391:. A community of practice is a group of people who, through interaction and shared context, define a set of practices based upon language style, values, belief systems, dynamics of power, and performance. Examples of communities of practice could be mechanics working at a shop, regular members of a religious congregation, faculty members in a specific department, and members of a sports team that practice and play regularly together. The community of practice is defined by the context of the environment and social dynamics which include age, gender, sex, sexuality, and social class of the participants. One's identity is thus shaped by one's membership and participation in a variety of communities of practice. While originally based on sociological research on 'newcomers' and 'old-timers' in a place of employment, communities of practice, according to Eckert, have a legitimate role in shaping identity through language.
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environment and within similar age groups. Burnouts, on the other hand, embody working-class cultures, resisting the corporate norms of education in preparation to enter the blue-collar workforce; burnouts' social networks extend across age groups and local and urban environments. Rather than restrict students to the two categories, Eckert emphasizes the hegemonic nature of the dichotomy that structures students' self-identification. In other words, few students exist outside the dichotomy, instead locating themselves as "In-betweens."
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her graduate students from
Stanford University created a study called "Voices of California", which examines English language variation in different parts of California. California is one of the newer states as well as an ethnically diverse state. The pre-conceived notion that California speech is based solely on Hollywood is false and the cultural and linguistic diversity throughout the state is sizable.
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profanity are problematic because the reasons for such discourse could be varied. Profanity could be used as an affront to authority, a marker of style to establish a rougher identity, as dissociating from communities of practice of the 'goodies' social groups, or as associating with a profanity-using mother. Eckert claims that as hair and dress change across communities of practice, so does language
432:'. Historically, tags and intonation have been thought of as the language of subordination in mixed-gender settings. Eckert, however, points out that in all-female communities, tags and intonation are used to assert dominance and power. Eckert emphasizes that under a community of practice paradigm, language and gender must avoid generalizations, must be seen as active, must be viewed under an
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247:. During this period she specialized in the spread of sound change across geographical regions, specifically in Southern France. She studied the elderly population, who were the first generation to learn French as a second language after their regional language. She returned to Gascon in 2005 to continue her work there, focusing on the diversity of
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stereotypes are known to be a distinctive
Californian cultured dialect. California women are known for valley-girl language, whereas California men are known for their pitch rising throughout their sentences following a plateau. Uptalk also occurs later in their phrases and Eckert is known to analyze
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Eckert researches language in discourse communities as well as recognizing the linguistic and ethnic dialects that continue to grow. She not only studies the change in children's and teenagers' vernacular in
California, but she also analyses how the language and vowels are pronounced. Both Eckert and
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Eckert developed three waves of analytic practice to facilitate the study of sociolinguistics and how it varies within communities. The first wave focuses on how linguistic variations relate to different demographic communities in highly populated
American cities. The second wave deconstructed social
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Perhaps the greatest focus of Eckert's work has been the construction of gender within communities of practice. Eckert is cautious of many sociolinguistic studies that draw conclusions about language and gender without taking multiple contextual factors and the variety of community of practices into
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Eckert's work employs ethnographic research and follows preadolescents' linguistic development throughout elementary and middle school years. Eckert notes that pitch is in relation to gender when referring to women and their tonality. She explains that the tone of a woman's voice displays theatrical
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In the
Californian vernacular, vowels are either merged or form a diphthong. Words like "dawn" and "don" are pronounced similarly; different vowels that are pronounced with the same sound. A common word like "mom" can sound like "mawm". Diphthong is the combined sound of two vowels in one syllable.
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approach, Eckert studied the stylistic development of a heterosexual marketplace or field of gender difference among fifth and sixth graders. In particular, Eckert examined the role of linguistic variation in this development, including nasal variation in /ae/, emotional expression via pitch range,
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As president of the organization, Eckert worked to combat workplace harassment and power dynamics in the linguistics community, through a panel entitled "Our
Linguistics Community: Addressing Bias, Power Dynamics, Harassment," as well as developing an open dialogue among the ethics, status of women
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Furthermore, Eckert posits language style as a mechanism by which one establishes identity within communities of practice. For example, Eckert provides examples of early adolescent girls' use of profanity in a variety of communities of practice. She points out that generalizations about the use of
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is known for the linguistic and paralinguistic features that articulate vowels "o" and "u", pronounced "eeuw". Popular
California vernacular is known for transitional words like "oh", said like "oeeuw" and phrases consisting of, "I'm like" and "she's like", "I'm all" and "he's all", alongside the
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Eckert expanded upon Lave and Wenger's concept by focusing on language use within communities of practice. Through commonalities in the use of language, identities are constructed and co-constructed. In each community, membership is negotiated through language use. Phoneme variation, topics of
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Eckert's research aims to address shifts in linguistic patterns in how gender is addressed and concentrates on adolescents since they are the "movers and shakers in linguistic change". She does this through the use of "in-depth ethnographic fieldwork focusing on the relation between variation,
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on the backing and lowering (uh), finding no correlation; this would indicate that parents' socioeconomic status had no substantial effect. Rather, it was students' jock/burnout identities and social network clusters that showed the stronger correlation, wherein burnouts exhibited the highest
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Jocks, embodying middle-class values, profit from the corporate organization of education which simulates expectations and norms of the corporate workplace, one in which personal values coincide with those of the organization; their social networks are restricted to those within the school
417:'s work on gender and language, Eckert points out the contextual limits of making generalizations from those studies. She also highlights that studies of gender and language ought to not solely focus on linguistic differences but also examine overlaps in language use.
196:, where she had previously served on a number of committees, including the ethics, ethnic diversity in linguistics, nominating, and status of women in linguistics, where she served as committee chair from 1990 to 1991. In 2016, she was elected president of the LSA.
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The
California dialects also play a role in establishing vowel shifts throughout the state. Californians view their dialect as similar and identifiable to most states, excluding locations with distinct accents such as Chicago and New York.
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interest, vocabulary use, discursive practices, and avoidance or uptake of standardized
English are all language variables in which one negotiates identity, relationships, and power within and across communities of practice.
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Eckert's research shows that adolescents are the "movers and shakers of linguistic change," which explains her focus on this demographic in much of her research, specifically the creation of adolescence in the United States.
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Eckert became interested in her field of work through her own experience, dissatisfied with the way that it was being approached from a scholarly standpoint. Eckert has mainly collaborated with
312:; one school served a predominantly working-class and middle-class Anglo-American population, while the other served a primarily poor and ethnically diverse student population. Adopting a
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structures with a more ethnographic approach. Finally, the third wave built upon the first two waves by articulating how these social structures are interpreted in a local context.
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Mallison, Christine; Childs, Becky (2007). "Communities of practice in sociolinguistic description: Analyzing language and identity practices among black women in
Appalachia".
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Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet. (1992) Communities of Practice: Where Language, Gender and Power all Live. In Kira Hall, Mary Bucholtz and Birch Moonwomon eds.,
177:. She is the author or co-author of three books on sociolinguistics, the co-editor of three collections, and author of numerous scholarly papers in the field. She attended
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Eckert, Penelope. (1995) Constructing meaning, constructing selves: Snapshots of language, gender and class from Belten High. In Mary Buchholtz and Kira Hall eds.,
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Eckert points out that gender is not solitary, but socially constructed through multi-modal factors such as class, sexuality, age, ethnicity, and sex. For example,
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Eckert, Penelope (2004). The Good Woman. in Mary Bucholtz ed. Language and woman's place: Text and commentaries. New York: Oxford University Press. 165-70.
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high schools. Eckert's work highlighted social categories as cultures that structured the use of phonological variables within the high school setting.
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Eckert, Penelope (1980). "The structure of a long-term phonological process: The back vowel chain shift in Soulatan Gascon". In William Labov (ed.).
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Eckert, Penelope. (in press). Affect, sound symbolism, and variation. In: Selected papers from NWAV 37. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics. 15.2.
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Eckert, Penelope (2000) Language Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Malden, Massachusetts
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Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet. (1992) Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community-Based Practice.
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Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (1992). "THINK PRACTICALLY AND LOOK LOCALLY: Language and Gender a Community-Based Practice".
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Eckert, Penelope (1996). Vowels and nailpolish: The emergence of linguistic style in the preadolescent heterosexual marketplace. In:
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where she is an active affiliate of the feminist, gender, and sexuality studies program, and is a member of various committees.
658:. Edited by Penelope Eckert. The Committee on the Status of Women in Linguistics of the Linguistic Society of America. (1990)
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Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet. (1999) New generalizations and explanations in language and gender research.
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ed. by Kathryn Campbell-Kibler, Robert J. Podesva, Sarah J. Roberts and Andrew Wong, 99-110. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
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236:. The two started working together in 1990, have given talks together, and worked on one of her most well known works,
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Eckert, Penelope. (1998). Gender, social engagement, and linguistic style. In Inge Lise Pedersen, Jann Scheuer Eds.,
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are central to understanding the social classification that exists within and between communities of practice.
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Eckert, Penelope (1985). "Grammatical Constraints in Phonological Change: Unstressed *a in Southern France".
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Eckert, Penelope. (2003). Language and gender in adolescence. in Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff eds.,
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Eckert, Penelope (1990) Personal and Professional Networks In Alice Davison and Penelope Eckert Eds.,
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Paper presented at the 96th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Washington DC.
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Linguistic variation as social practice : the linguistic construction of identity in Belten High
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Her more recent work focuses on the social meaning of linguistic variables, particularly in English.
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Eckert, Penelope. (1997). Gender, race and class in the preadolescent marketplace of identities.
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Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group, 89-99. Reprinted in Jennifer Coates ed. (In press).
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Sprog, Koen – og Kommunikation. Rapport fra 3.Nordiske Konference om Sproeg og Koen. Koebenhavn.
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1687:"Review of Style and sociolinguistic variation, Edited by Penelope Eckert and John R. Rickford"
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Eckert's focus on language in adolescence and preadolescence began in the early eighties with
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Eckert, Penelope (1988). "Adolescent social structure and the spread of linguistic change".
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21, 461-90. (Reprinted in Camille Roman, Suzanne Juhasz and Christanne Miller eds. (1994).
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1485:. Bucholtz, Mary, 1966- (Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Eckert, Penelope. (1999) Comments on Don Kulick's paper "Language and Gender/Sexuality".
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Eckert, Penelope. (1997) Gender and sociolinguistic variation. in Jennifer Coates ed.
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In the late nineties, Eckert conducted ethnographic work at two elementary schools in
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Eckert, Penelope. (1994) Identities of subordination as a developmental imperative.
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Eckert, Penelope. (1990) The Whole Woman: Sex and Gender Differences in Variation.
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http://www.language-culture.org/archives/mailing-lists/l-c/199911/msg00004.html
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Locating Power: Proceedings of the 1992 Berkeley Women and Language Conference.
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cliché surfer and skateboarder slang that California English dialect includes.
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1220:. In N. Warner; J. Ahlers; L. Bilmes; M. Oliver; S. Wertheim; M. Chen (eds.).
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O'Grady, William; Archibald, John; Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie (2001).
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Central to Eckert's sociolinguistic theoretical framework is the concept of
300:, among jocks, in-betweens, and burnouts, as well as the effect of parents'
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Meaning and linguistic variation : the third wave in sociolinguistics
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Eckert, Penelope. (1990) Cooperative Competition in Adolescent Girl Talk.
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and use as people seek connections across various linguistic communities.
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ed. by Jocelyn Ahlers et al. Berkeley: Berkeley women and language group.
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914:"Our Linguistics Community: Addressing Bias, Power Dynamics, Harassment"
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Eckert examined the extreme backing and lowering of (uh), a step in the
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Eckert, Penelope (1983). "The Paradox of Regional Language Movements".
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Past and present of long-term phonological processes in Soulatan Gascon
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Contributions made by Penelope Eckert. San Diego: Academic Press (1991)
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1442:"New Generalizations and Explanations in Language and Gender Research"
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Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School
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1277:"Stanford linguists seek to identify the elusive California accent"
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1, 245P67. (Reprinted in Donald Brenneis and Ronald Macaulay eds.,
145:(born 1942) is Albert Ray Lang Professor Emerita of Linguistics at
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Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice.
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Gender Articulated: Language and the Culturally Constructed Self.
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Meaning and Linguistic Variation: Third Wave in Sociolinguistics
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in linguistics, and ethnic diversity in linguistics committees.
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The Matrix of Language: Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology.
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Eckert, Penelope. (2002) Demystifying sexuality and desire.
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Words like "coin" and "house" are examples of a diphthong.
1117:"My Work on Language and Adolescence and Preadolescence"
375:. The notion of community of practice was formulated by
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linguistic style, social identity and social practice."
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Language and woman's place : text and commentaries
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11. - 13. oktober 1997. Copenhagen: C.A.Reitzels Forlag
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Situated Learning: Legitimate peripheral participation
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in 2011. In 2012, she was inducted as a Fellow of the
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Stanford University Department of Linguistics faculty
1715:. Eckert, Penelope. San Diego: Academic Press. 1991.
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Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
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both of whom Eckert met in 1989 while working at the
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Her early work focused on phonological variation in
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Eckert received her PhD in linguistics in 1978 from
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461:13, 92P122. (Reprinted in Deborah Tannen ed. 1993.
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Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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428:are typically attributed to be common markers of '
317:and indexicality of /o/, /ay/, and /ow/ fronting.
1440:Eckert, Penelope; Mcconnell-Ginet, Sally (1999).
991:Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003).
615:New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 432-60).
542:Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003).
524:2. Palo Alto: Institute for Research on Learning.
452:Publications, collaborations, and editorial work
153:and is the author of several scholarly works on
1302:"Language and Power in the Heterosexual Market"
1072:Stanford University Linguistics Department Page
589:Eckert, Penelope; Rickford, John, eds. (1997).
1398:(4th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
1224:. Berkeley: Berkeley women and language group.
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585:Washington DC: Linguistic Society of America.
186:International Gender and Language Association
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1805:Fellows of the Linguistic Society of America
1426:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
583:The Cornell Lectures: Women in Linguistics.
362:Communities of practice in sociolinguistics
188:from 2000 until 2003. She was elected as a
1670:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1319:"Is Valley Girl Speak, Like, on the Rise?"
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1396:Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction
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995:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1810:Linguistic Society of America presidents
593:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
546:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
305:frequency of (uh) backing and lowering.
203:Eckert is a professor of linguistics at
1609:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
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571:. New York: Cambridge University Press
522:Working Papers on Learning and Identity
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463:Gender and Conversational Interaction.
184:Eckert served as the president of the
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413:'s 1966's department store study and
157:. She served as the president of the
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1422:Leve, Jean; Wenger, Etienne (1991).
335:appeal and variability in language.
1202:. New York: Teachers College Press.
1026:Locating Language in Time and Space
723:"CURRICULUM VITAE: PENELOPE ECKERT"
656:Women in the Linguistics Profession
650:New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change.
591:Style and Sociolinguistic Variation
534:. New York: Teachers College Press.
1713:New ways of analyzing sound change
1548:. PhD Thesis: Columbia University.
1321:. December 7, 2013. Archived from
868:"LSA Fellows by Year of Induction"
395:Community of practice and language
385:Institute for Research on Learning
14:
1638:Penelope, Eckert (July 5, 2018).
851:"List of Active Members by Class"
629:Boulder: Westview Press, 116-37.)
465:Oxford University Press, 91P122.)
1795:Linguists from the United States
642:and Penelope Eckert eds. (1990)
562:Handbook of Language and Gender.
502:Readings in Language and Gender.
474:Readings in Language and Gender.
404:Community of practice and gender
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1531:10.1146/annurev.anthro.21.1.461
1345:"American Varieties California"
939:"Penelope Eckert Staff Webpage"
1481:Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (2004).
701:"Stanford Linguistics Faculty"
646:Linguistic Society of America.
623:Language Variation and Change.
613:The Women and Language Debate.
609:Annual Review of Anthropology.
409:consideration. While praising
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1519:Annual Review of Anthropology
918:Linguistic Society of America
893:Linguistic Society of America
774:Linguistic Society of America
194:Linguistic Society of America
181:in 1963 as an undergraduate.
173:, where she was a student of
159:Linguistic Society of America
151:variationist sociolinguistics
52:secondary or tertiary sources
58:, especially if potentially
36:biography of a living person
1028:. New York: Academic Press.
481:Language-Culture Symposium.
298:Northern Cities Chain Shift
56:must be removed immediately
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1785:Columbia University alumni
1605:Penelope., Eckert (2000).
634:Gender and belief systems.
1459:10.1017/s0047404599002031
1370:"Penny Eckert's Web Page"
1252:"Penny Eckert's Web Page"
1222:Gender and Belief Systems
1213:Eckert, Penelope (1996).
1196:Eckert, Penelope (1989).
1162:10.1017/s0047404500012756
1044:Penelope Eckert's Webpage
964:"Penny Eckert's Web Page"
567:Eckert, Penelope (2018).
528:Eckert, Penelope (1989).
1800:American women linguists
285:project set in suburban
271:Language and adolescence
676:List of women linguists
314:communities of practice
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344:California vowel shift
50:Please help by adding
16:American sociolinguist
1099:10.1558/genl.v1i2.173
644:The Cornell Lectures.
476:Cambridge: Blackwell.
373:community of practice
367:Community of practice
226:Sally McConnell-Ginet
149:. She specializes in
576:Language in Society.
459:Discourse Processes.
438:ethnographic studies
310:San Jose, California
302:socioeconomic status
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1281:Stanford University
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1087:Gender and Language
993:Language and gender
544:Language and Gender
490:Routledge, 469-507.
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564:Oxford: Blackwell.
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351:California English
340:uptalk in detail.
278:Jocks and Burnouts
234:Cornell University
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1068:"Penelope Eckert"
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1349:www.pbs.org
1329:October 13,
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1261:October 13,
1126:October 11,
873:January 15,
835:October 11,
62:or harmful.
1759:Categories
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664:9994775782
249:isoglosses
220:Early work
112:March 2022
82:newspapers
41:references
1739:cite book
1666:cite book
1594:: 169–89.
1178:146728609
973:March 19,
389:Palo Alto
377:Jean Lave
165:Biography
161:in 2018.
1731:23286425
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1501:52706078
1049:March 5,
1040:"Gascon"
1011:57419689
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807:March 4,
670:See also
230:Emeritis
135:Penelope
60:libelous
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287:Detroit
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1174:S2CID
1166:JSTOR
854:(PDF)
726:(PDF)
682:Notes
446:style
281:, an
139:Penny
103:JSTOR
89:books
34:This
1745:link
1727:OCLC
1717:ISBN
1699:2011
1672:link
1654:OCLC
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1128:2017
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