124:
tenses and specifically refers to completed events with present consequences; its meaning is thus similar to that of the
English construction, "have/has (done something)". The Latin perfect tense is contrasted only with the imperfect tense (used for past incomplete actions or states) and is thus used
267:
If perfect is viewed as an aspect, then the verb forms traditionally called just "perfect" (as in Greek or – in appropriate contexts – in Latin) in fact combine the perfect aspect with present tense (the event occurred prior to the time of speech). The pluperfect and future perfect forms combine
1658:
The perfect, the progressive, and the perfect progressive are three of the aspect-like forms used in
English. The perfective, imperfective, completive, inceptive, punctual, iterative, and habitual are sometimes considered aspects in English as well.
515:. Thus if a sentence such as "I have put the book on the table" implies that it is still on the table, so a discontinuous past sentence "I put the book on the table" in these languages would imply that the book is no longer on the table.
912:
with the preterite to express a present perfect sense, although this has largely fallen out of use in the modern languages, being replaced with periphrastic formations using the verbs "to be" or "to have" with a past participle.
71:
form that indicates that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the time under consideration, often focusing attention on the resulting state rather than on the occurrence itself. An example of a perfect construction is
641:
The basic (present) perfect form, with the auxiliary in the present tense, may specifically carry the meaning of perfect aspect, as in
English; however in some languages it is used more generally as a past tense (or
76:
Although this gives information about a prior action (the speaker's making of the dinner), the focus is likely to be on the present consequences of that action (the fact that the dinner is now ready). The word
934:
aspect (a current state of being). The name was assigned based on similarity to the Greek or Latin perfect tense, before the stative nature of the form was fully recognized. For details of its formation, see
1168:, the auxiliary of the progressive aspect), which in turn is followed by the present participle of the main verb. As before, the perfect auxiliary can appear in various tenses, moods and non-finite forms:
615:. It is consequently used mostly with verbs that denote a change in the state or location of the subject, and in some languages the participle inflects to agree with the gender and number of the subject.
1245:), or implied by the context (for example, in the narration of a sequence of events). The present perfect, on the other hand, is used when the assumed time frame lasts up until the present moment:
955:. In Greek, however, it took on a true "perfect" meaning, indicating an action with a permanent result. The effect of the action is seen in the resulting state; this state may belong to either the
242:, which encodes the present relevance or anticipation of a future event. While the perfect is a relatively uniform category cross-linguistically, its relation to the experiential and
1452:
268:
perfect aspect with past and future tense respectively. This analysis is reflected more explicitly in the terminology commonly used in modern
English grammars, which refer to
202:), which refers to the viewing of an action as a single (but not necessarily prior) event. To avoid confusion with the perfective, the perfect is occasionally called the
487:(referring to an event which the speaker has heard about but not personally witnessed). This is common in languages such as Turkish, Persian, Georgian, and Bulgarian:
1260:
Perfect progressive forms are used mainly to refer to an action continuing up to (or nearly up to) the time of reference, again with emphasis on its consequences (
1804:
963:. The meaning is therefore similar to the English present perfect, although usage of the Greek perfect is rather narrower than in English. Greek also has a
450:'(An hour ago) I was walking in the forest. Suddenly I stepped on a snake. It bit me in the leg.' (lit. 'I have stepped on a snake ... it has bitten me').
152:, while the form traditionally called the pluperfect ("I had done") is called the past perfect. (There are also additional forms such as future perfect,
1712:
148:
may be analyzed as an aspect that is independent of tense – the form that is traditionally just called the perfect ("I have done") is then called the
112:-verb form. Modern analyses view the perfect constructions of these languages as combining elements of grammatical tense (such as time reference) and
892:) have a somewhat different type of perfect construction, where a word meaning "after" is used together with a verbal noun. This is described under
1662:
1417:
1390:
230:. In the perfect aspect, the event being referred to is viewed as already completed at the time of reference. It should not be confused with the
287:
However, not all uses of "perfect" verb forms necessarily express this "perfect aspect" – sometimes they are simply used as expressions of
260:
combines the meanings expressed by the two aspects – viewing my working as an ongoing process, but one which is now completed (or, as in
873:("to be") was used as an auxiliary verb in a similar sense to modern French and Italian, this use disappeared by the 18th century. See
618:
Languages that use these constructions can generally inflect the auxiliary to produce different verb forms for the perfect aspect: the
1858:
1576:
1149:
1797:
1672:
1427:
1400:
511:
In some languages a type of tense has been noted with exactly the opposite implication to a perfect. This type of tense is known as
1009:
the PIE aorist merged with the perfect. Consequently, the Latin perfect tense serves both as a true perfect (meaning, for example,
576:. This came to be reanalyzed, with the object becoming the object of the main verb, and the participle becoming a dependent of the
249:
The perfect is not necessarily incompatible with other grammatical aspects. In
English, for example, it can be combined with the
1326:. (These verb forms might not be considered to be truly in the perfect aspect.) For more information on such constructions, see
791:(compound past) and is the usual past tense for completed events, corresponding to both the English present perfect and to the
845:
is used. The present perfect is often used also for completed events where
English would use the simple past. For details see
1204:. Perfect passive forms can be constructed by replacing the participle of the main verb with the corresponding participle of
172:
49:
1220:. Perfect progressive passives, as in the last example, therefore involve two consecutive participles of the auxiliary verb
238:, and does not imply prior occurrence or present relevance as the perfect aspect does. The perfect also contrasts with the
1227:
The implications of the present perfect (that something occurred prior to the present moment) are similar to those of the
1978:
1790:
927:
523:
A number of modern
European languages exhibit a parallel type of perfect (or perfect-like) construction, formed with an
1356:
1180:
254:
1334:
1231:. The simple past is generally used when the occurrence has a specific past time frame – either explicitly stated (
936:
1698:
1190:
561:
385:(stating that a given situation has been going on continuously during a period leading up to the present time):
365:(stating that a given situation has occurred at least once in a period of time leading up to the present time):
1257:(the time of building is not important; the focus is on the result, the present existence of the tree-house).
1709:
1470:"The English Resultative Perfect and Its Relationship to the Experiential Perfect and the Simple Past Tense"
1351:
1067:(infinitive, participle or gerund), thus giving rise to a number of constructions which combine the perfect
109:
703:(perfect), and for most verbs is the usual past tense for colloquial speech and dialects. For details, see
1295:
1253:(it is still the morning). It is often used to draw attention to the consequences rather than the action:
975:
1201:
1028:
Latin also has pluperfect and future perfect forms. For details of how all of these forms are made, see
990:
427:'he is standing' (lit. 'he has stood up'). This can be considered to be the same as resultative perfect.
951:
perfect developed from the PIE perfect (stative) form; in both cases the stem is typically formed by
782:
604:
1687:
1877:
1863:
1853:
1327:
1319:
1291:
1153:
1129:
1113:
1045:
986:
281:
153:
101:
1524:
Lindstedt, Jouko "The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential". In Dahl, Östen (ed.) (2000).
798:
649:
The use of auxiliaries and meaning of the constructions in various languages are described below.
1950:
1813:
1756:
1739:
Jeanette S. DeCarrico (December 1986). "Tense, Aspect, and Time in the
English Modality System".
1620:
1559:
Sezer, Engin "Finite
Inflection in Turkish", p. 17. In Taylan, Eser Erguvanlı (ed.) (2002),
1068:
994:
758:
754:
708:
631:
512:
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239:
227:
113:
1920:
1831:
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897:
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and with a certain number of intransitive verbs. The past participle is inflected to agree in
612:
585:
314:(referring to a state in the present which is the result or endpoint of an event in the past):
295:. This applies to some uses of the Latin perfect, and also (for example) to the modern German
231:
105:
31:
405:(stating that a present situation holds as a result of something that has happened recently):
253:(continuous) aspect, wherein an event is viewed as temporary and ongoing. A form such as the
1929:
1873:
1748:
1060:
960:
885:
881:
852:
806:
774:
569:
447:
Yo estaba andando en el bosque. De pronto he pisado una culebra. Me ha mordido en la pierna.
1924:
1904:
1716:
1083:
1064:
889:
846:
778:
773:
is used, but then only when the object precedes the verb (which is normally the case with
718:
676:
627:
528:
269:
165:
149:
141:
38:
1727:
588:. A vestige of the original interpretation is preserved in some languages in the form of
1817:
1103:
968:
750:
623:
524:
277:
157:
134:
1627:. page 413, paragraph 1852.b: stage of action: completed action with permanent result.
1200:
The perfect aspect (or perfect progressive) can also be combined with marking for the
1972:
1899:
1881:
1148:
The perfect can also be combined with another aspect that is marked in
English – the
1041:
1006:
952:
948:
905:
893:
874:
930:(PIE), the verb form that has traditionally been called "perfect" in fact signified
246:
aspects is complex – the latter two are not simply restricted cases of the perfect.
1846:
1590:
The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World
1346:
1333:
For more details on the usage of the various perfect constructions in English, see
1093:
861:("have") as the auxiliary with all verbs. The "present perfect" form is called the
734:
704:
273:
1782:
1537:
Lindstedt, Jouko, "The perfect – aspectual, temporal and evidential", p. 376.
978:, which was used simply to report past events (for example in narrative), and the
464:(a statement that something must have happened because of the evidence available):
1228:
792:
728:
608:
243:
168:
of the main verb, is paralleled in a number of other modern European languages.
97:
974:
Other verb forms used in Ancient Greek to refer to past circumstances were the
1052:
964:
619:
589:
288:
191:
130:
86:
17:
1868:
1841:
1022:
1014:
979:
643:
565:
292:
126:
121:
1086:, generally denoting something that took place prior to the present moment)
477:'The thief evidently got in through this window' (literally, 'has got in')
1777:
1608:
Memorias del Vi Foro de Estudios en Lenguas Internacional 2010 (Fel 2010)
1604:"Auxiliares "ser" y "haber" en los tiempos compuestos delespañol antiguo"
1116:, something conceived as taking place in hypothetical past circumstances)
599:-perfect developed similarly, from a construction where the verb meaning
156:, and so on.) The formation of the perfect in English, using forms of an
1469:
1156:(or perfect continuous) constructions, the perfect auxiliary (a form of
1760:
931:
622:
or past perfect is produced with the auxiliary in the past tense, the
1836:
592:
on the participle to agree with the gender and number of the object.
307:
In English, several uses of the perfect aspect have been recognized:
117:
1752:
1603:
264:, restricting attention to the completed portion of that process).
626:
with the auxiliary in the future tense, and so on. These include
697:
itself. The German "present perfect" construction is called the
584:
The construction could then be generalized to be used also with
125:
to mean both "have/has done something" and "did something" (the
68:
1786:
985:
For details of the formation and use of the Greek perfect, see
348:(completed past situations, but with relevance to the present):
133:, denoting an event prior to a past time of reference, and the
908:. Middle Cornish and Middle Breton used a perfective particle
785:). The construction with "present perfect" form is called the
556:-perfect developed from a construction where the verb meaning
1487:
Aspect: An introduction to verbal aspect and related problems
422:
413:
867:
and is used similarly to the English present perfect. While
991:
Ancient Greek grammar § Dependence of moods and tenses
900:. By analogy with this construction, sentences of the form
821:("be") as auxiliaries, distributed in much the same way as
392:"The meaning of the Perfect has been debated for 200 years"
321:"I have lost my pen-knife" (message: I still don't have it)
1636:
Smyth. p. 434, par. 1945.a: effects of a completed action.
1106:, something to take place prior to a moment in the future)
1096:, something that took place prior to a moment in the past)
1579:
Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. (STUF), Berlin 59, 4, 317–349.
1489:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University, pp. 52ff
993:). For the (compound) perfect found in modern Greek, see
839:
is used, and with a preceding pronoun direct object when
140:
In the grammar of some modern languages, particularly of
398:
In other languages other uses of the perfect are found:
833:
in French. The participle agrees with the subject when
1528:. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, p. 267.
1330:(particularly the sections on the individual modals).
1128:(present perfect subjunctive, a rarely used form; see
531:
of the main verb. The auxiliary may be a verb meaning
500:'They say I was/am ill' (literally, 'I have been ill')
355:"It has rained" (implication: the streets are wet now)
1728:
Conditional Verb Forms. Guide to Grammar and Writing.
691:("be") with some intransitives, including the copula
1664:
Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists
1392:
Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists
1025:, which denotes uncompleted past actions or states.
743:("have") as the auxiliary with most verbs, but uses
634:. (More possible forms and examples are given under
137:, for an event prior to a future time of reference.
1938:
1913:
1892:
1824:
1577:"Towards a typology of discontinuous past marking."
1208:followed by the past participle of the main verb:
669:) is archaic. For more details see the section on
1318:), it forms a contrary-to-fact past conditional (
1055:of the main verb. The auxiliary is inflected for
549:, "I (have) arrived", literally "I am arrived").
116:. The Greek perfect tense is contrasted with the
1667:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–241.
1419:A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics
27:Verb form focusing on the result of a past event
685:("have") as the auxiliary with most verbs, and
1961:Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked.
1688:Present Perfect. Guide to Grammar and Writing.
1588:Joan Bybee, Revere Perkins, William Pagliuca,
1453:"The Ambiguity of the English Present Perfect"
1798:
1324:she would/could have done it if she had tried
868:
862:
856:
840:
834:
816:
810:
712:
495:
472:
445:
280:(as well as some other constructions such as
8:
1275:). They may express interrupted activities (
828:
822:
796:
786:
768:
762:
744:
738:
698:
692:
686:
680:
544:
234:, which marks a situation as a single event
81:in this sense means "completed" (from Latin
1649:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, p. 8.
1526:Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe
1395:. Cambridge University Press. p. 240.
722:
474:Tjuven har kommit in genom det här fönstret
1805:
1791:
1783:
1294:with various meanings, chiefly to express
418:'he is tired' (lit. 'he has become tired')
331:(past situations continuing into present):
711:have similar constructions, such as the
1368:
1224:; these constructions are rarely used.
767:is used, and with a direct object when
375:"I have seen that film three times now"
1513:Swahili Grammar (Including Intonation)
1160:) is followed by the past participle
904:(meaning "I have eaten") are used in
190:. It should not be confused with the
7:
1592:, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
1249:(in my lifetime; I am still alive);
661:with some intransitive verbs (as in
1602:MarĂa Elena Sánchez Arroba (2010).
1575:& Johan van der Auwera (2006).
1379:, Blackwell Publ., 1985, chapter 5.
1281:a novel when she came to talk to me
1044:perfect is made with a form of the
1251:You have done no work this morning
171:The perfect can be denoted by the
129:use). Other related forms are the
25:
1290:in most cases) can be used after
1017:, merely reporting a past event (
564:, and the past participle was an
262:I have been working for two hours
1286:The perfect infinitive (without
1699:Past Perfect Progressive Tense.
1416:Trask, Robert Lawrence (1993).
607:and the participle expressed a
85:, which is the perfect passive
37:For the Euclidean lattice, see
1144:(perfect gerund or participle)
1071:with other verbal properties:
971:, although their use is rare.
1:
1661:Thomas, Payne Edward (1997).
1515:. Longmans Green, p. 37.
1476:, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 323–351
1389:Payne, Thomas Edward (1997).
1273:for ten hours/since 7 o'clock
657:as the auxiliary; the use of
519:Construction with auxiliaries
1625:A Greek grammar for colleges
1563:, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
1298:with regard to past events:
928:Proto-Indo-European language
670:
646:), as in French and German.
635:
226:is identified as one of the
1511:Ashton, E. O. (1947).
1357:Relative and absolute tense
1181:present perfect progressive
1152:(or continuous) aspect. In
435:Perfect of very recent past
255:present perfect progressive
1995:
1859:Continuous and progressive
1474:Linguistics and Philosophy
1422:. Routledge. p. 204.
1335:Uses of English verb forms
926:In reconstructions of the
372:"Bill has been to America"
338:"I have always guided him"
236:without internal structure
36:
29:
1959:
1300:you should have done that
1262:we were tired because we
1247:I have written two novels
1063:, and can also appear in
1021:). It contrasts with the
937:Proto-Indo-European verbs
1377:Tense and Aspect Systems
1191:past perfect progressive
1126:...that he have eaten...
527:in combination with the
403:Perfect of present state
30:Not to be confused with
1946:Perfect (Retrospective)
1825:Complete vs. incomplete
1485:Comrie, Bernard (1976)
1451:Michaelis, Laura (1994)
1352:Prophetic perfect tense
1255:I've built a tree-house
1218:it has been being eaten
1214:it will have been eaten
1051:together with the past
917:In particular languages
795:. For more details see
1710:Conditional Sentences.
1468:Mittwoch, Anna (2008)
1457:Journal of Linguistics
1304:she might have seen it
869:
863:
857:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
797:
787:
769:
763:
761:with the subject when
745:
739:
723:
713:
699:
693:
687:
681:
545:
496:
473:
446:
423:
414:
222:In some analyses, the
1573:Plungian, Vladimir A.
783:interrogative clauses
582:I have done the work.
173:glossing abbreviation
104:grammar, the perfect
1914:Beginning vs. ending
1893:Generic vs. episodic
1267:), or its duration (
1138:(perfect infinitive)
1122:(perfect imperative)
574:I have the work done
539:) or a verb meaning
363:Experiential perfect
329:Continuative perfect
164:) together with the
1979:Grammatical aspects
1561:The Verb in Turkish
1442:Dahl, 1985, p. 190.
1328:English modal verbs
1320:conditional perfect
1154:perfect progressive
1130:English subjunctive
1114:conditional perfect
1013:), and as a simple
987:Ancient Greek verbs
922:Proto-Indo-European
727:(compound past) of
632:perfect infinitives
535:(as in the English
485:Reportative perfect
462:inferential perfect
444:(Alicante Spanish)
312:Resultative perfect
282:conditional perfect
258:I have been working
228:grammatical aspects
154:conditional perfect
74:I have made dinner.
1715:2011-07-19 at the
1647:The Latin Language
1621:Herbert Weir Smyth
1177:he has been eating
1173:I have been eating
1110:I would have eaten
995:Modern Greek verbs
864:pretérito perfecto
709:Germanic languages
586:intransitive verbs
543:(as in the French
513:discontinuous past
507:Discontinuous past
240:prospective aspect
114:grammatical aspect
1966:
1965:
1921:Inchoative aspect
1271:have been working
1240:the water boiled
1210:it has been eaten
1187:I had been eating
1100:I will have eaten
1030:Latin conjugation
967:and a (compound)
898:Irish conjugation
775:personal pronouns
546:je suis arrivé(e)
383:Universal perfect
232:perfective aspect
108:is a particular,
48:tense or aspect (
32:Perfective aspect
16:(Redirected from
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93:"to complete").
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1233:I wrote a book
1136:(to) have eaten
1084:present perfect
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1581:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1498:Comrie (1976)
1491:
1478:
1461:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1408:
1401:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1184:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1107:
1104:future perfect
1097:
1087:
1046:auxiliary verb
1037:
1034:
1002:
999:
969:future perfect
944:
941:
923:
920:
918:
915:
879:
878:
850:
804:
732:
674:
671:§ English
636:§ English
630:forms such as
624:future perfect
568:modifying the
525:auxiliary verb
520:
517:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
501:
497:Hasta-y-mış-ım
489:
488:
481:
480:
479:
478:
466:
465:
454:
453:
452:
451:
439:
438:
431:
430:
429:
428:
419:
407:
406:
396:
395:
394:
393:
387:
386:
379:
378:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
359:
358:
357:
356:
350:
349:
342:
341:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
324:
323:
322:
316:
315:
304:
301:
291:, that is, as
278:future perfect
219:
216:
158:auxiliary verb
135:future perfect
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:Relative time
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1882:frequentative
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1674:9780521588058
1670:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1502:, p. 57.
1501:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1429:9780415086288
1425:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1402:9780521588058
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:Dahl, Osten,
1372:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:passive voice
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
953:reduplication
950:
949:Ancient Greek
943:Ancient Greek
942:
940:
938:
933:
929:
921:
916:
914:
911:
907:
906:Irish English
903:
899:
895:
894:Welsh grammar
891:
887:
883:
876:
875:Spanish verbs
871:
865:
859:
854:
851:
848:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
815:("have") and
813:
808:
805:
801:
800:
799:passé composé
794:
789:
788:passé composé
784:
780:
776:
771:
765:
760:
756:
752:
747:
741:
736:
733:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
706:
701:
695:
689:
683:
678:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:English uses
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
611:state of the
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
506:
498:
493:
492:
491:
490:
486:
483:
482:
475:
470:
469:
468:
467:
463:
459:
456:
455:
448:
443:
442:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
425:
420:
416:
411:
410:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
391:
390:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
265:
263:
259:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
211:
205:
204:retrospective
199:
193:
187:
179:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Ancient Greek
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
70:
66:
58:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
18:Perfect tense
1945:
1878:distributive
1864:Delimitative
1854:Imperfective
1847:Semelfactive
1778:Greek tenses
1744:
1740:
1734:
1723:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1663:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1418:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1347:Future tense
1332:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:a minute ago
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1142:having eaten
1141:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1094:past perfect
1089:
1080:he has eaten
1079:
1076:I have eaten
1075:
1048:
1039:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1004:
984:
973:
946:
925:
909:
901:
880:
777:and in some
749:("be") with
705:German verbs
666:
662:
658:
654:
648:
640:
617:
600:
596:
594:
581:
580:verb, as in
577:
573:
557:
553:
551:
540:
536:
532:
522:
510:
484:
461:
457:
434:
402:
397:
382:
362:
345:
328:
311:
306:
296:
286:
274:past perfect
266:
261:
257:
248:
235:
223:
221:
218:As an aspect
209:
203:
197:
185:
177:
170:
161:
145:
139:
95:
90:
89:of the verb
82:
78:
73:
60:
52:
45:
43:
1951:Prospective
1814:Grammatical
1292:modal verbs
1229:simple past
1150:progressive
1120:Have eaten
1090:I had eaten
1011:I have done
793:simple past
609:resultative
424:A-me-simama
251:progressive
244:resultative
50:abbreviated
1832:Perfective
1363:References
1053:participle
989:(see also
965:pluperfect
667:he is gone
628:non-finite
620:pluperfect
590:inflection
562:possession
537:I have won
494:(Turkish)
471:(Swedish)
458:Evidential
421:(Swahili)
415:A-me-choka
412:(Swahili)
293:preterites
289:past tense
192:perfective
131:pluperfect
110:conjugated
87:participle
1930:Cessative
1874:Iterative
1869:Imperfect
1842:Momentane
1322:), as in
1023:imperfect
1015:preterite
980:imperfect
724:perfectum
663:I am come
644:preterite
566:adjective
127:preterite
122:imperfect
91:perficere
83:perfectum
1973:Category
1905:Habitual
1713:Archived
1546:Comrie,
1341:See also
1296:modality
884:(except
779:relative
721:and the
707:. Other
638:below.)
572:, as in
560:denoted
194:aspect (
120:and the
1761:3586517
1306:. With
1235:in 1995
1042:English
1036:English
959:or the
957:subject
932:stative
886:Cornish
853:Spanish
807:Italian
719:Swedish
714:perfekt
700:Perfekt
613:subject
297:Perfekt
224:perfect
146:perfect
142:English
79:perfect
67:) is a
46:perfect
1900:Gnomic
1837:Aorist
1759:
1671:
1548:Aspect
1500:Aspect
1426:
1399:
1312:should
1164:(from
1069:aspect
976:aorist
961:object
890:Breton
836:essere
818:essere
759:number
755:gender
735:French
677:German
673:below.
605:copula
570:object
144:, the
118:aorist
1757:JSTOR
1459:30: 1
1316:could
1308:would
1057:tense
1019:I did
1007:Latin
1001:Latin
858:haber
855:uses
842:avere
824:avoir
812:avere
809:uses
770:avoir
740:avoir
737:uses
729:Dutch
682:haben
679:uses
303:Types
106:tense
98:Latin
1925:verb
1816:and
1669:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1314:and
1196:etc.
1162:been
1158:have
1061:mood
1059:and
1049:have
1040:The
947:The
896:and
888:and
830:ĂŞtre
827:and
781:and
764:ĂŞtre
757:and
746:ĂŞtre
694:sein
688:sein
655:have
595:The
578:have
558:have
554:have
552:The
533:have
276:and
178:PERF
162:have
100:and
69:verb
55:PERF
44:The
1749:doi
1283:).
1269:we
1005:In
870:ser
717:of
460:or
284:).
214:).
210:RET
198:PFV
186:PRF
182:or
63:PRF
59:or
1975::
1755:.
1745:20
1743:.
1623:.
1606:.
1472:.
1455:.
1337:.
1302:;
1288:to
1277:I
1238:;
1222:be
1216:;
1212:;
1206:be
1175:;
1166:be
1078:;
1032:.
997:.
982:.
939:.
910:re
665:;
659:be
601:be
597:be
541:be
299:.
272:,
1923:/
1880:/
1876:/
1806:e
1799:t
1792:v
1763:.
1751::
1677:.
1610:.
1432:.
1405:.
1193:)
1189:(
1183:)
1179:(
1132:)
1112:(
1102:(
1092:(
1082:(
877:.
849:.
803:.
731:.
437::
206:(
160:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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