497:
275:
Peter collected sources on, and writings about, Islam (see below) and spent a long sabbatical in Spain with
Islamic scholars of all ranks. His vast correspondence reflects an almost encyclopedic theological knowledge. He produced some of the most important documents of the 12th century, and published
522:
For Pierre's attack on the Talmud as black magic, see the essay by Alain
Boureau, "Un episode central dans la construction de la magie noire du livre: de la rivalité des exégèses à la crémation du Talmud (1144–1242)" in Peter Ganz, ed, Das Buch als magisches und als Repräsentationsobjekt. Wiesbaden:
418:
Peter fails to recognize Islam as a religion of independent origin; rather, he imagines that
Muslims subscribe to a Christian heresy "because they believe some things with us," and because they learned these beliefs from heretical Christians like Sergius; possibly, he concedes, one should call them
439:
While his interpretation of Islam was basically negative, it did manage in "setting out a more reasoned approach to Islam…through using its own sources rather than those produced by the hyperactive imagination of some earlier
Western Christian writers." Although this alternative approach was not
284:
of
Winchester and Glastonbury, between 1138 and 1142, together with his debating skills, brought wider recognition of his scholarship. The internecine truce between Peter and Bernard of Clairvaux must be seen as superficial in light of recent scholarship detailing the repressiveness of Bernard's
48:
431:, which Peter brought to its final form in 1143 soon after his return from Spain, he remarked that "in our day there exist chiefly four different types of sects in the world, i.e., Christians, Jews, Saracens, and pagans . . ." (
427:), however, because they do not share any of the Christian sacraments, as other heretics do. But insofar as he regards Muslims as heretics, he places them in a different category both from Jews and from pagans. In his polemic
322:
Despite his active life and important role in
European history, Peter's greatest achievement is his contribution to the reappraisal of the Church's relations with the religion of
807:
435:
161, p. 94). Both Jews and
Muslims, however, will be subject to certain legal disabilities—e.g., a prohibition against marriage to or even sexual relations with a Christian.
631:. The Fathers of the Church, Medieval Continuation 16. Translated by Irven M. Resnick. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 46, n. 72.
503:
326:. A proponent of studying Islam based upon its own sources, he commissioned a comprehensive translation of Islamic source material, and in 1142 he traveled to
337:, which was an important centre for translation from the Arabic. However, Peter appears to have met his team of translators further north, possibly in
221:, Peter became a tireless reformer of the Cluniac order, in the face of criticism from other orders and prominent monks and theologians, including the
718:
707:
542:
812:
802:
342:
668:
636:
384:
and a Muslim called
Mohammed. The translation was completed in either June or July 1143, in what has been described as "a landmark in
213:. Success at Vézelay and Domène led to his election as abbot general of the order, aged thirty. After his predecessor, the abbot
746:
Kenneth
Stevenson, "The Transfiguration Sermon of Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny," in Melanie Ross and Simon Jones (eds),
338:
231:. His defence of his order against critics and his introduction of radical reforms, earned him the appellation of "venerable".
345:. The project translated a number of texts relating to Islam (known collectively as the "corpus toletanum"). They include the
264:, granting Abelard hospitality at Cluny and working towards the eventual reconciliation of Abelard and his principal accuser,
380:(Peter the Venerable's secretary) helped to polish the final Latin version. The team also included Robert of Ketton's friend
330:
where he met his translators. One scholar has described this as a "momentous event in the intellectual history of Europe."
377:
832:
269:
234:
Peter, as an associate of national and religious leaders, attended many of the international religious councils. At the
459:
used Peter as an example of compassion and understanding, citing Peter's governance of Cluny, diplomacy, and study of
364:
346:
392:
criticized the translation for containing "numberless faults" and "leaving scarce any resemblance" of the Quran.
280:. His Talmudic contributions are tenuous and still under scrutiny. His friendship and correspondence with Bishop
228:
276:
the first Latin translation of the Qu'ran which became the standard
Benedictine text used by preachers of the
452:
243:
395:
Peter used the newly translated material in his own writings on Islam, of which the most important are the
827:
472:
202:
201:
where he took his vows at age seventeen. By the age of twenty he gained a professorship and was appointed
305:
508:
388:. With this translation, the West had for the first time an instrument for the serious study of Islam."
198:
161:
182:
822:
797:
265:
381:
186:
403:(The Refutation of the Sect or Heresy of the Saracens). In these works Peter portrays Islam as a
317:
113:
567:
817:
632:
538:
456:
301:
92:
76:
600:
369:
239:
214:
106:
757:
385:
373:
261:
235:
102:
771:
737:
560:
281:
250:
148:
141:
59:
159:
in the Middle Ages. Since in 1862 Pope Pius IX confirmed his historical cult, and the
791:
334:
257:
170:
34:
444:, it did achieve some influence among a limited number of Church figures, including
404:
194:
156:
145:
47:
606:
596:
445:
441:
389:
290:
286:
247:
118:
88:
299:
Peter the Venerable died at Cluny on 25 December 1156. His works are edited in
254:
222:
206:
17:
333:
The Arabic manuscripts which Peter had translated may have been obtained in
190:
359:
210:
52:
Peter the Venerable, with other monks, 13th century illuminated manuscript
411:
277:
166:
407:
356:
692:, 2 vols. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967.
460:
352:
327:
323:
268:. Peter granted Abelard a posthumous absolution at the request of
152:
296:
He also wrote a number of musical compositions for use in Cluny.
225:
218:
440:
widely accepted or emulated by other Christian scholars of the
341:, where he is known to have visited the Cluniac monastery of
376:
is credited for planning and annotating the collection, and
399:(The Summary of the Entire Heresy of the Saracens) and the
246:
in 1147 and helped avert a Church schism. He defended the
189:, Peter was "dedicated to God" at birth and given to the
351:; and most importantly the first-ever translation into
706:, translated by Irven M. Resnick. Washington D.C.:
112:
98:
82:
65:
57:
32:
27:
French abbot and saint (c. 1092 – 25 December 1156)
717:, translated by Irven M. Resnick. Washington D.C.:
585:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 37.
559:
512:. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
566:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p.
535:Those terrible Middle Ages: debunking the myths
416:
728:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
537:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 135.
8:
743:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
704:Against the Inveterate Obstinacy of the Jews
401:Liber contra sectam sive heresim Saracenorum
656:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. p. 95.
808:12th-century French Roman Catholic priests
753:
312:Contribution to Muslim–Christian relations
46:
29:
741:Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages
583:Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages
491:
489:
487:
209:, transferring later to the monastery at
136: – 25 December 1156), also known as
719:The Catholic University of America Press
708:The Catholic University of America Press
734:. 2005 ed., s.v. "Peter the Venerable."
697:A History of Muslim-Christian Relations
654:A History of Muslim-Christian Relations
483:
699:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books, 2000.
669:"General Audience of 14 October 2009"
7:
414:, as Irven Resnick aptly puts it:
451:At his weekly general audience in
238:in 1134 he supported the cause of
25:
750:(London, Continuum, 2010), 78–87.
506:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
502:Fournet, Pierre Auguste (1911). "
495:
433:Contra Petrobrusianos haereticos
397:Summa totius heresis Saracenorum
748:The Serious Business of Worship
690:Letters of Peter the Venerable
1:
726:Peter the Venerable and Islam
715:Writings Against the Saracens
629:Writings Against the Saracens
562:Peter the Venerable and Islam
343:Santa MarĂa la Real of Nájera
130:
69:
627:Peter the Venerable (2016).
260:against the sentence of the
151:. He has been honored as a
849:
813:Christian critics of Islam
803:12th-century French people
365:Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete
315:
217:, had been deposed by the
169:in 2004, regards him as a
778:
769:
763:
756:
504:Bl. Peter of Montboissier
429:Against the Petrobrusians
372:was the main translator.
45:
533:Pernoud, RĂ©gine (2000).
229:St. Bernard of Clairvaux
758:Catholic Church titles
581:R.W. Southern (1962).
437:
155:, though he was never
652:Hugh Goddard (2000).
509:Catholic Encyclopedia
316:Further information:
199:Congregation of Cluny
162:Martyrologium Romanum
138:Peter of Montboissier
713:Peter the Venerable
702:Peter the Venerable
558:J. Kritzeck (1964).
479:Notes and references
455:on 14 October 2009,
453:Saint Peter's Square
266:Bernard of Clairvaux
205:of the monastery of
833:French Benedictines
473:Qur'an translations
382:Herman of Carinthia
348:Apology of al-Kindi
127:Peter the Venerable
40:Peter the Venerable
688:Constable, Giles.
523:Harrassowitz, 1992
318:Corpus Cluniacense
58:Benedictine Monk,
786:
785:
779:Succeeded by
732:Microsoft Encarta
544:978-0-89870-781-6
457:Pope Benedict XVI
378:Peter of Poitiers
302:Patrologia Latina
183:Blessed Raingarde
124:
123:
99:Venerated in
16:(Redirected from
840:
764:Preceded by
754:
677:
676:
664:
658:
657:
649:
643:
642:
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
593:
587:
586:
578:
572:
571:
565:
555:
549:
548:
530:
524:
520:
514:
513:
499:
498:
493:
410:that approaches
370:Robert of Ketton
244:Council of Reims
240:Pope Innocent II
165:, issued by the
135:
132:
107:Folk Catholicism
86:25 December 1156
74:
71:
50:
30:
21:
848:
847:
843:
842:
841:
839:
838:
837:
788:
787:
782:
775:
767:
695:Goddard, Hugh.
685:
683:Further reading
680:
666:
665:
661:
651:
650:
646:
639:
626:
625:
621:
612:
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595:
594:
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556:
552:
545:
532:
531:
527:
521:
517:
501:
496:
494:
485:
481:
469:
423:) or heathens (
386:Islamic Studies
374:Peter of Toledo
320:
314:
262:Council of Sens
236:Council of Pisa
179:
133:
103:Catholic Church
87:
75:
72:
53:
41:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
846:
844:
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835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
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790:
789:
784:
783:
780:
777:
772:Abbot of Cluny
768:
765:
761:
760:
752:
751:
744:
738:Southern, R.W.
735:
729:
722:
711:
700:
693:
684:
681:
679:
678:
667:Benedict XVI.
659:
644:
638:978-0813228594
637:
619:
588:
573:
550:
543:
525:
515:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
468:
465:
313:
310:
282:Henry of Blois
253:of the French
251:Trinitarianism
178:
175:
149:abbey of Cluny
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
100:
96:
95:
84:
80:
79:
67:
63:
62:
60:Abbot of Cluny
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
39:
33:
26:
24:
18:Peter of Cluny
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
845:
834:
831:
829:
828:French abbots
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
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801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
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773:
762:
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749:
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742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:Kritzeck, J.
723:
720:
716:
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709:
705:
701:
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691:
687:
686:
682:
674:
670:
663:
660:
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648:
645:
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634:
630:
623:
620:
609:. p. XII
608:
604:
603:
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584:
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569:
564:
563:
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551:
546:
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426:
422:
415:
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383:
379:
375:
371:
368:") for which
367:
366:
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344:
340:
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331:
329:
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319:
311:
309:
307:
304:
303:
297:
294:
292:
288:
283:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Peter Abelard
256:
252:
249:
248:rationalistic
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
227:
224:
220:
216:
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208:
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81:
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68:
64:
61:
56:
49:
44:
36:
31:
19:
770:
747:
740:
731:
725:
714:
703:
696:
689:
672:
662:
653:
647:
628:
622:
611:. Retrieved
601:
591:
582:
576:
561:
553:
534:
528:
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507:
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438:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
400:
396:
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363:
347:
332:
321:
300:
298:
295:
274:
233:
195:Sauxillanges
180:
160:
137:
126:
125:
823:Folk saints
798:1156 deaths
607:Thomas Tegg
605:. Reading:
597:George Sale
446:Roger Bacon
442:Middle Ages
390:George Sale
289:toward the
287:Cistercians
146:Benedictine
134: 1092
119:29 December
89:Cluny Abbey
73: 1092
792:Categories
776:1122-1156
673:vatican.va
613:2024-01-24
255:theologian
242:, and the
223:Cistercian
140:, was the
602:The Koran
405:Christian
191:monastery
157:canonized
818:Cluniacs
781:Hugh III
599:(1825).
467:See also
419:pagans (
412:paganism
339:La Rioja
306:vol. 189
293:orders.
278:Crusades
187:Auvergne
181:Born to
167:Holy See
766:Hugh II
721:, 2016.
710:, 2013.
425:ethnici
355:of the
291:Cluniac
270:Heloise
215:Pontius
207:VĂ©zelay
197:of the
171:Blessed
144:of the
35:Blessed
635:
541:
500:
421:pagani
408:heresy
362:(the "
360:Qur'an
357:Arabic
335:Toledo
211:Domène
93:France
77:France
461:Islam
353:Latin
328:Spain
324:Islam
203:prior
153:saint
142:abbot
114:Feast
633:ISBN
539:ISBN
226:monk
219:pope
177:Life
83:Died
66:Born
193:at
185:in
794::
671:.
568:14
486:^
463:.
448:.
308:.
272:.
173:.
131:c.
105:,
91:,
70:c.
675:.
641:.
616:.
570:.
547:.
129:(
20:)
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