286:, with an exhumation surface separating Yavapai and Mazatzal events. There is evidence from southern New Mexico of a collision between 1675 and 1655 Ma followed by crustal melting. The Sandia, Manzano, and Los Pinos Mountains of central New Mexico contain 1.65-1.66 Ga plutons which are interpreted as a magmatic arc system in which plutons were intruding their own volcanic edifices and were also intruding developing syn-contractional, arc-related sedimentary basins. These are distinct from 1453-1456 plutons emplaced syntectonically during the Picuris orogeny. The orogenies may be distinct but with the Picuris orogeny badly
253:
was the best post-tectonic timing relationship between the pre-1700 Ma, deformed Alder Group and granite near Young. Redating of the granite in the late 1980s confirmed its age and the timing relationship between the folded Alder Group and granite. (The best age estimate is now 1664+/-17 Mya.) However, this assumed that the deformation of the pre-1700 Ma Alder Group also included the northwest-directed folding and thrusting in the
Mazatzal Group. This discounted the significance of the obvious angular unconformity at the base of the Mazatzal Group.
20:
170:. Much of the mid-continent from eastern New Mexico to the northeast is underlain by the 1450-1350 Granite-Rhyolite crustal province. However, this was long assumed to be an anorogenic event, possibly due to basaltic underplating. Direct evidence for uplift in the form of sedimentation was lacking until
252:
and pre-1700 Mya Alder Group. Workers were unable to identify any ash layers directly within the
Mazatzal Group needed to constrain the actual timing of folding and thrusting attributed to the Mazatzal orogeny. It was ultimately recognized that the granite near Young, Arizona, dated by Silver in 1965
92:
Age and isotope data show that southern North
America is composed of a series of northeast-trending provinces representing island arc terranes accreted onto the 1800 Mya core of Laurentia. These are the Yavapai province (1800–1700 Mya), the Mazatzal province (1700–1650 Mya), the Granite-Rhyolite
134:
passive margins that indicate the orogenic system once extended much further. This part of the basis for the AUSWUS reconstruction of
Rodinia, which places Australia adjacent to the southwestern US from 1800 to 1000 Mya. Other supporting evidence includes correspondence of 1450 and 1000 Ga
610:
Bickford, M.E.; Van Schmus, W.R.; Karlstrom, K.E.; Mueller, P.A.; Kamenov, G.D. (August 2015). "Mesoproterozoic-trans-Laurentian magmatism: A synthesis of continent-wide age distributions, new SIMS U–Pb ages, zircon saturation temperatures, and Hf and Nd isotopic compositions".
756:
Doe, Michael F.; Jones, James V.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Dixon, Brandon; Gehrels, George; Pecha, Mark (July 2013). "Using detrital zircon ages and Hf isotopes to identify 1.48–1.45Ga sedimentary basins and fingerprint sources of exotic 1.6–1.5Ga grains in southwestern
Laurentia".
1110:
Jessup, Micah J.; Jones III, James V.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Williams, Michael L.; Connelly, James N.; Heizler, Matthew T. (September 2006). "Three
Proterozoic Orogenic Episodes and an Intervening Exhumation Event in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison Region, Colorado".
278:
yielded MDA of ca. 1470 Mya. The entire sediment sequence of
Redmond (1657 Mya), White Ledge, Yankee Joe, and Blackjack Formations were deformed sometime after 1470 Mya. The event buried the section to 6-10 km deep before it was intruded by the 1450 Ma Ruin Granite.
93:
province (1500–1300 Mya), and the Llano-Grenville province (1300–1000 Mya). Each is interpreted as juvenile crust of an island arc, together with smaller amounts of reworked older crust, that accreted to
Laurentia in an orogenic pulse accompanied by
506:"Revised regional correlations and tectonic implications of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in northern New Mexico, USA: New findings from detrital zircon studies of the Hondo Group, Vadito Group, and Marqueñas Formation"
256:
New mapping and utilization of detrital zircon geochronology during the 2010s were able to constrain the age of the youngest sediments above the
Mazatzal Group involved in the classic deformation of the Mazatzal orogeny. Detrital zircons from the
151:. The close correspondence of detrital zircon ages and Hf isotope ages between the Mazazatl province and Australia supports this reconstruction. However, the placement of Australia has been disputed on the basis of paleomagnetic data. The
205:
formations, based on detrital zircon geochronology. The younger formations define the
Picuris orogeny at 1450–1300 Mya. This has raised the question of whether the Mazatzal orogeny was actually distinct from the Picuris orogeny.
261:
in the northern Mazatzal Mountains yielded a maximum depositional age (MDA) of 1571 Mya. Similar sediments collected from a shale folded in the core of the Four Peaks synform yielded a MDA of 1580 Mya. In the Upper
893:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
651:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490-1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
358:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
1074:
Karlstrom, K.E.; Doe, M.F.; Wessels, R.L.; Bowring, S.A.; Dann, J.C.; Williams, M.L. Gehrels, G.E.; Spencer, J.E. (eds.). "Juxtaposition of Proterozoic crustal blocks; 1.65-1.60 Ga Mazatzal Orogeny".
869:
Karlstrom, Karl E.; Amato, Jeffrey M.; Williams, Michael L.; Heizler, Matt; Shaw, Colin A.; Read, Adam S.; Bauer, Paul (2004). "Proterozoic tectonic evolution of the New Mexico region: A synthesis".
282:
These timings are contemporaneous with the timing of deformation of the Picuris orogeny defined in north-central New Mexico. However, there are indications of three distinct orogenic episodes at the
162:
Early evidence for a major tectonic event at around 1400 Mya was the presence of numerous batholiths of the age in the southwestern United States. These constitute over 20% of the entire exposed
1096:
Reassessment of Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic basin sediments of Arizona: Implications for tectonic growth of southern Laurentia and global tectonic configurations [Ph.D. dissertaition]
892:
69:
or as the final suturing of the Mazatzal crustal province onto Laurentia. According to the former hypothesis, this was the second in a series of orogenies within a long-lived
97:
emplacement. The plutons sutured new and existing orogens together and helped convert the juvenile terranes to mature crust. The orogen pulses are identified as the
1190:"Geochronology of Proterozoic rocks of the Sandia-Manzano-Los Pinos Uplift: implications for the timing of crustal assembly of the southwestern United States"
969:
Mako, Calvin A.; Williams, Michael L.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Doe, Michael F.; Powicki, David; Holland, Mark E.; Gehrels, George; Pecha, Mark (December 2015).
937:
Sims, P. K.; Stein, H. J. (1 October 2003). "Tectonic evolution of the Proterozoic Colorado province, Southern Rocky Mountains: A summary and appraisal".
1238:
283:
1094:
376:"Long-lived (1.8–1.0 Ga) convergent orogen in southern Laurentia, its extensions to Australia and Baltica, and implications for refining Rodinia"
201:
A number of quartzite-rhyolite successions previously associated with the Mazatal orogeny have been shown to contain both Paleoproterozoic and
65:
and interpreted either as the suturing of the Granite-Rhyolite crustal province to the southern margin of the proto-North American continent
807:
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (11 July 2008).
101:
at 1710–1680 Mya, the Mazatzal orogeny at 1650–1600 Ga, the Picuris orogeny at 1450–1300 Mya, and the Grenville orogeny at 1.30–0.95 Mya.
1228:
193:
The Berthoud orogeny of Colorado, which emplaced the Berthoud Plutonic Suite, took place in the same time frame as the Picuris Orogeny.
1156:"U-Pb geochronology of Proterozoic igneous and metasedimentary rocks in southern New Mexico: Post-collisional S-type granite magmatism"
740:"On the edge: U–Pb, Lu–Hf, and Sm–Nd data suggests reworking of the Yilgarn craton margin during formation of the Albany-Fraser Orogen"
1243:
439:
340:
374:
Karlstrom, Karl E; Åhäll, Karl-Inge; Harlan, Stephen S; Williams, Michael L; McLelland, James; Geissman, John W (1 October 2001).
794:"Late Mesoproterozoic (ca 1.2 Ga) palaeomagnetism of the Albany–Fraser orogen: no pre-Rodinia Australia–Laurentia connection"
229:(now recognized as a pre-1700 Ma succession of rock.) In contrast, Livingston's work in the Upper Salt River Canyon utilized
171:
650:
575:
Condie, Kent C. (1982). "Plate-tectonics model for Proterozoic continental accretion in the southwestern United States".
357:
704:
332:
Making the case for the Picuris orogeny: Evidence for a 1500 to 1400 Ma orogenic event in the southwestern United States
456:
1233:
1025:
Cox, Ro´nadh; Martin, Mark W.; Comstock, Jana C.; Dickerson, Laura S.; Ekstrom, Ingrid L.; Sammons, James H. (2002).
429:
330:
971:"Polyphase Proterozoic deformation in the Four Peaks area, central Arizona, and relevance for the Mazatzal orogeny"
43:
1053:
1189:
1155:
457:"The Yavapai-Mazatzal boundary: A long-lived tectonic element in the lithosphere of southwestern North America"
139:
between Australia and Laurentia. The northeastern extension of the orogenic belt would then correspond to the
596:
739:
375:
287:
267:
309:
258:
148:
1120:
1041:
982:
904:
820:
766:
662:
620:
584:
468:
387:
271:
245:
241:
1027:"Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and geochronology of the Proterozoic Mazatzal Group, central Arizona"
275:
70:
1026:
1136:
844:
304:
152:
136:
891:
Daniel, Christopher G.; Pfeifer, Lily S.; Jones, James V III; McFarlane, Christopher M. (2013).
836:
809:"A Positive Test of East Antarctica-Laurentia Juxtaposition Within the Rodinia Supercontinent"
435:
403:
336:
299:
263:
74:
58:
696:
1128:
1049:
990:
946:
912:
828:
774:
713:
670:
628:
592:
555:
517:
476:
395:
249:
50:
808:
202:
167:
156:
140:
98:
54:
23:
233:
techniques to estimated the timing of the Mazatzal orogeny between 1425-1380 +/-100 Mya.
1124:
1045:
986:
908:
824:
793:
770:
666:
624:
588:
472:
391:
19:
1188:
Holland, Mark E.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Grambling, Tyler A.; Heizler, Matthew T. (2016).
237:
222:
131:
109:
78:
30:
beds. Dating of these beds provided some of the first evidence for the Picuris orogeny.
399:
1222:
105:
1140:
848:
778:
632:
697:"Timing of Gothian structural evolution in SE Norway: A Rb-Sr whole-rock age study"
230:
175:
124:
504:
Jones, James V. III; Daniel, Christopher G.; Frei, Dirk; Thrane, Kristine (2011).
270:(a correlative to the Mazatzal Group), sediments from the conformably overlying
226:
179:
163:
113:
649:
Daniel, C. G.; Pfeifer, L. S.; Jones, J. V.; McFarlane, C. M. (23 July 2013).
210:
183:
62:
950:
407:
832:
717:
187:
116:
84:, which ended an 800-million-year episode of convergent boundary tectonism.
66:
47:
840:
120:
27:
995:
970:
560:
543:
522:
505:
218:
144:
81:
39:
916:
674:
480:
431:
Early recumbent folding during Proterozoic orogeny in central Arizona
94:
1154:
Amato, Jeffrey M.; Ottenfeld, Chelsea F.; Howland, Colby R. (2018).
209:
Silver estimated the timing of the Mazatzal orogeny as between 1715
1132:
123:
successions. Subsequent convergent tectonics closed the basis and
18:
1012:
Geochronology of older Precambrian rocks in Gila County, Arizona
455:
Magnani, M.B.; Miller, K.C.; Levander, A.; Karlstrom, K. (2004).
214:
73:
along southern Laurentia that ended with the ca. 1200–1000 Mya
112:
that accumulated sand and high-silica volcanic debris to form
544:"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America"
1054:
10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1535:SSAGOT>2.0.CO;2
1163:
New Mexico Geological Society Fall Field Conference Series
16:
Mountain-building event in what is now the Southwestern US
871:
New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication Series
597:
10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<37:PMFPCA>2.0.CO;2
236:
Further mapping in the 1970s and 1980s showed that the
1197:
New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series
213:
and 1650 Mya. The end of the event was based on the
159:
on the southwest extension of the Yavapai Province.
369:
367:
130:The northeast-trending provinces are truncated by
644:
642:
796:. Geophysical Journal International. p. F6.
964:
962:
960:
542:Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007).
434:. Geological Society of America. p. 156.
356:Daniel, Christopher G. and co-authors (2013).
335:. Geological Society of America. p. 205.
1099:. Golden, Colorado: Colorado School of Mines.
1014:. Tucson: University of Arizona. p. 224.
329:Daniel, Christoper G. and co-authors (2013).
8:
886:
884:
751:
749:
499:
497:
46:from 1.43 to 1.3 billion years ago in the
994:
559:
521:
1076:Arizona Geological Society Special Paper
792:Pisarevsky, S.A. and co-authors (2003).
695:Graversen, Ole; Pedersen, Svend (1999).
537:
535:
533:
174:established that some formations of the
104:Some of the orogens were accompanied by
321:
738:Kirkland, C.J. and co-authors (2011).
655:Geological Society of America Bulletin
461:Geological Society of America Bulletin
147:and the southwestern extension to the
7:
742:. Precambrian Research. p. 223.
14:
1239:Precambrian geology of New Mexico
77:during the final assembly of the
197:Relationship to Mazatzal Orogeny
779:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.03.002
633:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.11.024
290:the earlier Mazatzal orogeny.
166:surface in New Mexico and the
1:
400:10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00154-1
360:. GSA Bulletin. p. 1423.
172:detrital zircon geochronology
57:. The event is named for the
284:Black Canyon of the Gunnison
127:imbricated the successions.
428:Karlstrom, Karl E. (1989).
108:. This created short-lived
1260:
1229:Orogenies of North America
705:Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift
44:Southwestern United States
1244:Mesoproterozoic orogenies
1010:Livingston, D.E. (1969).
951:10.2113/gsrocky.38.2.183
225:and folded rocks of the
833:10.1126/science.1159189
718:10.1080/002919699433906
217:age of a post-tectonic
1113:The Journal of Geology
939:Rocky Mountain Geology
268:White Ledges Formation
186:in age, were actually
155:reconstruction places
31:
310:Geology of New Mexico
182:, long assumed to be
149:Albany-Fraser orogeny
22:
759:Precambrian Research
613:Precambrian Research
380:Precambrian Research
276:Blackjack Formations
242:angular unconformity
1125:2006JG....114..555J
1046:2002GSAB..114.1535C
987:2015Geosp..11.1975M
909:2013GSAB..125.1423D
903:(9–10): 1423–1441.
825:2008Sci...321..235G
771:2013PreR..231..409D
667:2013GSAB..125.1423D
661:(9–10): 1423–1441.
625:2015PreR..265..286B
589:1982Geo....10...37C
473:2004GSAB..116.1137M
392:2001PreR..111....5K
240:rested entirely an
137:paleomagnetic poles
71:convergent boundary
42:in what is now the
26:outcrop with white
1234:Geology of Arizona
1093:Doe, M.F. (2014).
996:10.1130/GES01196.1
561:10.1130/GES00055.1
523:10.1130/GES00614.1
305:Geology of Arizona
259:Hopi Springs Shale
110:extensional basins
32:
1040:(12): 1535–1549.
819:(5886): 235–240.
300:List of orogenies
264:Salt River Canyon
75:Grenville orogeny
59:Picuris Mountains
1251:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1194:
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1065:
1064:
1062:
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1022:
1016:
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1001:
1000:
998:
981:(6): 1975–1995.
966:
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934:
928:
927:
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923:
917:10.1130/B30804.1
888:
879:
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798:
797:
789:
783:
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743:
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724:
712:(47–56): 47–56.
701:
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686:
685:
683:
681:
675:10.1130/B30804.1
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637:
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601:
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572:
566:
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481:10.1130/B25414.1
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446:
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419:
418:
416:
414:
371:
362:
361:
353:
347:
346:
326:
266:, overlying the
250:Payson ophiolite
248:of the 1729 Mya
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1206:
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1158:
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1148:
1109:
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1087:
1073:
1072:
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1058:
1056:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
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1004:
968:
967:
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936:
935:
931:
921:
919:
890:
889:
882:
868:
867:
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851:
806:
805:
801:
791:
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786:
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747:
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569:
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531:
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427:
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422:
412:
410:
373:
372:
365:
355:
354:
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343:
328:
327:
323:
318:
296:
203:Mesoproterozoic
199:
168:Rocky Mountains
157:East Antarctica
141:Gothian orogeny
99:Yavapai orogeny
90:
55:Mesoproterozoic
36:Picuris orogeny
24:Pilar Formation
17:
12:
11:
5:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1180:
1146:
1133:10.1086/506160
1119:(5): 555–576.
1102:
1085:
1066:
1017:
1002:
956:
945:(2): 183–204.
929:
880:
861:
799:
784:
745:
730:
687:
638:
602:
567:
529:
516:(4): 974–991.
493:
447:
440:
420:
363:
348:
341:
320:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
295:
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238:Mazatzal Group
223:Young, Arizona
198:
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132:Neoproterozoic
89:
86:
79:supercontinent
40:orogenic event
15:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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441:9780813722351
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246:sheeted dikes
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221:located near
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106:slab rollback
102:
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76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
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29:
25:
21:
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
1196:
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1171:. Retrieved
1166:
1162:
1149:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1088:
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1057:. Retrieved
1037:
1034:GSA Bulletin
1033:
1020:
1011:
1005:
978:
974:
942:
938:
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920:. Retrieved
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288:overprinting
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231:Rb-Sr dating
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180:Hondo Groups
161:
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91:
61:in northern
35:
33:
765:: 409–421.
619:: 286–312.
467:(9): 1137.
386:(1): 5–30.
227:Alder Group
164:Precambrian
114:Proterozoic
88:Description
1223:Categories
1082:: 114–122.
554:(4): 220.
316:References
272:Yankee Joe
184:Statherian
63:New Mexico
1203:: 161–168
1169:: 137–145
975:Geosphere
583:(1): 37.
548:Geosphere
510:Geosphere
408:0301-9268
188:Calymmian
117:quartzite
67:Laurentia
48:Calymmian
1141:53133582
1059:18 April
922:17 April
854:19 April
849:11799613
841:18621666
680:19 April
486:19 April
413:19 April
294:See also
121:rhyolite
28:metatuff
1121:Bibcode
1042:Bibcode
983:Bibcode
905:Bibcode
877:: 1–35.
821:Bibcode
813:Science
767:Bibcode
663:Bibcode
621:Bibcode
585:Bibcode
577:Geology
469:Bibcode
388:Bibcode
219:granite
145:Baltica
82:Rodinia
53:of the
38:was an
1207:26 May
1173:21 May
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339:
176:Vadito
125:thrust
95:pluton
51:Period
1193:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1137:S2CID
1030:(PDF)
845:S2CID
700:(PDF)
244:with
153:SWEAT
1209:2020
1175:2020
1061:2020
924:2020
856:2020
837:PMID
725:2015
682:2020
488:2020
436:ISBN
415:2020
404:ISSN
337:ISBN
274:and
215:U-Pb
178:and
34:The
1129:doi
1117:114
1050:doi
1038:114
991:doi
947:doi
913:doi
901:125
829:doi
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671:doi
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629:doi
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