citations to reliable sources 1738:"Scholarly Corner, by Alan C. Elms" 1183:"From Gustible's Planet"(July 1962) 2219:20th-century American male writers 1957:Works by or about Cordwainer Smith 1725:New York Review of Science Fiction 1692:from the original on June 14, 2018 1443:Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award 1213:"On the Gem Planet" (October 1963) 1072:Journey in Search of a Destination 575:", the fantasy-haunted subject of 441:He eventually rose to the rank of 25: 2224:20th-century pseudonymous writers 2204:American male non-fiction writers 2189:American male short story writers 1624:Smith, Joseph Burkholder (1976). 1577:. Simon & Schuster. pp.  1257:"Under Old Earth" (February 1966) 855:The punishment world Shayol (cf. 411:section. In 1943, he was sent to 2159:Johns Hopkins University faculty 2134:American science fiction writers 1973: 1767:Pohl, Frederik (December 1966). 779:Smith's stories describe a long 586:'s best-selling 1954 collection 490: 395:, Linebarger began serving as a 326: 42: 2174:Psychological warfare theorists 2164:Johns Hopkins University alumni 2114:20th-century American novelists 1640:"Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger" 501:needs additional citations for 337:needs additional citations for 2073:"Remembering Cordwainer Smith" 2068:. Arlington National Cemetery. 2026:(no records) at LC Authorities 1388:The Instrumentality of Mankind 1171:Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons 1153:"Angerhelm" (June 1959) * 1009:Government in Republican China 850:Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons 728: 719: 711: 1: 2040:Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger 1506:Hornbeck, Stanley K. (1966). 268:Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger 161:East Asia political science, 57:Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger 1854:The Best of Cordwainer Smith 1382:The Best of Cordwainer Smith 681:The Boy Who Bought Old Earth 2184:Religion in science fiction 2179:United States Army colonels 1985:Hoover Institution Archives 1972:(public domain audiobooks) 1309:Atomsk: A Novel of Suspense 1252:The Dead Lady of Clown Town 1140:"Nancy" (March 1959) * 1031:Foreign milieux (HBM 200/1) 885:The Dead Lady of Clown Town 561:Arlington National Cemetery 463:Central Intelligence Agency 2240: 1714:New York: Doubleday, 1973. 1678:Elms, Alan C. (May 2002). 1486:The Johns Hopkins Magazine 1354:, with some rearrangement) 1328:, with some rearrangement) 1316:You Will Never Be The Same 1123:The Game of Rat and Dragon 870:The Game of Rat and Dragon 766:Instrumentality of Mankind 577:"The Jet-Propelled Couch," 472:Foreign Policy Association 282:scholar, and an expert in 2129:American military writers 1966:Works by Cordwainer Smith 1789:Oxford English Dictionary 1422:Quest of the Three Worlds 1341:Quest of the Three Worlds 1207:Quest of the Three Worlds 1188:The Ballad of Lost C'Mell 1064:1939 (rewritten in 1947) 822:The Ballad of Lost C'Mell 405:Office of War Information 233:The Ballad of Lost C'Mell 41: 2194:Novelists from Wisconsin 1858:. Nelson Doubleday, Inc. 895:") has bovine ancestors. 635:or other metals; esp. a 312:Johns Hopkins University 290:Early life and education 136:Johns Hopkins University 2199:Novelists from Maryland 2154:Duke University faculty 2124:American male novelists 1826:"A Daughter's Memories" 901:and their supervisors, 465:. In 1969 CIA officer 2169:Writers from Milwaukee 2119:American Episcopalians 1773:Galaxy Science Fiction 1666:The Fifty-Minute Hour. 1395:The Rediscovery of Man 1350:(1968; second half of 1164:Alpha Ralpha Boulevard 998: 836:Galaxy Science Fiction 696:The Rediscovery of Man 621: 588:The Fifty-Minute Hour. 264: 246: 238:Galaxy Science Fiction 224: 1545:"Our 85 Year History" 1324:(1964; first half of 1195:Think Blue, Count Two 1178:A Planet Named Shayol 1128:"Mark Elf" (May 1957) 1116:Scanners Live in Vain 1021:Psychological Warfare 997: 990:Published non-fiction 948:Think Blue, Count Two 893:A Planet Named Shayol 804:Scanners Live in Vain 606:Science fiction style 436:Psychological Warfare 409:psychological warfare 284:psychological warfare 252: 230: 218: 179:Psychological Warfare 174:Scanners Live in Vain 163:psychological warfare 48:Smith, c. early 1960s 2144:American sinologists 2077:The Atlantic Monthly 1830:cordwainer-smith.com 1742:cordwainer-smith.com 1646:on December 26, 2008 1626:Portrait of Cold War 1482:"Throngs of himself" 1418:When the People Fell 1145:When the People Fell 797:Dying Earth subgenre 510:improve this article 346:improve this article 2044:Library of Congress 2034:Library of Congress 1573:The Game of Nations 1567:Copeland, Miles Jr. 716:traditional Chinese 567:Case history debate 482:Marriage and family 1902:on October 6, 2014 1769:"Cordwainer Smith" 1408:We the Underpeople 1059:Unpublished novels 999: 750:Rediscovery of Man 708:simplified Chinese 596:Billion Year Spree 467:Miles Copeland Jr. 401:United States Army 265: 247: 231:Smith's novelette 225: 1942:Project Gutenberg 1710:Aldiss, Brian W. 1664:Lindner, Robert. 1433: 1432: 1281: 1280: 1197:" (February 1963) 1089:Published fiction 1078:The Dead Can Bite 584:Robert M. Lindner 542: 541: 534: 447:Malayan Emergency 397:second lieutenant 378: 377: 370: 213: 212: 190:Genevieve Collins 126:political science 16:(Redirected from 2231: 2088:Galactic Central 2062: 2061: 2059:Official website 2030:Cordwainer Smith 2024:Carmichael Smith 2022:(3 records) and 2020:Felix C. Forrest 2011:Cordwainer Smith 2007: 1997:Cordwainer Smith 1991:Other references 1977: 1976: 1961:Internet Archive 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1898:. Archived from 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1876:on June 17, 2012 1872:. Archived from 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1734: 1728: 1721: 1715: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1642:. 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Retrieved 1900:the original 1890: 1878:. Retrieved 1874:the original 1864: 1853: 1845: 1833:. Retrieved 1829: 1820: 1808:. Retrieved 1804: 1795: 1775:. p. 6. 1772: 1745:. Retrieved 1741: 1732: 1724: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1694:. Retrieved 1685:. UC Davis. 1673: 1665: 1660: 1650:November 29, 1648:. Retrieved 1644:the original 1634: 1625: 1619: 1607:. Retrieved 1597: 1572: 1561: 1549:. Retrieved 1539: 1527:. Retrieved 1518:(2): 79–82. 1515: 1511: 1501: 1489:. 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S. Lewis 745:Anglicanism 704:Sun Yat-Sen 627:leather; a 600:Leon Stover 459:Vietnam War 386:Far Eastern 296:Sun Yat-sen 209:(godfather) 207:Sun Yat-sen 2098:Categories 2066:Linebarger 1951:Faded Page 1906:October 6, 1449:References 1412:Norstrilia 1402:Norstrilia 1375:Norstrilia 1352:Norstrilia 1326:Norstrilia 1076:1947-1948 966:), Trece ( 960:Indonesian 915:neologisms 866:spacecraft 741:psychiatry 737:psychology 690:Norstrilia 637:blacksmith 573:Kirk Allen 455:Korean War 259:. Art by 101:Occupation 62:1913-07-11 1229:Drunkboat 1082:Sarmantia 899:Habermans 729:Lín Báilè 668:tales of 629:shoemaker 553:Baltimore 388:affairs. 301:godfather 280:East Asia 203:Relatives 145:1937–1965 121:Education 110:professor 90:Baltimore 73:Wisconsin 69:Milwaukee 1970:LibriVox 1953:(Canada) 1880:June 13, 1687:Archived 1609:June 22, 1569:(1969). 1529:July 12, 1524:20670775 1437:See also 1080:(a.k.a. 972:ثلاث عشر 903:Scanners 625:cordovan 557:Maryland 449:and the 195:Children 94:Maryland 1999:at the 1983:at the 1959:at the 1696:May 29, 1581:, 113. 968:Spanish 641:farrier 453:in the 443:colonel 399:of the 223:in 1950 198:Several 158:Subject 124:PhD in 1585:  1522:  1461:53–72. 1428: 1302:Carola 1276: 1054:(1966) 1039:(1951) 1033:(1951) 1017:(1941) 1011:(1938) 1005:(1937) 980:shísān 910:Vain". 907:nerves 887:"), a 845:stroon 774:Rhodes 726:: 724:pinyin 718:: 710:: 655:Carola 646:Atomsk 318:Career 185:Spouse 142:Period 107:Writer 96:, U.S. 75:, U.S. 1923:Texts 1690:(PDF) 1683:(PDF) 1520:JSTOR 1070:1946 964:Malay 956:kuusi 952:viisi 940:fifty 857:Sheol 666:Genji 421:major 413:China 150:Genre 2015:IMDb 1908:2014 1882:2012 1837:2023 1812:2023 1749:2023 1698:2020 1652:2008 1611:2017 1583:ISBN 1553:2021 1531:2021 1493:2023 962:and 932:lima 928:Odin 875:The 820:. 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Index

Paul Linebarger
Smith, c. early 1960s
Milwaukee
Wisconsin
Baltimore
Maryland
political science
Johns Hopkins University
psychological warfare
Scanners Live in Vain
Sun Yat-sen


Galaxy Science Fiction
Virgil Finlay

Amazing Stories
Lloyd Birmingham
science fiction
East Asia
psychological warfare
Sun Yat-sen
godfather
Johns Hopkins University

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Duke University

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