490:
593:
31:
1043:
283:
356:, agreeing an annual pension on the condition that the news was not made public. In the hope of speeding things up, Pier Luigi took direct part in the negotiations while leading troops into the lands occupied by his Farnese relatives. Novara and its surrounding territory was finally established as a marquessate in favour of Pier Luigi, but had to wait until February 1538 until formal investiture could be made.
380:
568:, and his brother Count Giovanni Anguissola, governor of Como. Anguissola was able to convince Count Agostino Landi, Marquis Giovan Luigi Confalonieri, and Girolamo Alessandro Pallavicini to join him. After Anguissola and others had stabbed him to death, the conspirators hung his body from a window of his palace in Piacenza. Charles V's vicar
556:, the Duke of Urbino. He also continued to work hard on the fortifications of his lands. Charles, concerned about the progress of work in Parma, was persuaded to give free rein to Ferrante to organize a conspiracy against the duke. Marquis Pallavicini Cortemaggiore offered support; but Ferrante preferred to rely on his distant kinsman
290:
Pier Luigi
Farnese quickly became the stereotype of a mercenary soldier: wild and amoral. He had courage and daring and while strong and audacious was also sufficiently brutal to offend many observers. Nor did he always fight on the traditional side of the papacy; reversing the pro-Guelph sentiments
324:
Pier Luigi withdrew from Rome into the Roman countryside, taxing it without mercy and permitting a climate of theft and murder. Pope
Clement, tired of this behaviour, eventually threatened him with excommunication, until Cardinal Alexander tried diplomatically to reconcile his son with the pope. In
235:
In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated Pier Luigi so that he could inherit the
Farnese family estates. On 23 June, 1513, Pope Leo X published a second legitimation of Pier Luigi. In spite of the legitimations, his illegitimacy tormented Pier Luigi all his life, and doubtless contributed to the
579:
Following the death of his son, Pope Paul met in consistory and had
Ferrante accused of the murder - declaring that Ottavio would succeed his father as the new duke and the new Gonfalonier of the Church. Pier Luigi's body was brought back and buried in Piacenza; later the body was transported to
663:
Letters also exist from Pier Luigi's father, Paul III, reproaching him for taking male lovers when on an official mission to the court of the emperor; and another from the chancellor of the
Florentine embassy detailing a man-hunt he had mounted in Rome to search for a youth who had refused his
430:
The Duchy of Castro operated as a functioning State within the
Patrimony of Saint Peter. It possessed rich forests full of game, fertile vineyards and fields, and a great number of fortresses. In the consistory of 14 March 1537, the Pope also awarded his son the cities of
863:
533:
His tyrannical rule and his taxes gained him the enmities of the cities, which were used to the fair authority of the Popes. The aristocracy, in particular, was supported against him by emperor
262:
Despite a loveless marriage, Gerolama remained a faithful devoted wife, tolerating Pier Luigi's excesses, brutality, and extravagances with dignity. Delays in the construction at the palace in
489:
552:
Ferrante began to spy on Pier Luigi and sent reports continually to Madrid. Pier Luigi did not remain passive; on 4 June 1547 he arranged the marriage of his daughter, Vittoria, with
446:
During his life Pier Luigi gained a certain reputation for cruelty, ruthlessness and decadence. A particular scandal erupted in 1537, when he was accused of what became known as the "
781:
545:
the governor of Milan who, having learned that
Charles wanted to take possession of the cities, decided to launch a plot against the Farnese, supported by the marquis Anguissola and
317:
to defend the Pope; Pier Luigi crossed the Tiber and quartered his men in the family palace, thus saving it from destruction. Critics accused the
Farnese of backing both sides, but
247:
His father was, however, keen to make Pier Luigi the true head of the
Farnese family and so arranged a favourable marriage alliance with Gerolama (also known by the spelling
1323:
399:. Pier Luigi was invested with the titles of "Montalto" which gave the right to export grain without paying taxes; and Paul accepted feudal rights over Canine,
1142:
837:
1273:
1128:
1023:
1313:
1283:
1318:
1278:
773:
1268:
592:
855:
634:
149:
1080:
1068:
1050:
295:
1086:
1062:
450:", where he allegedly raped the young bishop of the city, Cosimo Gheri, while marching with his troops. Gheri subsequently died.
325:
1528 Pier Luigi, still under imperial pay, fought in Apulia against the French army and distinguished himself in the defence of
440:
244:
tutor, Baldassarre
Malosso di Casalmaggiore, nicknamed "Tranquillus," and quickly developed a love of war and fortifications.
1218:
1156:
1104:
1092:
1074:
1056:
978:
649:
573:
462:
35:
913:
419:
for the fortress at Castro, and at bought Bisenzio from the diocese of Montefiascone. As a final act, Paul created a formal
1308:
616:
534:
458:
360:
349:
303:
271:
134:
423:
out of the lands and bestowed it upon his son and heirs. The duchy was, however, to come under the direct control of the
1230:
1016:
439:. Pier Luigi was tasked with repairing all the fortresses over which he was now feudal lord. The new Duke commissioned
1288:
628:
474:
144:
109:
1224:
1212:
1168:
1122:
565:
553:
1293:
1162:
1298:
572:
captured the Duchy soon after, although subsequent events led to the return of the duchy to Pier-Luigi's son,
1188:
1174:
1009:
638:
352:, a cardinal. But Charles V only reluctantly allowed the granting of titles to Pier Luigi over the city of
991:
478:
154:
139:
1303:
1200:
1116:
321:
refused to condemn him. Finally when the plague hit the city, the imperial troops decided to withdraw.
314:
461:; thus consolidating the friendship between the Farnese and the imperial family. In 1543 another son,
1263:
1258:
1206:
1194:
1098:
241:
363:
had become vacant, and Paul nominated his son on 31 January 1537. Pier Luigi travelled through the
307:
217:
657:
470:
299:
212:
from 1545 to 1547. He was the illegitimate son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (who later became
30:
345:
in 1534, great festivities were celebrated at Valentano, after which Pier Luigi left for Rome.
454:
395:
which had been split after the death of Ranuccio the Elder. To this he added the territory of
126:
1042:
928:
673:
580:
Parma by his wife Gerolama Orsini and then to the family tomb on the island of Bisentina on
569:
542:
517:
every year to the treasury of the Holy See, and, in exchange, they gave back the Duchies of
318:
240:
was frequently known to insult him as "the bastard son of the Pope." He was given a famous
169:
51:
282:
653:
622:
601:
561:
557:
510:
466:
119:
69:
443:
to create a new capital, which saw the construction of a citadel, ducal palace and mint.
827:
608:
and wife and first cousin Giulia Conti and paternal granddaughter of the 6th Counts of
538:
189:
1252:
1110:
1032:
987:
968:
832:
822:
605:
498:
392:
229:
213:
205:
201:
179:
47:
259:. In 1513 the engagement contract was drawn up, and in 1519 the wedding celebrated.
961:
678:
581:
546:
506:
447:
412:
364:
89:
232:
and Silvia Ruffini. His father would be elected Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534.
436:
396:
326:
609:
256:
404:
267:
379:
518:
502:
424:
416:
388:
368:
342:
237:
209:
105:
898:
de Vitoria, Francisco (1991). Pagden, Anthony; Lawrance, Jeremy (eds.).
841:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
493:
Pier Luigi appointed to Duke of Parma and Piacenza by Paul III
400:
263:
164:
642:
525:. Pier Luigi took possession of his new states on 23 September 1546.
408:
353:
252:
39:
734:
La leggenda del papa Paolo III: arte e censura nella Roma pontificia
514:
488:
420:
378:
281:
1001:
778:: Or, Third Division of "The English Encyclopedia", Vol. 2, 1867"
522:
432:
338:
85:
1005:
306:— remaining with the emperor until 1527, he was present at the
826:
367:
defeating pockets of resistance before arriving in triumph at
619:, the oldest son, bishop of Parma and Roman Catholic Cardinal
200:(19 November 1503 – 10 September 1547) was the first Duke of
1041:
228:
Pier Luigi Alessandro Farnese, born in 1503, was the son of
348:
Paul's first action was to make Pier Luigi's eldest son,
891:
Farnese: Pomp, Power, and Politics in Renaissance Italy
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
298:
were already employed as mercenaries in the pay of the
266:, meant the young couple had to lodge in the Castle at
294:
In 1520, at the age of seventeen, he and his brother
505:, properties that had previously been a part of the
185:
175:
163:
125:
115:
95:
79:
75:
65:
57:
46:
23:
805:Giovanni Dall'Orto, "Un avo poco presentabile",
537:, who aimed to unite Parma and Piacenza to the
302:. As a result, he served under the standard of
216:). He became a soldier and participated in the
1017:
8:
465:, was sent to France and eventually married
391:gradually recovered the family lands around
236:formation of his character. The nobility of
1186:Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty:
1024:
1010:
1002:
919:
720:
29:
20:
1324:People of the War of the League of Cognac
625:, Pier Luigi's successor as Duke of Parma
497:Paul III then went on to make Pier Luigi
817:
815:
768:
766:
764:
736:(Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1998): 20.
591:
708:
690:
513:, declared they would pay 9,000 golden
313:While his brother Ranuccio withdrew to
850:
848:
828:"Farnese s.v. Pierluigi Farnese"
801:
799:
457:, an illegitimate daughter of Emperor
310:of that year, in which he took part.
270:. The following year their first son
61:16 September 1545 – 10 September 1547
7:
337:When his father was elevated to the
866:from the original on 22 August 2024
596:Gerolama Orsini, Pier Luigi's wife.
784:from the original on 21 March 2023
14:
648:He also had an illegitimate son,
473:. Finally in 1545 his third son,
255:, daughter of Lodovico, Count of
1274:16th-century Italian LGBT people
453:In 1538 his son Ottavio married
204:from 1537 to 1545 and the first
600:Pier Luigi Farnese had married
441:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
1314:Captains General of the Church
1284:Illegitimate children of popes
469:- an illegitimate daughter of
359:In the meantime the office of
1:
902:. Cambridge University Press.
774:"Knight, Charles. "Farnese",
361:Captain General of the Church
333:Captain General of the Church
1319:Military personnel from Rome
1279:16th-century Roman Catholics
1269:16th-century dukes of Parma
900:Vitoria: Political Writings
860:, G. Bell & Sons, 1877"
656:, illegitimate daughter of
415:. He exchanged the city of
230:Cardinal Alessandro Farnese
150:Vittoria, Duchess of Urbino
110:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1340:
893:. L'Erma Di Bretschneider.
612:. They had four children:
554:Guidobaldo II della Rovere
509:. Pier Luigi and his son,
485:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
18:Duke of Parma and Piacenza
1239:
1184:
1039:
985:
975:
966:
954:
949:
922:
631:, Roman Catholic Cardinal
28:
916:from about 1390 to 1766.
286:Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome
889:Gamrath, Helge (2007).
858:Modern Europe 1521-1598
838:Encyclopædia Britannica
1241:* denotes titular Duke
1046:
597:
494:
384:
383:View of Castro (1663).
287:
155:Orazio, Duke of Castro
140:Ottavio, Duke of Parma
1045:
856:"Dyer, Thomas Henry.
809:, 162 (January 1998).
595:
492:
382:
285:
1309:LGBT Roman Catholics
604:, daughter of Luigi
529:Conspiracy and death
924:Pier Luigi Farnese
914:Farnese family tree
588:Marriage and family
135:Cardinal Alessandro
1289:Nobility from Rome
1047:
658:Henry II of France
617:Alessandro Farnese
598:
495:
471:Henry II of France
385:
350:Alessandro Farnese
315:Castel Sant'Angelo
300:Republic of Venice
288:
198:Pier Luigi Farnese
24:Pier Luigi Farnese
1246:
1245:
1177: (1854–1859)
1153: (1808-1814)
1152:
1139: (1808-1814)
1138:
1125: (1765–1802)
1089: (1694–1727)
1071: (1592–1622)
1000:
999:
976:Succeeded by
944:10 September 1547
732:Roberto Zapperi,
455:Margaret of Parma
195:
194:
145:Cardinal Ranuccio
99:10 September 1547
1331:
1294:House of Farnese
1233:* (2010–present)
1146:
1132:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1003:
960:Carved from the
945:
938:
937:19 November 1503
929:House of Farnese
920:
903:
894:
876:
875:
873:
871:
852:
843:
842:
830:
819:
810:
803:
794:
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789:
770:
759:
752:
746:
743:
737:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
635:Vittoria Farnese
629:Ranuccio Farnese
570:Ferrante Gonzaga
543:Ferrante Gonzaga
477:, was created a
319:Pope Clement VII
291:of the Farnese.
102:
83:19 November 1503
33:
21:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1299:Dukes of Castro
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1180:
1171: (1849–54)
1165: (1847–49)
1159: (1814–47)
1119: (1748–65)
1113: (1740–48)
1107: (1735–40)
1101: (1731–35)
1095: (1727–31)
1083: (1646–94)
1077: (1622–46)
1065: (1586–92)
1059: (1556–86)
1053: (1545–47)
1035:
1030:
995:
981:
972:
964:
958:
939:
933:
932:
925:
910:
897:
888:
885:
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879:
869:
867:
854:
853:
846:
821:
820:
813:
804:
797:
787:
785:
772:
771:
762:
754:Giovanni Drei,
753:
749:
744:
740:
731:
727:
721:de Vitoria 1991
719:
715:
707:
692:
687:
670:
654:Diane de France
623:Ottavio Farnese
602:Girolama Orsini
590:
562:Castel Goffredo
531:
487:
467:Diane de France
377:
335:
280:
278:Military career
226:
159:
120:Gerolama Orsini
104:
100:
84:
42:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1337:
1335:
1327:
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1072:
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1060:
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1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:Dukes of Parma
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
998:
997:
983:
982:
977:
974:
969:Duke of Castro
965:
959:
952:
951:
950:Regnal titles
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946:
926:
923:
918:
917:
909:
908:External links
906:
905:
904:
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884:
881:
878:
877:
844:
833:Chisholm, Hugh
823:Villari, Luigi
811:
795:
760:
747:
738:
725:
723:, p. 333.
713:
689:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
676:
669:
666:
652:, who married
646:
645:
637:, who married
632:
626:
620:
589:
586:
539:Duchy of Milan
530:
527:
486:
483:
376:
375:Duke of Castro
373:
334:
331:
279:
276:
225:
222:
193:
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190:Silvia Ruffini
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103:(aged 43)
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13:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1257:
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1229:
1227:* (1977–2010)
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1191:* (1859–1907)
1190:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:Charles Louis
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
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1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
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1111:Maria Theresa
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988:Duke of Parma
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953:
948:
943:
936:
931:
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767:
765:
761:
757:
751:
748:
742:
739:
735:
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
711:, p. 25.
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699:
697:
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684:
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677:
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672:
671:
667:
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639:Guidubaldo II
636:
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621:
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615:
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613:
611:
607:
603:
594:
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567:
563:
559:
558:Louis Gonzaga
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Duke of Parma
491:
484:
482:
481:by Paul III.
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
444:
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221:
219:
215:
214:Pope Paul III
211:
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206:Duke of Parma
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191:
188:
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180:Pope Paul III
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60:
56:
53:
49:
48:Duke of Parma
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
16:
1304:LGBT royalty
1157:Marie Louise
1148:
1134:
986:
967:
962:Papal States
955:
941:
934:
927:
899:
890:
868:. Retrieved
857:
836:
806:
786:. Retrieved
775:
755:
750:
745:Zapperi, 21.
741:
733:
728:
716:
709:Gamrath 2007
679:Rape of Fano
662:
647:
599:
582:Lake Bolsena
578:
551:
547:Andrea Doria
532:
507:Papal States
496:
452:
448:rape of Fano
445:
429:
386:
365:Papal States
358:
347:
336:
323:
312:
308:Sack of Rome
293:
289:
261:
248:
246:
234:
227:
218:sack of Rome
197:
196:
101:(1547-09-10)
90:Papal States
15:
1264:1547 deaths
1259:1503 births
1225:Carlos Hugo
1221:* (1974–77)
1215:* (1959–74)
1209:* (1950–59)
1203:* (1939–50)
1197:* (1907–39)
1169:Charles III
1081:Ranuccio II
758:Parma, 1950
566:Castiglione
437:Ronciglione
397:Ronciglione
387:Meanwhile,
327:Manfredonia
1253:Categories
1129:Cambacérès
1105:Charles II
1069:Ranuccio I
1051:Pier Luigi
996:1545–1547
973:1537–1545
756:I Farnese,
685:References
664:advances.
641:, Duke of
610:Pitigliano
560:, Lord of
274:was born.
272:Alessandro
257:Pitigliano
1213:Robert II
1123:Ferdinand
1099:Charles I
1087:Francesco
1063:Alexander
956:New title
807:Babilonia
776:Biography
576:in 1551.
541:. It was
535:Charles V
459:Charles V
405:Valentano
304:Charles V
268:Valentano
220:in 1527.
66:Successor
1175:Robert I
1149:Piacenza
992:Piacenza
870:17 March
864:Archived
825:(1911).
788:17 March
782:Archived
668:See also
519:Camerino
503:Piacenza
479:cardinal
475:Ranuccio
425:Holy See
417:Frascati
389:Paul III
369:Piacenza
343:Paul III
296:Ranuccio
249:Girolama
242:humanist
238:Piacenza
210:Piacenza
106:Piacenza
52:Piacenza
36:Portrait
1093:Antonio
1075:Odoardo
1057:Ottavio
979:Ottavio
883:Sources
835:(ed.).
674:Farnese
574:Ottavio
511:Ottavio
401:Gradoli
264:Gradoli
170:Farnese
70:Ottavio
1231:Carlos
1219:Xavier
1201:Joseph
1189:Robert
1145:
1143:Lebrun
1131:
1117:Philip
940:
650:Orazio
643:Urbino
606:Orsini
515:ducati
463:Orazio
409:Latera
393:Castro
354:Novara
339:papacy
253:Orsini
202:Castro
186:Mother
176:Father
116:Spouse
40:Titian
1207:Elias
1195:Henry
1135:Parma
942:Died:
935:Born:
831:. In
421:duchy
413:Marta
224:Youth
165:House
127:Issue
58:Reign
990:and
872:2023
790:2023
564:and
523:Nepi
521:and
501:and
435:and
433:Nepi
411:and
208:and
96:Died
86:Rome
80:Born
50:and
341:as
38:by
1255::
862:.
847:^
814:^
798:^
780:.
763:^
693:^
660:.
584:.
549:.
427:.
407:,
403:,
371:.
329:.
251:)
108:,
88:,
1151:)
1147:(
1137:)
1133:(
1025:e
1018:t
1011:v
874:.
792:.
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