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on photomosaics. The request was granted and a reexamination proceeding ensued. On August 31, 2010, the USPTO issued a
Reexamination Certificate confirming the patentability of all claims in the patent which were amended to refer to shape matching (a feature that contributes to the high resolution of
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Menke (2008) p.232 quote: we recognize that the tale's marshalling of realistic particulars has also been a systematic importation of details from Keats's poetry and life history The tale's elaborate descriptions were really Keats's pre-scriptions all along. As in a photomosaic image, the elements
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There are a number of other commercial companies that create mosaics with photos. Since there has been no litigation of these patents, these companies must therefore either use processes that do not infringe on the particular claimed process, have licenses under the patents, or are infringing those
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There are two kinds of mosaic, depending on how the matching is done. In the simpler kind, each part of the target image is averaged down to a single color. Each of the library images is also reduced to a single color. Each part of the target image is then replaced with one from the library where
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The term "video mosaic" also describes a large still image made from adjacent frames of video, such as those from video shots of geographic features like roads or cities. A mosaic of the video's relevant frames replaces the full video, saving time and bandwidth, since the stills are much smaller.
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In the more advanced kind of photographic mosaic, the target image is not downsampled, and the matching is done by comparing each pixel in the rectangle to the corresponding pixel from each library image. The rectangle in the target is then replaced with the library image that minimizes the total
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Photographic mosaics are typically formed from a collection of still images. A more recent phenomenon, however, has been video mosaics which assemble video clips rather than still images to create a larger image. The closing credits of the 2005
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of the story that make it seem recognizable and real turn out to be chosen from an artificially constrained palette of appropriations; examined closely, each realistic detail reveals itself as a micro-quotation from that collection.
247:, a face with ten thousand faces, was presented to the public in April 1995 (Spain, Domus museum). This was the first large photographic mosaic, using photographs of 10,062 people from 110 countries to make the
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of photo and mosaic, is a picture that is divided into small sections. When viewed as a whole, it appears to be one image, when in fact the image is made up of hundreds or even thousands of smaller images.
417:. He is quoted as saying: "By being granted this patent in the United States and other countries, we can protect our proprietary innovations and continue to make unique artwork." In September 2008, the
329:, Christopher Kates and Pep Ventosa have pioneered their own photographic mosaic techniques where multiple photographs are taken of a scene and then pieced together again to create a cohesive image.
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Robert
Silvers creates an algorithm for generating Photomosaics programmatically and goes on to trademark the term Photomosaic and patent his process for creation of Photomosaics in 1997. The name
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appear as the primary image, while close examination reveals that the image is in fact made up of many hundreds or thousands of smaller images. Most of the time they are a computer-created type of
94:) that has been divided into tiled sections, usually equal sized, each of which is replaced with another photograph that matches the target photo. When viewed at low magnifications, the individual
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Silvers (2000) quote: "More than anything else people ask me whether
Photomosaics are an art or a science. l tell them that Photomosaics, like any art in formative stage, has elements of both."
204:(November 1994, p. 106). Francis has said on his "History of Photo Mosaics" webpage that his interest in developing these techniques further was in part stimulated by the work of artist
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difference. This requires much more computation than the simple kind, but the results can be much better since the pixel-by-pixel matching can preserve the resolution of the target image.
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Joseph
Francis, working for R/Greenberg Associates in Manhattan, is believed to be the inventor of the modern-day computer-generated colour image versions. His
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in
October 2000 and has been assigned to Runaway Technology, Inc. Patent applications in other countries were also filed, and patents granted include
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There is debate over whether
Photomosaics are an art or mere technique. The making of a photomosaic is sometimes parallelled and compared to forms of
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Gala
Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea which at a distance of 20 meters is transformed into the portrait of Abraham Lincoln (Homage to Rothko)
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creates an image for DC Comics, a mosaic of a face made from photos of faces, although this is believed to be created manually using
Photoshop.
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Benetton: AIDS - Faces mosaic. Over one thousand young peoples' portraits from all over the word computer-processed spell out the word AIDS.
481:(UK-IPO) decided that the patent should not be revoked and terminated the proceeding. The European patents expired on 31 December 2017.
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filed a formal request with the United States Patent and
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means that a process that provides a technical effect may be patented even if it is implemented by a computer.
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from parts of
Marilyn Monroe pictures. The result was displayed in the Xerox PARC Algorithmic Art Show in 1994.
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these colors are as similar as possible. In effect, the target image is reduced in resolution (by
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Adam Finkelstein (published mosaic in Mossy Bits) creates a mosaic of the 1930 oil painting by
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poster created in 1993 used computer-themed tile photographs to create a mosaic of a face (
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and an implementation concept were trademarked by Robert Silvers' Runaway Technology, Inc.
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became the subject of revocation proceedings in July 2006. In September 2009, the
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patents but Runaway Technology has chosen not to bring infringement proceedings.
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on the production of Photomosaics on January 2, 1997, which was granted as
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for EP0852363 provides full details on the current status of the patent.
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on September 3, 1996. This trademark was registered on August 12, 2003.
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Puzzle photographic mosaic of London Royal Albert Hall by Andrej Olejnik
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includes a sample of Dave McKean's 1994 DC Comics photographic mosaic.
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Telegraphic realism: Victorian fiction and other information systems
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states that "programs for computers as such" are not regarded as
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Mixed Emulsions: Altered Art Techniques for Photographic Imagery
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Adam Finkelstein and Sandy Farrier create a mosaic of
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734:A Short History of PhotoTiled Pictures
664:"Robert Silvers | Corporate | Patents"
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288:pattern-based photographic mosaics
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599:10.1038/scientificamerican1173-70
573:Harmon, Leon D. (November 1973).
285:Andrej Olejnik creates the first
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36:Photo mosaic (remote sensing)
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176:DalĂ prints a lithograph
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419:Public Patent Foundation
143:The Recognition of Faces
90:is a picture (usually a
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604:4 September
561:portmanteau
528:Micrography
387:JP 10269353
353:Photomosaic
277:Photomosaic
215:Dave McKean
206:Chuck Close
139:Leon Harmon
88:photomosaic
18:Photomosaic
763:Categories
696:References
684:Using the
629:2007-08-16
497:God of War
469:EP 0852363
424:US 6137498
409:AU 723815B
398:CA 2226059
376:EP 0852363
365:US 6137498
261:Grant Wood
141:publishes
92:photograph
70:and other
47:Franz Marc
518:ASCII art
349:trademark
250:Mona Lisa
168:Gala DalĂ
157:1974-1976
76:hexagonal
512:See also
64:sea gull
587:Bibcode
318:, like
149:in the
118:History
100:montage
779:Mosaic
502:Kratos
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360:patent
96:pixels
72:nature
544:Notes
494:game
126:1993
78:tiles
68:birds
672:2011
606:2023
283:2000
273:1995
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243:The
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233:1994
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