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By 1802, in response to the popularity of silhouettes, which were invented in the late eighteenth century, Peale introduced the
British inventor John Hawkins's (1772–1855) physiognotrace at his museum in Philadelphia. While the operator traced the sitter’s head, the mechanism impressed the image onto
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connected to a pencil produced within a few minutes a "grand trait", a contour line on a piece of paper. With the help of a second scaling-down pantograph, the basic features of the portrait were transferred from the sheet in the form of dotted lines to a copper plate, which had previously been
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William Bache, another
British artist traveling through the eastern United States and Cuba, patented his own version of the physiognotrace in 1803, with his partners Augustus Day and Isaac Todd. Bache produced thousands of silhouette portraits using a physiognotrace between 1803 and 1812. The
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Smithsonian's
National Portrait Gallery acquired an album of his work in 2002 but conservationists discovered the pages were infused with arsenic, which made it poisonous to touch. In March 2023, the almost 2000 silhouette images in Bache's album were made available digitally.
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90:. Within a few minutes, a "grand trait" was produced. The life-size drawing was completed by an artist. Chrétien's device used the mechanics of the pantograph to transmit the tracing (via an eyepiece) of the subject's profile silhouette to an
102:. When Quenedey started his own business in Germany, Chrétien cooperated with the artist Jean-Baptiste Fouquet, and Jean Simon Fournier. Chrétien's workshop was taken over by Edme Bouchardy.
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and drawing machine for 1,600 guineas. Mr. Peale also wrote to Dr. Thornton in May 1805 to record an assignment of the
Hawkins invention to Mr. Peale for the City of Philadelphia."
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prepared with a ground for etching. One week later, the sitter received an etched plate and twelve little prints. The device but also the aquatint prints are called physionotraces.
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to market it to prospective buyers. Hawkins's machine differed from Chrétien's in that it traced around the actual face with a small bar connected to a pantograph that reduced the
169:, "needed the certified copy to bring suit against a person who was making the device without authority. John J. Hawkins had been in England, where he sold patent rights to the
149:, or profiles as they were also called, could be kept loose, framed, or compiled in albums; a black or blue piece of paper or fabric placed behind the image provided contrast.
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57:. Invented in France in 1783–1784, it was popular for some decades. The sitter climbed into a wooden frame (1.75m high x 0.65m wide), sat and turned to the side to pose. A
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to request a certified copy of a patent of a physiognotrace that was issued to
Hawkins. Peale, who had an interest in the instrument and kept the original in his
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a piece of paper that was often folded to produce multiple portraits. The operator then cut away the center of the paper, leaving a “hollow cut” image. These
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406:"Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery Reveals Identities of Hundreds of People in Early 19th-Century Portrait Album"
354:"Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery Reveals Identities of Hundreds of People in Early 19th-Century Portrait Album"
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lived in the United States from 1793 to 1814. He created numerous portraits, often using the physiognotrace technique.
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Knipe, Penley. Paper
Profiles: American Portrait Silhouettes, includes a drawing of the Physiognotrace.
272:"Distinguishing Real from Fake Peale's Museum Silhouette by user from Antiques & Fine Art magazine"
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needle. Thus, it enabled the production of multiple portrait copies. Chrétien's first partner,
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Shades and Shadow
Figures: The Materials and Techniques of American Portrait Silhouettes
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to less than two inches. Many versions of those instruments were then used all over the
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The
Mechanization of Likeness in Jeffersonian America by Wendy Bellion
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Physionotraces: galerie de portraits, de la Révolution à l’Empire
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Bulletin de la société archéologique, historique et artistique
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http://206.180.235.133/jaic/articles/jaic41-03-001_5.html
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invented the "physionotrace" to aid in the production of
330:"History of the United States Patent Office, Chapter 8"
243:"The Mechanization of Likeness in Jeffersonian America"
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Peale sent the watercolor sketch of the instrument to
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Cromer (October 1925). "Le secret du physoniotrace".
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portraits, which became popular during the reign of
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49:is an instrument, designed to trace a person's
193:Charles Balthazar Julien FĂ©vret de Saint-MĂ©min
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161:. In April 1805, Peale wrote his friend Dr.
435:Ranger demonstrating the physiognotrace
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465:Jefferson Encyclopedia: Physiognotrace
445:Profile of Captain Merriweather Lewis
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380:"William Bache's Silhouettes Album"
455:Peale's letters to John J. Hawkins
41:(1756–1830) after a physiognotrace
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100:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
53:to make semi-automated portrait
127:East Coast of the United States
171:polygraph (duplicating device)
74:Quenedey's drawing of the tool
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231:. Le Vieux Papier, 26th year.
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384:William Bache Silhouettes
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276:antiquesandfineart.com
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107:John Isaac Hawkins
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360:. The Smithsonian
181:George Washington
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485:Silhouettes
147:silhouettes
51:physiognomy
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474:Categories
339:2017-08-18
315:2009-08-27
286:2009-08-27
203:References
123:silhouette
84:silhouette
59:pantograph
105:In 1802,
92:engraving
88:Louis XVI
55:aquatints
416:24 April
390:24 April
364:24 April
247:mit.edu
66:History
185:Dolly
418:2023
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