209:"The Europe shops, as you will naturally conclude, are those ware-houses where all the British finery imported is displayed and purchased; and such is the spirit of many ladies upon visiting them, that there have been :instances of their spending 30 or 40,000 rupees in one morning, for the decoration of their persons; on which account many husbands are observed to turn pale as ashes, on the bare mention of their wives :being seen to enter them:
204:
to the materialistic, indulgent culture of the time, as discussed above; and yet at the same time, appear to relish female materialism. One can see in this scene in which Gibbes creates a vivid picture of extravagance, this slightly awe-filled distaste at both the foolishness and the power involved
267:(abortion-inducing poultice) from an apothecary when she becomes pregnant with Clive's child. These kinds of outrageous, yet plausible, situations left Gibbes’ novels as somewhat polemic in the time period; and, clearly, it is hardly precocious to call her an early feminist.
67:, avow a markedly accurate knowledge of Indian lifestyle as perceived through contemporary records. It is also known that Gibbes' son never returned from a military mission in India, a fact that is manifest in her later writing; she writes in the first lines of
278:, by nearly forty years. It is unquestionable that the later feminists of the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Wollstonecraft who reviewed Gibbes' work with delight, were inspired in part by this prodigal 18th century author.
224:
Gibbes is especially known for her protests against the lack of early education for girls. Gibbes was particularly inspired by the comparatively free lifestyle for women in
America, and in fact was sometimes construed as a
156:
Gibbes’ writing provides descriptive accounts of her visits to India and the
American continent. She names the precise titles of the servants and the exact prices of items. Her work therefore provides a resource for
74:
The financial mismanagement of Gibbes’ father-in-law, a compulsive gambler, was the eventual cause of her extreme poverty; parental neglect and a strong aversion to gambling are manifest in many of Gibbes' novels.
569:
See: The
English Novel, 1770–1829: a Bibliographical Survey of Prose Fiction Published in the British Isles, 2 Vols. Peter Garside, James Raven, and Rainer Schowerling, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
58:
for financial support in 1804. As noted in her application, Gibbes, a widow for most of her life, married early and mothered two daughters and one son. One can conjecture that she spent part of her life in
633:
Noted especially by Isobel Grundy in "(Re)discovering women's texts," in Women and
Literature in Britain, 1700–1800, Vivien Jones, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 179–96; pp. 190–91.
145:
Gibbes claims, in her 1804 application to the Royal
Literary Fund, some 22 titles; but only 14 of Gibbes' novels (or potential novels) are actually traceable. Like many writers of her time, she wrote
524:
Jonathan Warner Gibbs, Lieutenant in the Bengal
Infantry, died 3 February 1785; V.C.P. Hodson, List of the Officers of the Bengal Army, 1754–1834, 4 Vols (London: Constable, 1927), 2: p. 263.
502:
Although Gibbes is little-published in recent years, access to at least ten of her novels' original publications is available on "Eighteenth
Century Collections Online."
245:"so much truth… that it merits attention in an age, in which it is become too fashionable for females to receive the last finishing of their education in a convent."
512:
270:
The social protestation of these types of double standards for males and females amazingly pre-dates those reactionary works of the later feminist writers, such as
237:
reviled the novel, writing, "what may not be expected from the old men and sages of , when its maidens, its babes and sucklings talk, write, and reason thus!"
597:
From a description of the beisars’ district, or marketplace, “Letter VII,” Hartly House, Calcutta. J. Franklin, ed. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 2007.
684:
444:, Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century English Narratives. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
709:
606:
See in particular
Critical Review, 46 (October 1778), 1: pp. 15–18., which cites Gibbes as a 'Republican' on account of her zest for American freedom.
689:
217:
One can conclude that these scenes serve to express her distaste for the ‘materialistic’ nature of some
English women; and yet, Gibbes finds a
714:
704:
560:
Charlotte Lennox, Frances Brooke, and Sarah Scott were beloved female writers of the time. Critical Review, 27 (1769), pp. 452–9, p. 452.
694:
699:
114:
211:
but controul is not a matrimonial rule at Calcutta; and the men are obliged to make the best of their conjugal mortifications.
172:
of her era. She often describes a lush material culture, and at the same time causes her protagonist to reject that culture.
458:, Sonia Hofkosh and Alan Richardson, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996, pp. 49–72.
142:
in 1789; she may have created works into the 1790s, but if so they are unverified or also attributed to other writers.
138:, citing Gibbes' novel as "equal in genius to Lennox, Brookes, and Scott." Gibbes continued to produce novels until
645:
Formats and Editions of Hartly House, Calcutta : a novel of the days of Warren Hastings [WorldCat.org]
533:“Letter I,” Hartly House, Calcutta (1689). Michael J. Franklin, ed. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
579:
From Michael J. Franklin's introduction to Hartly House, Calcutta. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
441:
350:(1786) – unclear, as this novel is claimed by Gibbes, but had been previously attributed to Anne Hughes.
366:. This bicentenary edition, with the subtitle "A Novel of the days of Warren Hasting", was prepared by
413:
Grundy, Isobel, '"the barbarous character we give them": White Women Travelers Report on Other Races',
679:
189:
367:
330:
Modern Seduction, or Innocence Betrayed; Consisting of Several Histories of the Principal Magdalens
275:
55:
394:
The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present
362:(1789). Republished in 1908, which was in turn republished in 1988/1989 in US and UK editions by
89:
649:
515:, Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements, and Isobel Grundy, eds. (London: Batsford, 1990), p. 420.
513:
The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to Present
185:
97:
376:(1795) –unclear; attributed in its printing to ‘the author of Zoriada: or, Village Annals.’
233:, the narrator, a fourteen-year-old American girl, is so well-spoken and eloquent that the
241:, a well-regarded Unitarian minister and writer, however, applauded her novel as having,
238:
26:. She authored twenty-two books between 1764 and 1790, and is best known for the novels
54:. Almost all of the information on Gibbes' life is derived from an application to the
673:
263:
226:
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in this ability for women to ‘control’ their spouses or fathers through expenditure.
181:
60:
51:
164:
Gibbes in her later life earned her living by writing. She appears to cherish the
424:, Vivien Jones, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 179–96.
454:
Rajan, Balachandra, 'Feminizing the Feminine: Early Women Writers on India', in
363:
169:
158:
146:
382:(1798) – unclear, as this novel is also attributed to ‘Mrs. Lucius Phillips’.
50:
Phebe Gibbes possesses one of the most elusive histories of the 18th-century
653:
271:
197:
168:
lifestyles of the contemporary upper-class, while also critiquing the gross
165:
461:
Reynolds, Nicole. 'Phebe Gibbes, Edmund Burke, and the Trials of Empire',
643:
250:
38:(1769). She received recent attention with the scholarly publication of
23:
180:
Several contemporary issues surface multiple times in Gibbes' writing:
294:
History of Lady Louisa Stroud, and the Honorable Miss Caroline Stretton
102:
History of Lady Louisa Stroud, and the Honorable Miss Caroline Stretton
71:, “the Eastern world is, as you pronounce it, the grave of thousands”.
511:
BL MSS: Royal Literary Fund 2: p. 74, letter of 14 October 1804. See
261:, who suffers a painful and protracted demise after imbibing a faulty
196:. Many of her heroines, particularly Sophia 'Goldborne' – a somewhat
436:
His and Hers, Essays in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature
193:
104:(1764). Three years after her debut, Gibbes published two novels,
477:
India Inscribed: European and British Writing on India 1600–1800
318:
The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever
249:
One must also note as particularly feministic, the accidentally
124:
The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever
32:
The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever
257:, and the incredible death of Hannah, the household servant in
542:
From Gibbes’ petitions to the Royal Literary Fund (see above).
470:
Allegories of Empire: The Figure of Woman in the Colonial Text
392:
Blain, Virginia, Patricial Clements, and Isobel Grundy, eds.,
118:
as "chaste" and "virtuous". Two years later, Gibbes published
429:
Women and Propriety in the Eighteenth-Century English Novel
22:(died 1805) was an 18th-century English novelist and early
484:
Living by the Pen: Women Writers in the Eighteenth Century
300:
The Woman of Fashion; or, the History of Lady Diana Dormer
106:
The Woman of Fashion; or, the History of Lady Diana Dormer
231:
Her Friendship in a Nunnery; or, The American Fugitive
472:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
420:
Grundy, Isobel, '(Re)discovering women's texts', in
449:Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation
336:Friendship in a Nunnery; or, The American Fugitive
615:Critical Review, 46 (October 1778), 1: pp. 15–18.
456:Romanticism, Race and Imperial Culture, 1780–1834
438:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
410:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
408:The Courtship Novel 1740–1820: A Feminized Genre
431:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
92:with a double-debut in 1764: the controversial
551:Critical Review, 25 (1767), pp. 132–5, p. 135.
415:Studies in English Eighteenth Century Culture
399:Foster, William, 'Whoe Wrote Hartly House?";
8:
288:The Life and Adventures of Mr. Francis Clive
253:marriage of Elfrida, in the eponymous novel
94:The Life and Adventures of Mr. Francis Clive
153:(1788), which she signed "Mrs. P. Gibbes".
588:One pound amounted to around eight rupees.
354:The Niece; or the History of Sukey Thornby
151:The Niece; or the History of Sukey Thornby
422:Women in Literature in Britain, 1700–1800
112:(1767), a novel especially lauded by the
624:Monthly Review, 60 (April 1779), p. 324.
479:. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995.
495:
63:, as some of her novels, particularly
403:, 15, pt. 2, no. 30 (1917), pp. 28–9.
7:
370:, when the author was still unknown.
16:English novelist and early feminist
685:18th-century English women writers
465:, 20.2 (2007-8), pp. 151–176.
324:The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove
128:The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove
88:Gibbes first entered the world of
36:The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove
14:
710:British people in colonial India
306:The History of Miss Pittsborough
110:The History of Miss Pittsborough
28:The History of Mr. Francis Clive
690:18th-century English novelists
312:The History of Miss Somerville
120:The History of Miss Somerville
1:
663:– via www.worldcat.org.
342:Elfrida; or Paternal Ambition
417:, 22 (1992), pp. 73–86.
715:18th-century English people
705:Writers of the Romantic era
451:. London: Routledge, 1992.
348:Zoriada: or, Village Annals
731:
486:. London: Routledge, 1992.
463:Eighteenth Century Fiction
396:(London: Batsford, 1990).
192:, gambling, and personal
695:English feminist writers
406:Green, Katherina Sobba,
149:, with the exception of
700:English women novelists
401:Bengal Past and Present
140:Hartly House, Calcutta
442:Nussbaum, Felicity A.
360:Harty House, Calcutta
40:Hartly House Calcutta
447:Pratt, Mary Louise,
134:wrote positively of
380:Heaven’s Best Gifts
276:Mary Wollstonecraft
136:Miss Eliza Musgrove
56:Royal Literary Fund
475:Teltscher, Kate.
90:English literature
259:Mr. Francis Clive
200:name – are stark
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205:in materialism,
186:female education
98:epistolary novel
42:(1789) in 2007.
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374:Jemima: A Novel
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239:William Enfield
235:Critical Review
190:acquisitiveness
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176:Social protests
132:Critical Review
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130:(1769). The
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69:Hartly House
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65:Hartly House
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34:(1769), and
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20:Phebe Gibbes
19:
18:
680:1805 deaths
364:Pluto Press
170:materialism
159:Indologists
147:anonymously
108:(1767) and
674:Categories
659:2 February
491:References
227:Republican
184:, lack of
272:Mary Hays
202:contrasts
198:onomastic
166:epicurean
46:Biography
654:16523068
251:bigamous
122:(1769);
30:(1764),
24:feminist
255:Elfrida
652:
356:(1788)
344:(1786)
338:(1778)
332:(1777)
326:(1769)
320:(1769)
314:(1769)
308:(1767)
302:(1767)
296:(1764)
290:(1764)
194:vanity
84:Author
79:Career
570:2000.
229:. In
219:power
661:2018
650:OCLC
274:and
676::
648:.
188:,
161:.
100:,
213:”
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