Peptic ulcer disease - Knowledge (XXG)

1557: 1627: 1380:. NSAIDs of the COX-2 inhibitors type may reduce the rate of ulcers when compared to non-selective NSAIDs. PPI is the most popular agent in peptic ulcer prevention. However, there is no evidence that H2 antagonists can prevent stomach bleeding for those taking NSAIDs. Although misoprostol is effective in preventing peptic ulcer, its properties of promoting abortion and causing gastrointestinal distress limit its use. For those with high cardiovascular risk, naproxen with PPI can be a useful choice. Otherwise, low-dose aspirin, celecoxib, and PPI can also be used. 1532:(INR) should be kept at 1.5. For aspirin users who required endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer, there is two times increased risk of rebleeding but with ten times reduced risk of death at eight weeks following the resumption of aspirin. For those who were on double antiplatelet agents for indwelling stent in blood vessels, both antiplatelet agents should not be stopped because there is a high risk of stent thrombosis. For those who were under 1540:(FFP), vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, or recombinant factor VIIa can be given to reverse the effect of warfarin. High doses of vitamin K should be avoided to reduce the time for rewarfarinisation once the stomach bleeding has stopped. Prothrombin complex concentrates are preferred for severe bleeding. Recombinant factor VIIa is reserved for life-threatening bleeding because of its high risk of thromboembolism. 1277: 1389: 53: 485: 1256: 1135: 477: 643:, it may last from few minutes to several hours, and it may be worse when the stomach is empty. Also, sometimes the pain may flare at night, and it can commonly be temporarily relieved by eating foods that buffer stomach acid or by taking anti-acid medication. However, peptic ulcer disease symptoms may be different for everyone. 1019:, is carried out on people in whom a peptic ulcer is suspected. It is also the gold standard of diagnosis for peptic ulcer disease. By direct visual identification, the location and severity of an ulcer can be described. Moreover, if no ulcer is present, EGD can often provide an alternative diagnosis. 873:

as the latter's appear as a consequence of inflammation of the mucosa (presence of neutrophil and submucosal edema), the former instead as a consequence of a direct damage of the NSAID molecule against COX enzymes, altering the hydrophobic state of the mucus, the permeability of the lining epithelium

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has been reducing from 90% to 70%. However, the rate of eradication can be increased by doubling the dosage of pantoprazole or increasing the duration of treatment to 14 days. Quadruple therapy (pantoprazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole) can also be used. The quadruple therapy can

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Peptic ulcer disease had a tremendous effect on morbidity and mortality until the last decades of the 20th century when epidemiological trends started to point to an impressive fall in its incidence. The reason that the rates of peptic ulcer disease decreased is thought to be the development of new

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While chronic life stress was once believed to be the main cause of ulcers, this is no longer the case. It is, however, still occasionally believed to play a role. This may be due to the well-documented effects of stress on gastric physiology, increasing the risk in those with other causes, such as

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Feliberti E, Hughes MS, Perry RR, Vinik A, Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Perreault L, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Trence DL, Vinik A, Wilson DP (28 November 2013). "Gastrinoma

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fraser MS, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Huynh C, Johnson

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consumption, were hypothesized to cause ulcers until the late 20th century, but have been shown to be of relatively minor importance. Caffeine and coffee, also commonly thought to cause or exacerbate ulcers, appear to have little effect. Similarly, while studies have found that alcohol consumption

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Gastric ulcers are most often localized on the lesser curvature of the stomach. The ulcer is a round to oval parietal defect ("hole"), 2–4 cm diameter, with a smooth base and perpendicular borders. These borders are not elevated or irregular in the acute form of peptic ulcer, and regular but

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If a peptic ulcer perforates, air will leak from inside the gastrointestinal tract (which always contains some air) to the peritoneal cavity (which normally never contains air). This leads to "free gas" within the peritoneal cavity. If the person stands, as when having a chest X-ray, the gas will

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and lamina propria, usually produced by acid-pepsin aggression. Ulcer margins are perpendicular and present chronic gastritis. During the active phase, the base of the ulcer shows four zones: fibrinoid necrosis, inflammatory exudate, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue. The fibrous base of the

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and ulcer size of greater than 2 cm, there is a high chance that the endoscopic treatment would fail. Therefore, surgery and angiographic embolism are reserved for these complicated cases. However, there is a higher rate of complication for those who underwent surgery to patch the stomach

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can be given before endoscopy to improve endoscopic view. Either high- or low-dose PPIs are equally effective in reducing bleeding after endoscopy. High-dose intravenous PPI is defined as a bolus dose of 80 mg followed by an infusion of 8 mg per hour for 72 hours—in other words, the

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are not reliable for accurate peptic ulcer diagnosis on their own is their inability to differentiate between past exposure to the bacteria and current infection. Additionally, a false negative result is possible with a blood test if the person has recently been taking certain drugs, such as

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Peptic ulcers are present in around 4% of the population. New ulcers were found in around 87.4 million people worldwide during 2015. About 10% of people develop a peptic ulcer at some point in their life. Peptic ulcers resulted in 267,500 deaths in 2015, down from 327,000 in 1990. The first

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to create an alkaline environment, which is suitable for its survival. It expresses blood group antigen-binding adhesin (BabA) and outer inflammatory protein adhesin (OipA), which enables it to attach to the gastric epithelium. The bacterium also expresses virulence factors such as

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to detect H. pylori. To perform this exam, the person is asked to drink a tasteless liquid that contains the carbon as part of the substance that the bacteria breaks down. After an hour, the person is asked to blow into a sealed bag. If the person is infected with

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Also, the symptoms of peptic ulcers may vary with the location of the ulcer and the person's age. Furthermore, typical ulcers tend to heal and recur, and as a result the pain may occur for few days and weeks and then wane or disappear. Usually, children and the

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infections roughly matches age (i.e., 20% at age 20, 30% at age 30, 80% at age 80, etc.). Prevalence is higher in third world countries, where it is estimated at 70% of the population, whereas developed countries show a maximum of a 40% ratio. Overall,

3671: 665:) following a gastric ulcer often leads to catastrophic consequences if left untreated. Erosion of the gastrointestinal wall by the ulcer leads to spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute chemical 966: 869:, which is less essential in the gastric mucosa. This reduces the probability of getting peptic ulcers; however, it can still delay ulcer healing for those who already have a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers caused by NSAIDs differ from those caused by 1809:

containing a culture of organisms extracted from a person with an ulcer and five days later developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife, since

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can cause similar symptoms. Also, when severe ulcers resist treatment, particularly if a person has several ulcers or the ulcers are in unusual places, a doctor may suspect an underlying condition that causes the stomach to overproduce

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and mitochondrial machinery of the cell itself. In this way NSAID's ulcers tend to complicate faster and dig deeper in the tissue causing more complications, often asymptomatically until a great portion of the tissue is involved.

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with elevated borders and inflammatory surrounding in the chronic form. In the ulcerative form of gastric cancer, the borders are irregular. Surrounding mucosa may present radial folds, as a consequence of the parietal scarring.

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as the etiological factor making it 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer from the ulcer. The risk for developing gastrointestinal cancer also appears to be slightly higher with gastric ulcers.

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injection. Treatment is indicated if there is active bleeding in the stomach, visible vessels, or an adherent clot. Endoscopy is also helpful in identifying people who are suitable for hospital discharge.

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can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by four times compared to non-users. The risk of getting a peptic ulcer is two times for aspirin users. Risk of bleeding increases if NSAIDs are combined with

737:, which cause stomach mucosal inflammation. The VacA gene encodes for vacuolating cytotoxin, but its mechanism of causing peptic ulcers is unclear. Such stomach mucosal inflammation can be associated with 4085: 1462:

is sometimes given to maintain volume in the blood vessels. Maintaining haemoglobin at greater than 7 g/dL (70 g/L) through restrictive blood transfusion has been associated with reduced rate of death.

3336: 2179:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 2283: 1126:

float to a position underneath the diaphragm. Therefore, gas in the peritoneal cavity, shown on an erect chest X-ray or supine lateral abdominal X-ray, is an omen of perforated peptic ulcer disease.

6459: 673:. Posterior gastric wall perforation may lead to bleeding due to the involvement of gastroduodenal artery that lies posterior to the first part of the duodenum. The death rate in this case is 20%. 2226: 2126:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1717:

The lifetime risk for developing a peptic ulcer is approximately 5% to 10% with the rate of 0.1% to 0.3% per year. Peptic ulcers resulted in 301,000 deaths in 2013, down from 327,000 in 1990.

1434:, and metronidazole) for 14 days. The bismuth therapy can also achieve an eradication rate of 90% and can be used as second-line therapy when the first-line triple-regimen therapy has failed. 1892:

Sonnenberg in his study cautiously concludes that, among other potential factors that were found to correlate to ulcer healing, "moderate alcohol intake might favor ulcer healing." (p. 1066)

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infections show a worldwide decrease, more so in developed countries. Transmission occurs via food, contaminated groundwater, or human saliva (such as from kissing or sharing food utensils).

2369:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 991:. The tests are typically ordered if the symptoms do not resolve after a few weeks of treatment, or when they first appear in a person who is over age 45 or who has other symptoms such as 1786:, as a causative factor for ulcers. In their original paper, Warren and Marshall contended that most gastric ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by 1746: 2045:

Steinberg KP (June 2002). "Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient: risk factors and strategies to prevent stress-related bleeding in the intensive care unit".

1827:, with other government agencies, academic institutions, and industry, launched a national education campaign to inform health care providers and consumers about the link between 6932: 2087:

Wang AY, Peura DA (October 2011). "The prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease and upper gastrointestinal bleeding throughout the world".

4078: 690:(stenosis) is a narrowing of the pyloric canal by scarring and swelling of the gastric antrum and duodenum due to peptic ulcers. The person often presents with severe vomiting. 5637: 1831:

and ulcers. This campaign reinforced the news that ulcers are a curable infection and that health can be greatly improved and money saved by disseminating information about

1214:: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. Not associated with acid hypersecretion. 366:. Older people are more sensitive to the ulcer-causing effects of NSAIDs. The diagnosis is typically suspected due to the presenting symptoms with confirmation by either 857:), which is essential for the production of these prostaglandins. Besides this, NSAIDs also inhibit stomach mucosa cells proliferation and mucosal blood flow, reducing 6141: 2637: 4071: 4034: 886:

due to serious health problems, such as those requiring treatment in an intensive care unit, is well described as a cause of peptic ulcers, which are also known as

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production is increased as food enters the stomach. Pain in duodenal ulcers would be aggravated by hunger and relieved by a meal and is associated with night pain.

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continuous infusion of PPI of greater than 192 mg per day. Intravenous PPI can be changed to oral once there is no high risk of rebleeding from peptic ulcer.

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achieve an eradication rate of 90%. If the clarithromycin resistance rate is higher than 15% in an area, the usage of clarithromycin should be abandoned. Instead,

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A burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach area lasting between 30 minutes and 3 hours commonly accompanies ulcers. This pain can be misinterpreted as

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levels in the blood (does not require EGD). It is still somewhat controversial whether a positive antibody without EGD is enough to warrant eradication therapy;

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In people over the age of 45 with more than two weeks of the above symptoms, the odds for peptic ulceration are high enough to warrant rapid investigation by

5736: 2760:(1940). "Fatal Hemorrhage from Peptic Ulcer: One Hundred and Sixteen Cases Collected from Vital Statistics of Seattle During the Years 1935-1939 Inclusive". 2291: 3730: 5775: 1824: 503:, strongly correlated with mealtimes. In case of duodenal ulcers, the pain appears about three hours after taking a meal and wakes the person from sleep; 2922:"Review article: prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastrointestinal complications--review and recommendations based on risk assessment" 2234: 2655: 1471:

PPIs can suppress stomach bleeding more quickly than oral ones. A neutral stomach pH is required to keep platelets in place and prevent clot lysis.

5630: 537:(vomiting of blood); this can occur due to bleeding directly from a gastric ulcer or from damage to the esophagus from severe/continuing vomiting. 1556: 861:

and mucus secretion, which reduces the integrity of the mucosa. Another type of NSAIDs, called COX-2 selective anti-inflammatory drugs (such as

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does not play an important role in either causing or preventing ulcers. Treatment includes stopping smoking, stopping use of NSAIDs, stopping

6003: 5251: 3549: 3200: 2424: 1843: 465: 4646: 3536:"Ch. 7 John Lykoudis. The general practitioner in Greece who in 1958 discovered the etiology of, and a treatment for, peptic ulcer disease." 4901: 343: 174: 2974: 3126:

For nearly 100 years, scientists and doctors thought that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy food, and alcohol. Treatment involved

2499: 1544:(DOAC) are recommended instead of warfarin as they are more effective in preventing thromboembolism. In case of bleeding caused by DOAC, 1734: 1356: 817: 3555: 6216: 5623: 4327: 3801: 6888: 6735: 4455: 4098: 3134: 2483: 2267: 3810: 3612:

Marshall BJ, Warren JR (June 1984). "Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration".

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when it comes into contact with the ulcerated area. The pain caused by peptic ulcers can be felt anywhere from the navel up to the

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The diagnosis is mainly established based on the characteristic symptoms. Stomach pain is the most common sign of a peptic ulcer.

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Human immune response toward the bacteria also determines the emergence of peptic ulcer disease. The human IL1B gene encodes for

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The timing of symptoms in relation to the meal may differentiate between gastric and duodenal ulcers. A gastric ulcer would give

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Fink G (February 2011). "Stress controversies: post-traumatic stress disorder, hippocampal volume, gastroduodenal ulceration*".

6774: 6386: 6369: 5874: 5869: 5746: 4896: 4437: 1859: 1312: 762: 652: 574:(GERD) and use of certain medications can raise the suspicion for peptic ulcer. Medicines associated with peptic ulcer include 571: 516: 5899: 5559: 1368:

Prevention of peptic ulcer disease for those who are taking NSAIDs (with low cardiovascular risk) can be achieved by adding a

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infection cases. In this case, somatostatin production is reduced and gastrin production is increased, leading to increased

984:, at minimum reaching to the level of the submucosa (contrast with erosions, which do not involve the muscularis mucosae). 655:

is the most common complication. Sudden large bleeding can be life-threatening. It is associated with 5% to 10% death rate.

515:(a rush of saliva after an episode of regurgitation to dilute the acid in esophagus, although this is more associated with 6685: 4285: 2629: 1873:

bacteria. However, multiple subsequent studies (in mice and in vivo) have found no effect of using mastic gum on reducing

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Penetration is a form of perforation in which the hole leads to and the ulcer continues into adjacent organs such as the

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Direct culture from an EGD biopsy specimen; this is difficult and can be expensive. Most labs are not set up to perform

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secretion. This reduction in acid production causes gastric ulcers. On the other hand, increased acid production at the

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and a bland diet. Later, researchers added stomach acid to the list of causes and began treating ulcers with antacids.

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Warren JR, Marshall B (June 1983). "Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis".

3218:"H pylori infection and other risk factors associated with peptic ulcers in Turkish patients: a retrospective study" 6174: 6103: 5195: 1816: 1008: 687: 598: 330: 309:

that improves with eating. With a gastric ulcer, the pain may worsen with eating. The pain is often described as a

158: 61: 4173: 3748: 6447: 6403: 6356: 6162: 5780: 4916: 4751: 4720: 4650: 4431: 3660:"Stress Doesn't Cause Ulcers! Or, How To Win a Nobel Prize in One Easy Lesson: Barry Marshall on Being ... Right" 1517: 1103:. This test provides the advantage of being able to monitor the response to treatment used to kill the bacteria. 758: 322: 146: 6473: 3694: 3267:

Sonnenberg A, Müller-Lissner SA, Vogel E, Schmid P, Gonvers JJ, Peter P, Strohmeyer G, Blum AL (December 1981).

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Milosavljevic T, Kostić-Milosavljević M, Jovanović I, Krstić M (2011). "Complications of peptic ulcer disease".

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Stenström B, Mendis A, Marshall B (August 2008). "Helicobacter pylori--the latest in diagnosis and treatment".

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beginning in 1958, long before it was commonly recognized that bacteria were a dominant cause for the disease.

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NSAID-associated ulcers heal in six to eight weeks provided the NSAIDs are withdrawn with the introduction of

1197: 6927: 6718: 6495: 6236: 6028: 5687: 5595: 5475: 5435: 5377: 5096: 4863: 4299: 4257: 670: 416:, and taking medications to decrease stomach acid. The medication used to decrease acid is usually either a 141: 6798: 6522: 6505: 5915: 5889: 5765: 5716: 5677: 5655: 5647: 5411: 5329: 5288: 5284: 5165: 5159: 4926: 4636: 4571: 4365: 4271: 4243: 4177: 2757: 2651: 1322: 801: 395: 215: 206: 351: 6730: 6638: 6599: 6527: 5428: 5417: 5215: 4845: 4671: 4642: 4449: 4209: 4163: 1839: 1443: 1369: 1337: 1032: 834: 662: 437: 417: 246: 6649: 5830: 2921: 3195:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 623. 2677: 6769: 6713: 6534: 6430: 6013: 6008: 5842: 5760: 5726: 5589: 5549: 5502: 5384: 5035: 4993: 4973: 4930: 4786: 4585: 4265: 3541:

Helicobacter pioneers: firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892–1982

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Confirmation of the diagnosis is made with the help of tests such as endoscopies or barium contrast

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Cullen DJ, Hawkey GM, Greenwood DC, Humphreys H, Shepherd V, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ (October 1997).

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is increasing and thus treatment may not always be effective. Bleeding ulcers may be treated by

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is used to determine whether a person should be treated inside a hospital or as an outpatient.

1421:. This treatment regimen can be given for 7–14 days. However, its effectiveness in eradicating 321:. About a third of older people with peptic ulcers have no symptoms. Complications may include 6853: 6834: 6207: 5540: 5506: 5370: 5302: 5065: 5043: 5012: 4463: 4229: 4006: 3977: 3891: 3850: 3793: 3714: 3629: 3586: 3545: 3516: 3393: 3314: 3290: 3249: 3196: 3173: 3101: 3052: 3008: 2941: 2902: 2853: 2835: 2794: 2738: 2596: 2479: 2398: 2347: 2263: 2257: 2208: 2155: 2104: 2062: 2014: 1970: 1787: 1512: 1455: 1066: 805: 559: 189: 69: 3535: 6900: 6820: 6815: 6805: 6667: 6539: 6467: 6285: 6192: 6187: 6117: 6076: 5884: 5849: 5531: 5446: 5237: 5084: 5071: 4886: 4503: 4485: 4392: 4351: 4279: 4149: 3881: 3840: 3783: 3706: 3667: 3621: 3578: 3539: 3506: 3280: 3239: 3229: 3163: 3091: 3044: 2933: 2892: 2884: 2843: 2825: 2769: 2728: 2720: 2588: 2388: 2380: 2337: 2329: 2198: 2190: 2145: 2137: 2096: 2054: 2006: 1962: 1545: 1496: 1476: 1221:: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated with acid oversecretion. 1048: 906: 883: 786: 738: 409: 383: 154: 126: 74: 6858: 6788: 6654: 6589: 6554: 6425: 6290: 6226: 6128: 6047: 6038: 5988: 5928: 5813: 5790: 5481: 5402: 5356: 5261: 5201: 5136: 5078: 5047: 5039: 4742: 4712: 4706: 4589: 4418: 4169: 3814: 3771: 3511: 3494: 3138: 1472: 935: 742: 512: 363: 347: 286: 178: 78: 5615: 3131: 1228:: In the pyloric channel within 3 cm of pylorus. Associated with acid oversecretion. 3807: 3437: 1846:

to Marshall and his long-time collaborator Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium

6895: 6810: 6364: 6337: 6202: 6137: 6133: 6023: 5993: 5581: 5231: 5225: 5088: 4984: 4941: 4836: 4357: 4124: 4094: 3710: 3655: 3244: 3217: 3168: 3151: 2897: 2873:"Long-term risk of gastrointestinal cancers in persons with gastric or duodenal ulcers" 2872: 2848: 2813: 2733: 2704: 2393: 2368: 2342: 2317: 2203: 2178: 2150: 2125: 1783: 1504: 1410: 1307: 1255: 1242:: Can occur throughout the stomach. Associated with the chronic use of NSAIDs (such as 1111: 1100: 996: 970: 954:), or rare gastrin-secreting tumors, also cause multiple and difficult-to-heal ulcers. 850: 838: 830: 774: 583: 579: 496: 457: 433: 413: 403: 391: 371: 306: 282: 234: 223: 211: 199: 3625: 3582: 3285: 3268: 2592: 2384: 2194: 2141: 1276: 6921: 6828: 6781: 6574: 6517: 6500: 6412: 6157: 5984: 5859: 5825: 5770: 5577: 5493: 5320: 5275: 5016: 5008: 4851: 4618: 4529: 4189: 4155: 4130: 4115: 3096: 3079: 3048: 2937: 2773: 2333: 2058: 1751: 1541: 1418: 1373: 1342: 1332: 1327: 846: 750: 640: 587: 3960: 3956: 3829:"Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice" 3726: 3641: 3113: 3064: 2953: 2026: 6703: 6615: 6488: 6391: 6342: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6231: 6056: 5972: 5864: 5854: 5820: 5573: 5347: 4826: 4554: 4494: 4441: 4426: 4371: 4017: 3598: 2608: 1779: 1500: 1431: 1406: 1388: 1350: 1317: 918:

infection, it does not seem to independently increase risk. Even when coupled with

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cells, thus increasing acid production. An acidic environment at the antrum causes

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is one of the symptoms of infection. This experiment was published in 1984 in the

52: 3971: 1170:. Peptic ulcers can be classified according to their location and other factors. 957:

It is still unclear whether smoking increases the risk of getting peptic ulcers.

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Signs and symptoms of a peptic ulcer can include one or more of the following:

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According to expert opinion, for those who are already on anticoagulants, the

1107: 1023: 965: 947: 943: 790: 548: 500: 421: 379: 250: 241: 3234: 2839: 2450:"Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) - NIDDK" 17: 6609: 6579: 6442: 6420: 6273: 6124: 6098: 5960: 5950: 5837: 5798: 5731: 5335: 5187: 4855: 4796: 4677: 4012: 3941: 3937: 2871:

Søgaard KK, Farkas DK, Pedersen L, Lund JL, Thomsen RW, Sørensen HT (2016).

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infection, the increase is modest in comparison to the primary risk factor.

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is one of the major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease. It secretes

476: 3797: 3633: 3590: 3294: 2742: 1430:-containing quadruple therapy can be used (pantoprazole, bismuth citrate, 1405:

is confirmed, the first-line treatment would be a triple regimen in which

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Bebb JR, Bailey-Flitter N, Ala'Aldeen D, Atherton JC (September 2003).

3152:"How diet and lifestyle affect duodenal ulcers. Review of the evidence" 1483: 1427: 1191: 1080: 845:

with a layer of mucus, the secretion of which is stimulated by certain

821: 770: 635:. Pain is usually caused by the ulcer, but it may be aggravated by the 617: 390:

of the stomach. Other conditions that produce similar symptoms include

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Gossman W, Tuma F, Kamel BG, Cassaro S (2019). "Gastric Perforation".

2010: 1114:), needs to be kept in mind. This is especially true in ulcers of the 6761: 6379: 6265: 4140: 3932: 2888: 1759: 1520:

has a higher rebleeding rate but a similar rate of death to surgery.

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A gastric peptic ulcer is a mucosal perforation that penetrates the

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secretion to inhibit acid production by parietal cells; and inhibit

669:. The first sign is often sudden intense abdominal pain, as seen in 424:, with four weeks of treatment initially recommended. Ulcers due to 1733:

effective medication and acid suppressants and the rational use of

1200:(called Meckel's diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation) 6211: 5941: 3770:

Huwez FU, Thirlwell D, Cockayne A, Ala'Aldeen DA (December 1998).

3745:"Ulcer, Diagnosis and Treatment - CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases" 3193:

Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine

2500:"Treatment for Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) - NIDDK" 1854:

and peptic ulcer disease." Marshall continues research related to

1625: 1555: 1387: 1289:

ulcer may contain vessels with thickened wall or with thrombosis.

1275: 1254: 1133: 988: 964: 910: 677: 575: 531:

weight gain, in duodenal ulcer, as the pain is relieved by eating;

483: 475: 464:

in the late 20th century, a discovery for which they received the

448:

description of a perforated peptic ulcer was in 1670, in Princess

4383: 4342: 2504:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2454:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2288:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2231:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

1001: 693:

Cancer is included in the differential diagnosis (elucidated by

5619: 4067: 2681: 3870:"Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo" 3495:"Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission" 3080:"The ulcer sleuths: The search for the cause of peptic ulcers" 1633:

for peptic ulcer disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

620:

do not develop any symptoms unless complications have arisen.

608:

pain during the meal, associated with nausea and vomiting, as

1560:

Deaths from peptic ulcer disease per million persons in 2012

488:

Duodenal ulcer A2 stage, acute duodenal mucosal lesion (ADML)

2318:"Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective" 1482:

Early endoscopic therapy can help to stop bleeding by using

562:

and extreme, stabbing pain, and requires immediate surgery.

3216:

Salih BA, Abasiyanik MF, Bayyurt N, Sander E (June 2007).

46:

Peptic ulcer, stomach ulcer, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer

2705:"Peptic ulcer bleeding in the elderly: relative roles of 1280:

Micrograph showing erosive gastric ulcer. (H&E stain)

350:, stress as a result of other serious health conditions, 233:

Medications, stopping NSAIDs, stopping smoking, stopping

2579:

Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease".

1747:

Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori

1479:

agents are not useful in treating peptic ulcer disease.

2177:

CO, Kassebaum NJ, Kinfu Y, Kulikoff XR (October 2016).

1820:

and is among the most cited articles from the journal.

1086:

Histological examination and staining of an EGD biopsy.

969:

Endoscopic image of gastric ulcer, biopsy proven to be

428:

are treated with a combination of medications, such as

3827:

Loughlin MF, Ala'Aldeen DA, Jenks PJ (February 2003).

2284:"Eating, Diet, and Nutrition for Peptic Ulcer Disease" 1801:

hypothesis was still poorly received, so in an act of

3132:

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse

930:

Other causes of peptic ulcer disease include gastric

578:(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) that inhibit 297:, while one in the first part of the intestines is a 3910: 3693:

Van Der Weyden MB, Armstrong RM, Gregory AT (2005).

1865:

A 1998 New England Medical Journal study found that

1720:

In Western countries, the percentage of people with

777:

is associated with duodenal ulcers in 10% to 15% of

386:, testing the stool for signs of the bacteria, or a 6874: 6760: 6753: 6694: 6608: 6565: 6411: 6402: 6355: 6309: 6264: 6150: 6037: 5927: 5914: 5789: 5663: 5654: 5539: 5530: 5492: 5465: 5445: 5401: 5346: 5319: 5274: 5248: 5212: 5144: 5135: 5027: 4992: 4983: 4940: 4835: 4820: 4811: 4741: 4688: 4661: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4520: 4493: 4484: 4417: 4382: 4341: 4199: 4188: 4139: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4047:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from 3992: 3914: 2089:

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America

1516:bleeding site when compared to repeated endoscopy. 1106:The possibility of other causes of ulcers, notably 268: 260: 240: 229: 205: 188: 164: 140: 84: 68: 42: 37: 3269:"Predictors of duodenal ulcer healing and relapse" 2634:Home Health Handbook for Patients & Caregivers 1953:Najm WI (September 2011). "Peptic ulcer disease". 456:was first identified as causing peptic ulcers by 3695:"The 2005 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine" 3191:Rubin R, Strayer DS, Rubin E (1 February 2011). 2417:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005" 1869:, a tree resin extract, actively eliminated the 793:of the duodenal cells, causing duodenal ulcers. 3007:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 3001:"Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)" 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2227:"Definition and Facts for Peptic Ulcer Disease" 1762:, treated people for peptic ulcer disease with 745:(reduced stomach acid secretion). Inflammatory 543:(tarry, foul-smelling feces due to presence of 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 1259:A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a 333:. Bleeding occurs in as many as 15% of cases. 27:Ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract 5631: 4079: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 1548:within four hours is the antidote of choice. 1392:Peptic ulcer treatment: pharmacology of drugs 1099:, the breath sample will contain radioactive 8: 6933:Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum 5737:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction 2120: 2118: 1297:Conditions that may appear similar include: 757:also secretes certain products that inhibit 346:(NSAIDs). Other, less common causes include 131:yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes 3534:Rigas B, Papavasassiliou ED (22 May 2002). 3030: 3028: 2975:"NSAIDs: When To Use Them and for How Long" 2814:"An Overview of Gastroduodenal Perforation" 2762:Journal of the American Medical Association 2311: 2309: 2171: 2169: 980:More specifically, peptic ulcers erode the 6757: 6408: 5924: 5776:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis 5660: 5638: 5624: 5616: 5536: 5141: 4989: 4832: 4817: 4623: 4614: 4490: 4196: 4136: 4120: 4111: 4086: 4072: 4064: 3911: 3464:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 3084:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2709:and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs" 2363: 2361: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1825:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 841:. The gastric mucosa protects itself from 808:also play a role in gastric inflammation. 554:rarely, an ulcer can lead to a gastric or 378:can be diagnosed by testing the blood for 51: 34: 3885: 3874:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3844: 3833:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3787: 3544:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 74–88. 3510: 3284: 3243: 3233: 3167: 3095: 2896: 2847: 2829: 2732: 2392: 2341: 2262:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 526. 2202: 2149: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1118:; most are also a consequence of chronic 2040: 2038: 2036: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 3804:from the original on 15 September 2008. 3150:Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W (May 2004). 1904: 1885: 1454:For those with bleeding peptic ulcers, 1051:(noninvasive and does not require EGD); 3772:"Mastic gum kills Helicobacter pylori" 2640:from the original on 28 December 2011. 827:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 741:(increased stomach acid secretion) or 293:. An ulcer in the stomach is called a 6004:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 5252:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 3512:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040 3474:from the original on 11 November 2009 2658:from the original on 14 February 2012 2444: 2442: 1844:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 938:(CMV), upper abdominal radiotherapy, 344:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 336:Common causes include infection with 313:or dull ache. Other symptoms include 175:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 7: 4637:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus 3808:their corrections in the next volume 3751:from the original on 3 December 2013 3444:from the original on 9 February 2009 3418:from the original on 9 February 2010 3365:from the original on 9 February 2010 3339:from the original on 13 January 2016 1858:and runs a molecular biology lab at 1735:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 914:increases risk when associated with 818:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 3776:The New England Journal of Medicine 1357:Superior mesenteric artery syndrome 4099:Gram-negative bacterial infections 3733:from the original on 27 June 2009. 3711:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00052.x 3674:from the original on 5 August 2011 2920:Chan FK, Graham DY (15 May 2004). 2136:(10053): 1545–1602. October 2016. 1235:: Proximal gastroesophageal ulcer. 882:Physiological (not psychological) 800:, and other genes that encode for 663:wall of the gastrointestinal tract 528:and weight loss, in gastric ulcer; 400:inflammation of the stomach lining 220:inflammation of the stomach lining 25: 6889:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 6736:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 4456:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis 3558:from the original on 21 May 2016. 3222:World Journal of Gastroenterology 1840:Karolinska Institute in Stockholm 1090:The breath test uses radioactive 1065:activity in a biopsy specimen by 934:, drugs, metabolic disturbances, 765:sensory neurons, which increases 6634:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis 4672:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus 4647:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome 3699:The Medical Journal of Australia 3097:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06537.x 3049:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02089.x 2999:Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V (2024), 2938:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01935.x 2774:10.1001/jama.1940.02810470018005 2427:from the original on 12 May 2015 2334:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00677.x 2059:10.1097/00003246-200206001-00005 1116:greater curvature of the stomach 194:Based on symptoms, confirmed by 5875:Gastric antral vascular ectasia 5870:Portal hypertensive gastropathy 5747:Gastroesophageal reflux disease 4438:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis 2678:"Ulcer Disease Facts and Myths" 2636:. Merck Manuals. October 2006. 1313:Gastroesophageal reflux disease 849:. NSAIDs block the function of 763:calcitonin gene-related peptide 572:gastroesophageal reflux disease 517:gastroesophageal reflux disease 6629:Primary sclerosing cholangitis 6479:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 6301:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 4470:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection 2812:Weledji EP (9 November 2020). 2379:(9963): 117–71. January 2015. 1794:, as had been assumed before. 1774:was identified in 1982 by two 1530:international normalized ratio 1338:Inferior myocardial infarction 1: 6686:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 4286:Flinders Island spotted fever 3626:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6 3583:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8 3309:Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrome". 3286:10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80012-1 3037:Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2593:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 2385:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 2195:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2142:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1862:in Perth, Western Australia. 1631:Disability-adjusted life year 6595:Postcholecystectomy syndrome 6114:Intestinal pseudoobstruction 5722:Esophageal motility disorder 5456:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 4780:Burkholderia cepacia complex 4216:Rocky Mountain spotted fever 1166:Peptic ulcers are a form of 522:nausea and copious vomiting; 317:, vomiting, weight loss, or 5117:Far East scarlet-like fever 5111:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 4727:Chromobacteriosis infection 3789:10.1056/NEJM199812243392618 3386:Australian Family Physician 3078:Yeomans ND (January 2011). 2478:. JP Medical. p. 364. 2316:Snowden FM (October 2008). 64:showing deep gastric ulcer. 6954: 6580:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis 6104:Functional colonic disease 5900:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 2259:Clinical Manual of Surgery 2101:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.011 1817:Australian Medical Journal 1744: 1542:Direct oral anticoagulants 1009:esophagogastroduodenoscopy 952:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 865:), preferentially inhibit 688:Gastric outlet obstruction 599:esophagogastroduodenoscopy 356:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 5781:Acute esophageal necrosis 4917:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 4752:Burkholderia pseudomallei 4721:Chromobacterium violaceum 4651:Meningococcal septicaemia 4432:Anaplasma phagocytophilum 3468:World Health Organization 3156:Canadian Family Physician 2831:10.3389/fsurg.2020.573901 2793:. StatPearls Publishing. 1967:10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.001 1518:Angiographic embolisation 1413:are combined with either 1188:(called esophageal ulcer) 759:hydrogen potassium ATPase 653:Gastrointestinal bleeding 289:, or sometimes the lower 59: 50: 5880:Gastric dumping syndrome 5755:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 5742:Diffuse esophageal spasm 5392:Plesiomonas shigelloides 5174:Brazilian purpuric fever 4791:Bordetella parapertussis 4580:Bartonella bacilliformis 4399:Flea-borne spotted fever 4329:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 4322:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 4314:American tick bite fever 3538:. In Marshall BJ (ed.). 3235:10.3748/wjg.v13.i23.3245 1465:Glasgow-Blatchford score 1022:One of the reasons that 404:gallbladder inflammation 285:, the first part of the 281:is a break in the inner 224:gallbladder inflammation 6496:Alcoholic liver disease 6029:Bile acid malabsorption 5973:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer 5560:Guillain–Barré syndrome 5476:Cardiobacterium hominis 5436:Acinetobacter baumannii 5378:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 5097:Yersinia enterocolitica 4864:Klebsiella granulomatis 4300:African tick bite fever 4258:North Asian tick typhus 2476:SRB's Manual of Surgery 1182:(called duodenal ulcer) 509:and abdominal fullness; 331:blockage of the stomach 159:blockage of the stomach 6506:Hepatic encephalopathy 5890:Buried bumper syndrome 5821:Peptic (gastric) ulcer 5705:Mallory–Weiss syndrome 5648:human digestive system 5412:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5330:Francisella tularensis 5289:Legionella longbeachae 5285:Legionella pneumophila 4927:Enterobacter aerogenes 4572:Bacillary angiomatosis 4366:Orientia tsutsugamushi 4272:Queensland tick typhus 4244:Japanese spotted fever 4178:Flying squirrel typhus 3813:5 October 2008 at the 3333:"Peptic Ulcer Disease" 2926:Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2047:Critical Care Medicine 1714: 1623: 1444:proton pump inhibitors 1401:Once the diagnosis of 1393: 1293:Differential diagnosis 1281: 1272:Microscopic appearance 1264: 1251:Macroscopic appearance 1194:(called gastric ulcer) 1163: 1033:proton-pump inhibitors 974: 835:antimineralocorticoids 802:tumour necrosis factor 489: 481: 396:coronary heart disease 216:coronary heart disease 207:Differential diagnosis 6731:Pancreatic pseudocyst 6600:Porcelain gallbladder 5712:Zenker's diverticulum 5429:Moraxella catarrhalis 5295:Legionnaires' disease 5216:Pasteurella multocida 4846:Klebsiella pneumoniae 4643:Meningococcal disease 4450:Ehrlichia chaffeensis 4210:Rickettsia rickettsii 4174:Brill–Zinsser disease 4164:Rickettsia prowazekii 3499:Epidemiologic Reviews 3412:"Tests and diagnosis" 2322:Immunological Reviews 1629: 1559: 1438:NSAIDs-induced ulcers 1391: 1370:proton pump inhibitor 1279: 1258: 1198:Meckel's diverticulum 1137: 968: 487: 479: 438:Antibiotic resistance 418:proton pump inhibitor 283:lining of the stomach 247:Proton pump inhibitor 135:difficulty swallowing 6535:Hepatorenal syndrome 6474:Budd–Chiari syndrome 6431:Autoimmune hepatitis 6256:Intestinal adhesions 6014:Short bowel syndrome 5843:Functional dyspepsia 5761:Esophageal stricture 5727:Nutcracker esophagus 5590:Helicobacter cinaedi 5550:Campylobacter jejuni 5503:Aeromonas hydrophila 5385:Vibrio alginolyticus 5036:Shigella dysenteriae 4974:Citrobacter freundii 4931:Enterobacter cloacae 4787:Bordetella pertussis 4266:Rickettsia australis 4035:Gastric ulcer images 3658:(9 September 2010). 3438:"ATLAS OF PATHOLOGY" 2818:Frontiers in Surgery 2756:Blackford, John W., 2725:10.1136/gut.41.4.459 2189:(10053): 1459–1544. 1803:self-experimentation 1756:general practitioner 1168:acid–peptic disorder 1061:Direct detection of 671:Valentino's syndrome 556:duodenal perforation 450:Henrietta of England 303:upper abdominal pain 279:Peptic ulcer disease 95:upper abdominal pain 38:Peptic ulcer disease 6674:Choledocholithiasis 6545:Metabolic disorders 6511:Acute liver failure 6484:Portal hypertension 6436:Alcoholic hepatitis 6279:Radiation proctitis 6198:Mesenteric ischemia 6170:Gastroenterocolitis 5999:Blind loop syndrome 5809:Ménétrier's disease 5717:Barrett's esophagus 5568:Helicobacter pylori 5058:Bacillary dysentery 5003:Salmonella enterica 4951:Serratia marcescens 4870:Granuloma inguinale 4766:Burkholderia mallei 4701:Eikenella corrodens 4549:Bartonella quintana 4541:Cat-scratch disease 4535:Bartonella henselae 4252:Rickettsia sibirica 4238:Rickettsia japonica 3137:5 July 2006 at the 2758:Williams, Robert H. 2707:Helicobacter pylori 2053:(6 Suppl): S362–4. 1848:Helicobacter pylori 1771:Helicobacter pylori 1711: more than 220 1538:fresh frozen plasma 1397:Eradication therapy 1041:Helicobacter pylori 785:secretion from the 721:Helicobacter pylori 700:Helicobacter pylori 339:Helicobacter pylori 264:87.4 million (2015) 235:alcohol consumption 170:Helicobacter pylori 6849:Undefined location 6840:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft 6741:Pancreatic fistula 6724:Pancreatic abscess 6679:Biliary dyskinesia 6650:Mirizzi's syndrome 6151:Large and/or small 5831:Dieulafoy's lesion 5700:Boerhaave syndrome 5556:Campylobacteriosis 5467:Cardiobacteriaceae 4968:Citrobacter koseri 4878:Klebsiella oxytoca 4308:Rickettsia parkeri 4294:Rickettsia africae 4224:Rickettsia conorii 3993:External resources 3887:10.1093/jac/dkg366 3846:10.1093/jac/dkg057 3090:(Suppl 1): 35–41. 2587:(10094): 613–624. 2423:. Nobel Media AB. 1999:Digestive Diseases 1961:(3): 383–94, vii. 1715: 1645: less than 20 1624: 1546:activated charcoal 1394: 1323:Hepatic congestion 1286:muscularis mucosae 1282: 1265: 1164: 1015:, also known as a 982:muscularis mucosae 975: 798:Interleukin 1 beta 490: 482: 472:Signs and symptoms 111:blood in the stool 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6749: 6748: 6351: 6350: 6208:Bowel obstruction 5910: 5909: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5541:Campylobacterales 5526: 5525: 5507:Aeromonas veronii 5371:Vibrio vulnificus 5303:Coxiella burnetii 5270: 5269: 5196:H. parainfluenzae 5131: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5066:Proteus mirabilis 5013:Paratyphoid fever 4902:Enterohemorrhagic 4822:Enterobacteriales 4807: 4806: 4737: 4736: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4586:Carrion's disease 4480: 4479: 4464:Ehrlichia ewingii 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4230:Boutonneuse fever 4030: 4029: 3551:978-0-86793-035-1 3493:Brown LM (2000). 3202:978-1-60547-968-2 2768:(21): 1774–1779. 2011:10.1159/000331517 1805:Marshall drank a 1784:Barry J. Marshall 1513:hypovolemic shock 1497:Prokinetic agents 1456:fluid replacement 1067:rapid urease test 1038:The diagnosis of 1011:(EGD), a form of 909:factors, such as 820:(NSAIDs) such as 806:Lymphotoxin alpha 560:acute peritonitis 558:, which leads to 276: 275: 190:Diagnostic method 155:ulcer perforation 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6945: 6901:Pneumoperitoneum 6758: 6668:Common bile duct 6550:Wilson's disease 6540:Peliosis hepatis 6409: 6286:Proctalgia fugax 6193:Abdominal angina 6118:Ogilvie syndrome 6067:Pseudomembranous 5925: 5885:Gastric volvulus 5850:Pyloric stenosis 5661: 5646:Diseases of the 5640: 5633: 5626: 5617: 5537: 5447:Xanthomonadaceae 5255: 5238:Actinobacillosis 5219: 5152: 5142: 5072:Proteus vulgaris 4990: 4887:Escherichia coli 4833: 4818: 4693: 4624: 4615: 4504:Brucella abortus 4491: 4486:Hyphomicrobiales 4393:Rickettsia felis 4352:Rickettsia akari 4280:Rickettsia honei 4197: 4150:Rickettsia typhi 4137: 4121: 4112: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4051:on 16 April 2020 3912: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3791: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3705:(11–12): 612–4. 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3620:(8390): 1311–5. 3609: 3603: 3602: 3577:(8336): 1273–5. 3566: 3560: 3559: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3288: 3273:Gastroenterology 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3237: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3171: 3147: 3141: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3099: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2979:Cleveland Clinic 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2889:10.1002/cam4.680 2883:(6): 1341–1351. 2868: 2862: 2861: 2851: 2833: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2680:. Archived from 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2626: 2613: 2612: 2576: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2396: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2345: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2294:on 20 March 2015 2290:. Archived from 2280: 2274: 2273: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2233:. Archived from 2223: 2217: 2216: 2206: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2042: 2031: 2030: 1994: 1979: 1978: 1950: 1893: 1890: 1850:and its role in 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1477:antifibrinolytic 1205:Modified Johnson 1049:Urea breath test 1044:can be made by: 787:enterochromaffin 753:acid secretion. 739:hyperchlorhydria 526:loss of appetite 384:urea breath test 352:Behçet's disease 127:loss of appetite 75:Gastroenterology 62:endoscopic image 55: 35: 21: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6905: 6870: 6859:Internal hernia 6745: 6690: 6655:Biliary fistula 6613: 6604: 6590:Adenomyomatosis 6585:Cholesterolosis 6561: 6555:Hemochromatosis 6426:Viral hepatitis 6398: 6347: 6305: 6291:Rectal prolapse 6260: 6227:Fecal impaction 6217:Intussusception 6180:Crohn's disease 6146: 6129:Toxic megacolon 6041: 6039:Large intestine 6033: 5978:Curling's ulcer 5931: 5929:Small intestine 5918: 5906: 5814:Gastroenteritis 5785: 5650: 5644: 5614: 5605: 5522: 5488: 5461: 5441: 5403:Pseudomonadales 5397: 5357:Vibrio cholerae 5342: 5315: 5266: 5249: 5244: 5213: 5208: 5145: 5123: 5079:Yersinia pestis 5023: 4979: 4936: 4892:Enterotoxigenic 4824: 4803: 4743:Burkholderiales 4733: 4707:Kingella kingae 4689: 4684: 4657: 4596: 4590:Verruga peruana 4516: 4476: 4419:Anaplasmataceae 4405: 4378: 4337: 4191: 4184: 4170:Epidemic typhus 4128: 4101: 4092: 4054: 4052: 4039: 4031: 4026: 4025: 3988: 3987: 3923: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3815:Wayback Machine 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3664:The Wrong Stuff 3654: 3653: 3649: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3552: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3139:Wayback Machine 3125: 3121: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3017: 3015: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2932:(10): 1051–61. 2919: 2918: 2914: 2877:Cancer Medicine 2870: 2869: 2865: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2628: 2627: 2616: 2578: 2577: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2474:Bhat S (2013). 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2256:Rao SD (2014). 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2237:on 2 April 2015 2225: 2224: 2220: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2086: 2085: 2074: 2044: 2043: 2034: 1996: 1995: 1982: 1952: 1951: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1749: 1743: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1526: 1511:For those with 1473:Tranexamic acid 1452: 1440: 1399: 1386: 1366: 1361: 1295: 1274: 1253: 1207: 1176: 1162: 1132: 1072:Measurement of 963: 940:Crohn's disease 936:cytomegalovirus 928: 904: 880: 831:corticosteroids 814: 743:hypochlorhydria 717: 710: 661:(a hole in the 649: 584:glucocorticoids 474: 364:liver cirrhosis 360:Crohn's disease 348:tobacco smoking 287:small intestine 183:Crohn's disease 179:tobacco smoking 79:General surgery 77: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6928:Abdominal pain 6920: 6919: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6896:Hemoperitoneum 6893: 6892: 6891: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6766: 6764: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6700: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6620: 6618: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6417: 6415: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6365:Blood in stool 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6338:Anal dysplasia 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6205: 6203:Angiodysplasia 6200: 6195: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6138:Diverticulosis 6134:Diverticulitis 6131: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6024:Milroy disease 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5994:Tropical sprue 5991: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5947: 5945: 5922: 5916:Lower GI tract 5912: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5656:Upper GI tract 5652: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5582:Gastric cancer 5564: 5563: 5562: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5471: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5352: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5280: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5232:Actinobacillus 5228: 5226:Pasteurellosis 5222: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5137:Pasteurellales 5133: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5089:Bubonic plague 5075: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5019: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4897:Enteroinvasive 4894: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4783: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4696: 4694: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4632: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4526: 4524: 4522:Bartonellaceae 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4499: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4423: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4358:Rickettsialpox 4347: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4125:Rickettsiaceae 4118: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4095:Pseudomonadota 4093: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4041:"Peptic Ulcer" 4037: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4009: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3963: 3944: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915:Classification 3908: 3907:External links 3905: 3902: 3901: 3860: 3819: 3762: 3736: 3685: 3647: 3604: 3561: 3550: 3526: 3485: 3455: 3429: 3403: 3376: 3359:"Peptic ulcer" 3350: 3324: 3300: 3259: 3228:(23): 3245–8. 3208: 3201: 3183: 3142: 3119: 3070: 3024: 2991: 2966: 2912: 2863: 2804: 2779: 2748: 2695: 2684:on 5 June 2010 2669: 2652:"Peptic ulcer" 2643: 2630:"Peptic Ulcer" 2614: 2516: 2491: 2484: 2466: 2438: 2421:nobelprize.org 2408: 2357: 2305: 2275: 2268: 2248: 2218: 2165: 2114: 2072: 2032: 1980: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1742: 1739: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1550: 1525: 1524:Anticoagulants 1522: 1505:metoclopramide 1451: 1448: 1439: 1436: 1411:clarithromycin 1398: 1395: 1385: 1382: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1308:Stomach cancer 1305: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1273: 1270: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1175: 1172: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1130:Classification 1128: 1112:gastric cancer 1101:carbon dioxide 1088: 1087: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1059: 1052: 997:stomach cancer 971:gastric cancer 962: 959: 927: 924: 903: 900: 898:or NSAID use. 879: 876: 851:cyclooxygenase 847:prostaglandins 839:anticoagulants 813: 810: 775:pyloric antrum 716: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 691: 685: 674: 656: 648: 645: 580:cyclooxygenase 564: 563: 552: 538: 532: 529: 523: 520: 510: 504: 499:, classically 497:abdominal pain 473: 470: 458:Barry Marshall 434:clarithromycin 392:stomach cancer 372:barium swallow 307:abdominal pain 299:duodenal ulcer 274: 273: 272:267,500 (2015) 270: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 244: 238: 237: 231: 227: 226: 212:Stomach cancer 209: 203: 202: 200:barium swallow 192: 186: 185: 166: 162: 161: 144: 138: 137: 88: 82: 81: 72: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6950: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6916: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6770:Diaphragmatic 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575:Cholecystitis 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6518:Liver abscess 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6501:Liver failure 6499: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6158:Enterocolitis 6156: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985:Malabsorption 5983: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Gastroparesis 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Cushing ulcer 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771:Megaesophagus 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578:MALT lymphoma 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5494:Aeromonadales 5491: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5321:Thiotrichales 5318: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5276:Legionellales 5273: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160:H. influenzae 5157: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5017:Salmonellosis 5014: 5010: 5009:Typhoid fever 5007: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852:Rhinoscleroma 4850: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530:Bartonellosis 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156:Murine typhus 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4131:Rickettsioses 4126: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116:Rickettsiales 4113: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3839:(2): 367–71. 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3505:(2): 283–97. 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3392:(8): 608–12. 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3279:(6): 1061–7. 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043:(2): 107–17. 3042: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719:(4): 459–62. 2718: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2485:9789350259443 2481: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2269:9788131238714 2265: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2249: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095:(4): 613–35. 2094: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838:In 2005, the 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1823:In 1997, the 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:John Lykoudis 1748: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1705: 200–220 1699: 180–200 1693: 160–180 1687: 140–160 1681: 120–140 1675: 100–120 1639: no data 1632: 1628: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1419:metronidazole 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1374:H2 antagonist 1371: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Referred pain 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1333:Biliary colic 1331: 1329: 1328:Cholecystitis 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1271: 1269: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 978: 972: 967: 960: 958: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 925: 923: 921: 917: 912: 908: 901: 899: 897: 891: 889: 888:stress ulcers 885: 877: 875: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 819: 811: 809: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:parietal cell 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 723: 722: 715: 712: 707: 702: 701: 696: 692: 689: 686: 683: 679: 675: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 654: 651: 650: 647:Complications 646: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 613: 611: 607: 602: 600: 595: 593: 589: 588:dexamethasone 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566:A history of 561: 557: 553: 550: 546: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 498: 495: 494: 493: 486: 480:Gastric ulcer 478: 471: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 445: 443: 439: 436:, and a PPI. 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:poor appetite 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:gastric ulcer 292: 288: 284: 280: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 252: 248: 245: 243: 239: 236: 232: 228: 225: 221: 217: 213: 210: 208: 204: 201: 197: 193: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 143: 142:Complications 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 71: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 18:Peptic ulcers 6915: 6848: 6827: 6704:Pancreatitis 6666: 6616:biliary tree 6489:Nutmeg liver 6466: 6392:Hematochezia 6343:Pruritus ani 6328:Anal abscess 6323:Anal fistula 6319:Anal fissure 6232:Constipation 6186: 6057:Appendicitis 5865:Gastroptosis 5855:Achlorhydria 5694: 5683:Eosinophilic 5597:Helicobacter 5596: 5588: 5574:Peptic ulcer 5566: 5548: 5513: 5501: 5474: 5454: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5410: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5355: 5348:Vibrionaceae 5328: 5301: 5283: 5250: 5230: 5214: 5194: 5180: 5166: 5158: 5146: 5109: 5095: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5034: 5001: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4949: 4925: 4885: 4876: 4862: 4844: 4785: 4778: 4764: 4750: 4719: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4670: 4635: 4619:Neisseriales 4578: 4566: 4562: 4555:Trench fever 4547: 4533: 4502: 4495:Brucellaceae 4462: 4448: 4442:Anaplasmosis 4430: 4427:Ehrlichiosis 4391: 4372:Scrub typhus 4364: 4350: 4328: 4320: 4306: 4292: 4278: 4264: 4250: 4236: 4222: 4208: 4162: 4148: 4097:-associated 4053:. Retrieved 4049:the original 4044: 4011: 4000: 3976: 3965: 3946: 3927: 3880:(3): 522–3. 3877: 3873: 3863: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3782:(26): 1946. 3779: 3775: 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3739: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3663: 3650: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3540: 3529: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3467: 3458: 3446:. Retrieved 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3406: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3367:. Retrieved 3353: 3341:. Retrieved 3327: 3310: 3303: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3192: 3186: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3122: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3040: 3036: 3016:, retrieved 3004: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2978: 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2929: 2925: 2915: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2789: 2782: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2686:. Retrieved 2682:the original 2672: 2660:. Retrieved 2646: 2633: 2584: 2580: 2507:. Retrieved 2503: 2494: 2475: 2469: 2457:. Retrieved 2453: 2429:. Retrieved 2420: 2411: 2376: 2372: 2325: 2321: 2296:. Retrieved 2292:the original 2287: 2278: 2258: 2251: 2239:. Retrieved 2235:the original 2230: 2221: 2186: 2182: 2133: 2129: 2092: 2088: 2050: 2046: 2005:(5): 491–3. 2002: 1998: 1958: 1955:Primary Care 1954: 1888: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1847: 1842:awarded the 1837: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1815: 1798: 1796: 1780:Robin Warren 1778:scientists, 1769: 1768: 1750: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1669: 80–100 1620: 73-132 1552:Epidemiology 1527: 1510: 1501:erythromycin 1481: 1460:crystalloids 1453: 1441: 1432:tetracycline 1422: 1407:pantoprazole 1402: 1400: 1367: 1351:pericarditis 1318:Pancreatitis 1296: 1283: 1266: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1165: 1124: 1119: 1105: 1096: 1089: 1055: 1039: 1037: 1021: 1006: 986: 979: 976: 956: 929: 919: 915: 905: 895: 892: 881: 870: 866: 854: 843:gastric acid 815: 795: 778: 767:somatostatin 754: 749:inhibit the 734: 730: 719: 718: 713: 698: 637:stomach acid 622: 614: 610:gastric acid 603: 596: 592:prednisolone 565: 491: 462:Robin Warren 453: 446: 425: 420:(PPI) or an 408: 375: 337: 335: 305:, and upper 298: 294: 278: 277: 168: 29: 6884:Peritonitis 6646:Cholestasis 6624:Cholangitis 6567:Gallbladder 6455:Fatty liver 6375:Hematemesis 6357:GI bleeding 6163:Necrotizing 6092:Lymphocytic 6087:Collagenous 6082:Microscopic 6019:Steatorrhea 5920:Enteropathy 5766:Inlet patch 5688:Herpetiform 5673:Esophagitis 5419:Pseudomonas 5167:Haemophilus 5148:Haemophilus 5103:Yersiniosis 5054:Shigellosis 4758:Melioidosis 4567:B. quintana 4563:B. henselae 4510:Brucellosis 4045:MedlinePlus 4002:MedlinePlus 3755:27 February 3747:. Cdc.gov. 3478:11 November 2959:27 February 2328:(1): 9–26. 2298:28 February 2241:28 February 1764:antibiotics 1663: 60–80 1657: 40–60 1651: 20–40 1614: 54-72 1608: 41-53 1602: 33-40 1596: 26-32 1590: 20-25 1584: 17-19 1578: 12-16 1536:treatment, 1492:epinephrine 1469:Intravenous 1415:amoxicillin 1378:misoprostol 1261:gastrectomy 1174:By location 1122:infection. 1029:antibiotics 1024:blood tests 1017:gastroscopy 993:weight loss 948:Gastrinomas 859:bicarbonate 761:; activate 667:peritonitis 659:Perforation 629:indigestion 535:hematemesis 466:Nobel Prize 430:amoxicillin 327:perforation 255:antibiotics 151:perforation 119:weight gain 115:weight loss 43:Other names 6938:Acute pain 6922:Categories 6876:Peritoneal 6854:Incisional 6775:Congenital 6719:Hereditary 6696:Pancreatic 6660:Haemobilia 6333:Hemorrhoid 6311:Anal canal 6249:Infectious 6237:Functional 6072:Ulcerative 5956:Duodenitis 5895:Gastrinoma 5599:cellulitis 5182:H. ducreyi 5169:meningitis 4691:ungrouped: 4384:Flea-borne 4343:Mite-borne 4201:Tick-borne 3978:DiseasesDB 3343:17 January 3162:: 727–32. 3005:StatPearls 2824:: 573901. 2790:StatPearls 1899:References 1867:mastic gum 1807:Petri dish 1792:spicy food 1776:Australian 1745:See also: 1737:(NSAIDs). 1572: 8-11 1384:Management 1372:(PPI), an 1364:Prevention 1108:malignancy 995:, because 944:vasculitis 804:(TNF) and 791:metaplasia 606:epigastric 549:hemoglobin 547:iron from 513:waterbrash 501:epigastric 422:H2 blocker 380:antibodies 251:H2 blocker 242:Medication 177:(NSAIDs), 173:bacteria, 6864:Richter's 6821:Spigelian 6816:Obturator 6806:Umbilical 6639:Ascending 6610:Bile duct 6443:Cirrhosis 6421:Hepatitis 6404:Accessory 6274:Proctitis 6125:Megacolon 6099:Dysentery 6009:Whipple's 5961:Jejunitis 5951:Enteritis 5838:Dyspepsia 5799:Gastritis 5732:Achalasia 5665:Esophagus 5516:infection 5514:Aeromonas 5421:infection 5336:Tularemia 5188:Chancroid 4960:infection 4942:Slow/weak 4856:Pneumonia 4797:Pertussis 4678:Gonorrhea 4331:infection 4013:eMedicine 3806:See also 3448:26 August 2840:2296-875X 1875:H. pylori 1871:H. pylori 1856:H. pylori 1852:gastritis 1833:H. pylori 1829:H. pylori 1812:halitosis 1799:H. pylori 1727:H. pylori 1722:H. pylori 1566: 0-7 1423:H. pylori 1403:H. pylori 1303:Gastritis 1263:specimen. 1244:ibuprofen 1186:Esophagus 1156:Submucosa 1141:Esophagus 1120:H. pylori 1097:H. pylori 1058:cultures; 1056:H. pylori 1013:endoscopy 961:Diagnosis 932:ischaemia 920:H. pylori 916:H. pylori 896:H. pylori 871:H. pylori 863:celecoxib 783:histamine 779:H. pylori 755:H. pylori 747:cytokines 714:H. pylori 633:heartburn 582:and most 568:heartburn 468:in 2005. 454:H. pylori 442:endoscopy 426:H. pylori 376:H. pylori 368:endoscopy 291:esophagus 261:Frequency 230:Treatment 196:endoscopy 91:Heartburn 70:Specialty 6794:Indirect 6789:Inguinal 6523:Pyogenic 6468:Vascular 6244:Diarrhea 6222:Volvulus 6188:Vascular 6127: / 6116: / 6077:Ischemic 6044:Appendix 5934:Duodenum 5804:Atrophic 5678:Candidal 5044:flexneri 4958:Serratia 4772:Glanders 4021:ped/2341 4018:med/1776 3896:12888582 3855:12562704 3811:Archived 3802:Archived 3749:Archived 3731:Archived 3727:45487832 3719:16336147 3672:Archived 3656:Schulz K 3642:10066001 3556:Archived 3521:11218379 3472:Archived 3470:. 2009. 3442:Archived 3416:Archived 3398:18704207 3363:Archived 3337:Archived 3319:25905301 3311:Endotext 3254:17589905 3178:15171675 3135:Archived 3128:bed rest 3114:42592868 3106:21199512 3065:30231594 3057:20973838 3013:31613522 2954:24654342 2946:15142194 2907:26923747 2858:33240923 2799:30137838 2656:Archived 2638:Archived 2601:28242110 2425:Archived 2403:25530442 2352:18837773 2213:27733281 2160:27733282 2109:21944414 2067:12072662 2027:25464311 2019:22095016 1975:21872087 1877:levels. 1534:warfarin 1499:such as 1488:endoclip 1450:Bleeding 1347:pleurisy 1180:Duodenum 1150:Duodenum 1074:antibody 829:(SSRI), 682:pancreas 545:oxidized 507:bloating 323:bleeding 315:belching 147:Bleeding 123:bloating 107:vomiting 103:belching 86:Symptoms 6835:Petit's 6811:Femoral 6714:Chronic 6528:Amoebic 6296:Anismus 6062:Colitis 5989:Coeliac 5966:Ileitis 5938:Jejunum 5791:Stomach 5695:Rupture 5363:Cholera 5309:Q fever 4912:O104:H4 4907:O157:H7 4561:Either 4190:Spotted 3972:D010437 3798:9874617 3678:17 July 3634:6145023 3599:1641856 3591:6134060 3422:18 June 3369:18 June 3295:7026344 3245:4436612 3169:2214597 2898:4924392 2849:7680839 2743:9391242 2734:1891536 2688:18 June 2662:18 June 2609:4547048 2394:4340604 2343:7165909 2204:5388903 2151:5055577 1741:History 1484:cautery 1446:(PPI). 1428:bismuth 1192:Stomach 1144:Stomach 1081:antigen 907:Dietary 822:aspirin 816:Taking 771:gastrin 641:sternum 618:elderly 586:(e.g., 414:alcohol 311:burning 6829:Lumbar 6799:Direct 6782:Hiatus 6762:Hernia 6614:Other 6380:Melena 6266:Rectum 5749:(GERD) 5085:Plague 5048:boydii 5040:sonnei 4141:Typhus 4055:20 May 4007:000206 3894: 3853: 3796: 3725: 3717: 3640: 3632: 3614:Lancet 3597: 3589: 3571:Lancet 3548: 3519: 3396: 3317: 3293: 3252: 3242: 3199: 3176: 3166: 3112: 3104: 3063: 3055: 3018:7 June 3011: 2984:7 June 2952: 2944: 2905: 2895: 2856: 2846: 2838: 2797: 2741: 2731: 2607: 2599: 2581:Lancet 2509:7 June 2482: 2459:7 June 2431:3 June 2401: 2391: 2373:Lancet 2350: 2340: 2266: 2211: 2201: 2183:Lancet 2158: 2148: 2130:Lancet 2107: 2065: 2025: 2017: 1973: 1788:stress 1760:Greece 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1159:Muscle 1153:Mucosa 1147:Ulcers 1092:carbon 1079:Stool 1063:urease 989:x-rays 942:, and 884:stress 878:Stress 837:, and 812:NSAIDs 726:urease 695:biopsy 625:hunger 576:NSAIDs 541:melena 398:, and 388:biopsy 362:, and 329:, and 269:Deaths 165:Causes 99:nausea 6754:Other 6709:Acute 6460:MASLD 6413:Liver 6387:Lower 6370:Upper 6212:Ileus 6048:Colon 5942:Ileum 5757:(LPR) 5482:HACEK 5262:HACEK 5202:HACEK 4713:HACEK 4192:fever 3723:S2CID 3668:Slate 3638:S2CID 3595:S2CID 3110:S2CID 3061:S2CID 2950:S2CID 2605:S2CID 2023:S2CID 1881:Notes 1490:, or 1458:with 1376:, or 1238:Type 1231:Type 1224:Type 1217:Type 1210:Type 1083:test; 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