279:
between genera are clarified, no agreement on what characters are primitive or advanced, and no consistent ranking. Scarcity of careful morphological studies is the principal cause. The differences in the group have led to the creation of more than 23 genera, four grades and four clades within the family. The two established subfamilies are divided into seven new tribes including 11 new genera. Within this family, the shell is always sinistral, in other words it has left-handed coiling. Physidae has 23 genera, 17 occur in
Pacific drainages of North and Central America, eight of these restricted to the region. Concentration of primitive genera along the Pacific coast from
55:
319:. The shells are thin and corneous, and rather transparent. Studies in 1982 indicate that they are most abundant in the New World. They have evidently found a shell morphology suitable for their life station, as he goes on to say "...the physids have undergone considerable diversification, much of which is not clearly exhibited in their shells. Many of the species, and genera, are not easy to identify on shell characters alone."
209:
31:
182:
400:, which is based on classification by Taylor (2003): Taylor classifies Physidae according to the anatomical differences of their penis, the differences among the penial complex, penial sheath and preputium. Thus, the Physidae is classified into two subfamilies, four grades and seven tribes. This classification with tribes is no longer used by WoRMS.
367:
or some other kind, the reaction is a rapid twisting of the shell back and forth to dislodge the other. The muscle used is the "physid muscle", not found in other
Hygrophila, which therefore do not show this reaction. The leech-avoidance reaction carries the action one step further: on contact with a
910:
Physid snails are often introduced to an aquarium accidentally as eggs on aquatic plants. These snails are sometimes viewed as pests in aquarium tanks with fish, because the snails create waste, reproduce very often, and are very hard to remove completely. However, some aquarium owners deliberately
278:
These snails are common in the North
Temperate to Arctic Zones and throughout the Americas, in readily accessible habitats such as ditches, ponds, lakes, small streams, and rivers. The family has been recognized since the 19th century, and yet there has been no classification in which relationships
339:
co-existed or water in which only fish co-existed. Within a month, differences in shell morphology appeared; i.e., snails exposed to shell-crushing fish predators showed wide apertures and very much strengthened, rotund shells. Snails exposed to crayfish only showed narrow-apertured, thin elongate
322:
They have been used in studies of ecophenotypic plasticity, a so-called phenoplastic switch. Burt
Vaughan of Washington State University indicates several studies in M. J. West-Eberhardt's recent compendium of research, "Developmental Plasticity & Evolution" (Oxford Press, 2003,
195:
368:
leech the snail twists its shell violently and detaches its foot from the substratum as well. The reaction of two species of
Physids to various species of leeches and to various salts was studied. In
291:. An ancestral origin of Physidae along an ancient eastern Pacific coast is probable. From this region the several lineages have spread to north, south and east in the Americas, and through
1009:
397:
380:
were obtained with the two species of leeches that feed chiefly on snails. The nature of the substance that produces the reaction is undetermined, but presumably it is a protein.
1067:
748:
1415:
275:
and detritus, including dead leaves. The populations are regulated by the abundance of food and space. They are widespread, abundant, and tolerant to pollution.
1454:
1200:
911:
chose to add these freshwater pond snails to their tank because the snails will eat uneaten fish food, algae and waste, as well as unwanted fish carcasses.
315:
is facing the observer, then the aperture is on the left-hand side. The shells of
Physidae species have a long and large aperture, a pointed spire, and no
1098:
1389:
267:
snails are present in aquariums and ponds, as well as in wild areas. They are also commonly referred to as tadpole snails or pouch snails. They eat
1428:
1212:
Wethington A. R. & Lydeard C. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of
Physidae (Gastropoda: Basommatophora) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences".
396:, this family is classified into 4 genera, although the 4 genera from each database has a little bit difference. The classification from the
287:
conforms to previous observations that primitive pulmonate families are concentrated within, or along the continental margins of, the
1027:
307:
These small snails are quite distinctive, because they have sinistral shells, which means that if the shell is held such that the
1503:
1074:
1146:
1157:
1433:
1441:
1050:
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physidae
Fitzinger, 1833. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
1214:
1161:
1165:
1311:
1298:
1459:
1368:
347:
to contact with leeches was first observed. Later studies have also been made. The observations are restricted to
1381:
54:
1144:
Taylor D. W. (2003). "Introduction to
Physidae (Gastropoda: Hygrophila). Biology, classification, morphology".
1176:
Haas, F. (1952). On the mollusk fauna of the landlocked waters of
Bermuda. Fieldiana: Zoology, 34(8): 101-105
1238:
199:
116:
1490:
1192:
669:
316:
1316:
1508:
1469:
1337:
1285:
1051:
764:
695:
331:
685:
325:
1001:
731:
612:
487:
312:
49:
947:& Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater".
741:
721:
623:
597:
566:
519:
1495:
774:
638:
541:
475:
1531:
1477:
1324:
1092:
1033:
1023:
927:
141:
1420:
1482:
1222:
1186:
Naranjo-GarcĂa, E. & Appleton, C.C. 2009. The architecture of the physid musculature of
997:
963:
954:
349:
235:
231:
308:
186:
1376:
1363:
1276:
1005:
944:
239:
40:
1525:
949:
288:
208:
1329:
1150:
355:
168:
1290:
1446:
1402:
1303:
1270:
1014:
551:
264:
252:
223:
126:
967:
648:
284:
181:
150:
106:
96:
30:
1261:
1037:
1350:
1226:
587:
245:
242:
66:
194:
1255:
753:
577:
499:
336:
86:
353:, an indigenous species to areas with indigenous predatory leeches, and
292:
248:
959:
1407:
530:
296:
280:
272:
76:
1394:
1232:
1355:
1112:
705:
393:
207:
1052:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160452
389:
268:
1236:
1342:
1181:
The young specialist looks at land and freshwater molluscs
372:, the avoidance reaction was much less pronounced than in
323:
pp. 307â362). A typical example involved rearing
932:
Beiträge zur Landeskunde Oesterreich's unter der Enns
805:(invalid: an incorrect subsequent spelling of Aplexa)
1010:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
1245:
335:in controlled pair groups in either water in which
359:, introduced in Germany and the Netherlands. When
204:of the Central and Southern USA, about 1 cm long.
1022:(1â2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1â397.
537:- aplexa, type genus of the subfamily Aplexinae
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
1008:; ValdĂŠs, Ăngel & WarĂŠn, Anders (2005). "
8:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
525:tarobotatov, Prozorova & Zatravkin, 1989
1062:
1060:
1233:
29:
20:
1190:Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae).
376:. The highest percentage of reactions in
193:
180:
920:
619:- type genus of the tribe Austrinautini
398:taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)
1097:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1090:
897:(Invalid: junior objective synonym of
655:- type genus of the tribe Stenophysini
573:- type genus of the tribe Amecanautini
556:Starobogatov & Streletzkaja, 1967
466:Genera in the family Physidae include
7:
1470:22444df6-eeb3-4ead-875c-888316bd7a5b
1382:37a8029a-af33-417a-a507-0cf8eaac895a
760:- type genus of the tribe Physellini
712:- type genus of the family Physidae
1004:; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;
690:Starobogatov & Budnikova, 1976
676:- type genus of the tribe Haitiini
14:
343:In 1921, the strong reaction of
340:shells, with barricading teeth.
53:
363:contacts another snail, either
480:De Laubrière & Carez, 1881
1:
901:, with the same type species)
1215:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1147:Revista de BiologĂa Tropical
943:Strong E. E., Gargominy O.,
785:Genera brought into synonymy
433:Aplexinae Starobogatov, 1967
175:About 80 freshwater species
44:from the Mediterranean area
1548:
408:: Preputial gland present
968:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6
850:Clench & Aguayo, 1932
674:Clench & Aguayo, 1932
435:: Preputial gland absent
174:
167:
156:
149:
50:Scientific classification
48:
37:
28:
23:
492:Hanna & Gester, 1963
311:is pointing up and the
234:of small air-breathing
212:The sinistral shell of
216:
205:
200:Physella heterostropha
191:
1491:Paleobiology Database
1227:10.1093/mollus/eym021
1193:African Invertebrates
832:Physella (Costatella)
211:
197:
184:
38:A live individual of
1377:Fauna Europaea (new)
1179:Janus, Horst, 1965.
450:tribe Austrinautini
1002:Rocroi, Jean-Pierre
854:Physella (Acutiana)
510:subfamily Aplexinae
456:tribe Stenophysini
444:tribe Amecanautini
404:subfamily Physinae
332:Physa heterostropha
251:in the superfamily
881:(a junior synonym)
821:(a junior synonym)
812:D. W. Taylor, 2003
660:subfamily Physinae
643:Starobogatov, 1967
617:D. W. Taylor, 2003
571:D. W. Taylor, 2003
546:Starobogatov, 1989
458:D. W. Taylor, 2003
452:D. W. Taylor, 2003
446:D. W. Taylor, 2003
440:Starobogatov, 1967
425:D. W. Taylor, 2003
217:
206:
192:
16:Family of molluscs
1519:
1518:
1478:Open Tree of Life
1239:Taxon identifiers
998:Bouchet, Philippe
896:
889:
880:
873:
865:
858:
851:
843:
836:
829:
820:
813:
804:
797:
796:Herrmannsen, 1846
780:
770:
759:
747:
737:
727:
711:
701:
691:
675:
654:
653:von Martens, 1898
644:
629:
618:
603:
593:
583:
572:
557:
547:
536:
526:
505:
493:
481:
459:
453:
447:
441:
434:
426:
423:tribe Physellini
420:
414:
413:D.W. Taylor, 2003
407:
236:freshwater snails
179:
178:
162:
145:
1539:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1447:NHMSYS0001702162
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1234:
1169:
1142:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1073:. Archived from
1072:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
994:
971:
962:
941:
935:
925:
895:Draparnaud, 1801
894:
887:
879:Draparnaud, 1801
878:
871:
863:
856:
849:
841:
834:
827:
818:
811:
803:J. Fleming, 1820
802:
795:
778:
768:
757:
745:
735:
725:
710:Draparnaud, 1801
709:
699:
689:
673:
652:
642:
627:
616:
601:
591:
581:
570:
555:
545:
534:
524:
503:
491:
479:
457:
451:
445:
439:
432:
424:
418:
412:
411:tribe Haitiini
405:
374:Physa fontinalis
350:Physa fontinalis
161:Draparnaud, 1801
160:
140:
58:
57:
33:
21:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1241:
1209:
1207:Further reading
1183:, Burke, London
1173:
1172:
1143:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:"Archived copy"
1066:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1030:
1006:Ponder, Winston
996:
995:
974:
958:
942:
938:
926:
922:
917:
908:
888:Fitzinger, 1833
859:represented as
837:represented as
758:Haldemann, 1843
662:
512:
438:tribe Aplexini
419:Fitzinger, 1833
406:Fitzinger, 1833
386:
305:
261:
224:commonly called
187:Physa marmorata
163:
139:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1364:Fauna Europaea
1360:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1267:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1221:(3): 241â257.
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1118:
1104:
1056:
1043:
1028:
972:
953:595: 149-166.
936:
919:
918:
916:
913:
907:
904:
903:
902:
882:
866:
864:Haldeman, 1842
844:
842:Haldeman, 1842
822:
819:Haldeman, 1842
806:
789:
788:
786:
782:
781:
771:
761:
750:
738:
728:
714:
713:
702:
692:
678:
677:
661:
658:
657:
656:
645:
631:
630:
620:
607:Austrinautini
605:
604:
594:
584:
574:
559:
558:
548:
538:
527:
511:
508:
507:
506:
495:
483:
470:
469:
467:
463:
462:
461:
460:
454:
448:
442:
429:
428:
427:
421:
417:tribe Physini
415:
385:
382:
304:
301:
260:
257:
228:bladder snails
214:Physella acuta
177:
176:
172:
171:
165:
164:
154:
153:
147:
146:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
41:Physella acuta
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1544:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
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1471:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1080:on 2011-06-29
1076:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:on 2021-06-26
1053:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:3-925919-72-4
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
951:
950:Hydrobiologia
946:
940:
937:
934:, Bd. 3: 110.
933:
929:
924:
921:
914:
912:
905:
900:
893:
890:: synonym of
886:
883:
877:
874:: synonym of
870:
869:Laurentiphysa
867:
862:
855:
852:: synonym of
848:
845:
840:
833:
830:: synonym of
826:
823:
817:
814:: synonym of
810:
807:
801:
798:: synonym of
794:
791:
790:
787:
784:
783:
777:
776:
772:
767:
766:
765:Ultraphysella
762:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:Pilsbry, 1926
744:
743:
739:
734:
733:
729:
724:
723:
719:
718:
717:
708:
707:
703:
698:
697:
696:Laurentiphysa
693:
688:
687:
683:
682:
681:
672:
671:
667:
666:
665:
659:
651:
650:
646:
641:
640:
636:
635:
634:
633:Stenophysini
626:
625:
621:
615:
614:
610:
609:
608:
600:
599:
595:
590:
589:
585:
580:
579:
575:
569:
568:
564:
563:
562:
561:Amecanautini
554:
553:
549:
544:
543:
539:
535:Fleming, 1820
533:
532:
528:
522:
521:
517:
516:
515:
509:
502:
501:
496:
490:
489:
484:
478:
477:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:
455:
449:
443:
437:
436:
430:
422:
416:
410:
409:
403:
402:
401:
399:
395:
391:
388:According to
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
341:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
320:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
289:Pacific Ocean
286:
282:
276:
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
203:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
173:
170:
166:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
123:Superfamily:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1246:
1218:
1213:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1151:
1145:
1107:
1082:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1046:
1019:
1013:
948:
945:Ponder W. F.
939:
931:
928:Fitzinger L.
923:
909:
906:Aquarium use
898:
891:
884:
875:
872:Taylor, 2003
868:
860:
853:
846:
838:
831:
824:
815:
808:
799:
792:
779:Taylor, 2003
773:
769:Taylor, 2003
763:
752:
740:
736:Taylor, 2003
730:
726:Taylor, 2003
720:
715:
704:
700:Taylor, 2003
694:
686:Beringophysa
684:
679:
668:
663:
647:
637:
632:
628:Taylor, 2003
622:
611:
606:
602:Taylor, 2003
596:
592:Taylor, 2003
586:
582:Taylor, 2003
576:
565:
560:
550:
540:
529:
518:
513:
504:Bandel, 1991
498:
486:
474:
387:
377:
373:
370:Haitia acute
369:
364:
360:
356:Haitia acuta
354:
348:
344:
342:
330:
326:Physa gyrina
324:
321:
306:
277:
262:
227:
219:
218:
213:
198:
185:
157:
136:
113:Superorder:
103:Infraclass:
39:
18:
1403:iNaturalist
1271:Wikispecies
1199:(1): 1â11.
1188:Physa acuta
1015:Malacologia
857:Fagot, 1883
732:Chiapaphysa
716:Physellini
613:Austrinauta
552:Sibirenauta
488:Hannibalina
265:fresh water
253:Lymnaeoidea
127:Lymnaeoidea
1156:: 1-299. (
1154:(Suppl. 1)
1113:"Physidae"
1084:2010-04-08
960:10088/7390
915:References
835:Dall, 1870
828:Dall, 1870
825:Costatella
809:Archiphysa
742:Petrophysa
722:Archiphysa
649:Stenophysa
624:Caribnauta
598:Tropinauta
567:Amecanauta
520:Amuraplexa
431:subfamily
285:Costa Rica
190:in France.
151:Type genus
117:Hygrophila
107:Euthyneura
97:Gastropoda
1038:0076-2997
775:Utahphysa
664:Haitiini
639:Afrophysa
588:Mexinauta
542:Paraplexa
514:Aplexini
476:Berellaia
317:operculum
246:gastropod
243:pulmonate
169:Diversity
142:Fitzinger
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
24:Physidae
1532:Physidae
1526:Category
1304:Physidae
1291:Physidae
1277:Physidae
1256:Wikidata
1247:Physidae
1201:Abstract
1093:cite web
930:(1833).
885:Rivicola
861:Physella
839:Physella
816:Physella
754:Physella
680:Physini
578:Mayabina
500:Prophysa
384:Taxonomy
337:crayfish
313:aperture
259:Overview
249:molluscs
220:Physidae
137:Physidae
133:Family:
87:Mollusca
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1262:Q881848
1166:265-287
1162:197-263
793:Aplecta
303:Ecology
293:Siberia
273:diatoms
240:aquatic
230:, is a
93:Class:
1509:160452
1483:581747
1467:NZOR:
1460:109669
1421:114589
1356:1PHYSF
1036:
1026:
847:Haitia
800:Aplexa
670:Haitia
531:Aplexa
297:Europe
281:Mexico
263:These
232:family
144:, 1833
1504:WoRMS
1496:83645
1434:76676
1416:IRMNG
1408:85989
1369:11409
1330:7NKGS
1158:1-195
1078:(PDF)
1071:(PDF)
899:Physa
892:Physa
876:Physa
706:Physa
394:WoRMS
378:Physa
365:Physa
361:Physa
345:Physa
329:, or
309:spire
269:algae
202:halei
158:Physa
1455:NCBI
1429:ITIS
1395:6798
1390:GBIF
1351:EPPO
1343:2406
1312:BOLD
1099:link
1034:ISSN
1024:ISBN
392:and
390:ITIS
226:the
1442:NBN
1338:EoL
1325:CoL
1317:646
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1223:doi
1012:".
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955:hdl
295:to
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