770:
simultaneously in the format and at the bit rate selected. In the duty-cycle store mode, a single frame of scientific data was collected and stored at a rate of 512 bit/s. The time interval between the collection and storage of successive frames could be varied by ground command between 2 and 17 min to provide partial data coverage for periods up to 19 hours, as limited by the bit storage capacity. In the memory readout mode, data was read out at whatever bit rate was appropriate to the satellite distance from Earth.
865:
1651:
782:, "The Pioneer 6–9 program has been touted as one of the least expensive of all NASA spacecraft programs in terms of scientific results per dollar spent." Although the four spacecraft have not been regularly tracked for science data return in recent years, a successful telemetry contact with Pioneer 6 was made on December 8, 2000, to celebrate 35 years of continuous operation since launch. Its original design life expectancy was only 6 months.
952:
3798:
2381:
762:, one of four data formats, and one of four operating modes could be selected. The five-bit rates were 512, 256, 64, 16, and 8 bit/s. Three of the four data formats contained primarily scientific data and consisted of 32 seven-bit words per frame. One scientific data format was for use at the two highest bit rates. Another was for use at the three lowest bit rates. The third contained data from only the
1019:
937:
3810:
56:
1212:
769:
The four operating modes were: real-time, telemetry store, duty cycle store, and memory readout. In the real-time mode, data were sampled and transmitted directly (without storage) as specified by the data format and bit rate selected. In the telemetry store mode, data were stored and transmitted
636:
data. In conjunction with other spacecraft these, for the first time, enabled spaceborne observations to be combined with terrestrial observations on the ground and from sounding balloons. Pioneer 9 in early August 1972 recorded significant observations of one of the most potent
543:, launched between 1965 and 1969. They were a series of solar-orbiting, spin-stabilized, solar cell- and battery-powered satellites designed to obtain measurements on a continuing basis of interplanetary phenomena from widely separated points in space. They were also known as
2528:
602:. Data from the vehicles have been used to better understand stellar processes and the structure and flow of the solar wind. The vehicles also acted as the world's first space-based solar weather network, providing practical data on
2231:
3153:
2510:
2534:
903:
and monitored the interaction between the cometary hydrogen tail and the solar wind. It discovered He+ plasma produced by charge exchange of solar wind He++ with neutral cometary material.
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3851:
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2215:
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93:
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2456:
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2055:
3464:
3383:
1561:
847:
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1819:
1410:
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3501:
2645:
2640:
2356:
864:
3346:
2784:
2516:
1914:
1363:
J. D. Mihalov; H. R. Collard; D. S. Intriligator; A. Barnes (1987). "Observation by
Pioneer 7 of He in the distant coma of Halley's Comet".
1341:
1295:
661:
0.94 m (3 ft 1 in) diameter × 0.81 m (2 ft 8 in) tall cylinders with a 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) long
3743:
3550:
3073:
3326:
3300:
3256:
1477:
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1441:
930:
The spacecraft commanded to switch to the backup TWT. Downlink signal was re-acquired, one of the science instruments again functioning.
1489:
3560:
2462:
2223:
1930:
1880:
3416:
3336:
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2434:
850:. The MIT and ARC Plasma Analyzers, as well as the cosmic ray detector from the University of Chicago, were turned on and working.
3711:
3469:
3056:
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382:
370:
1273:
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3846:
3543:
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3231:
1898:
1890:
1231:"On the Little‐Known Consequences of the 4 August 1972 Ultra-Fast Coronal Mass Ejecta: Facts, Commentary and Call to Action"
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622:
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638:
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3180:
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658:
936:
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132:
100:
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3083:
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1805:
922:
Launched at 14:08:00 UTC from Cape
Canaveral into solar orbit with a mean distance of 1.1 AU from the Sun.
3778:
3721:
3243:
3226:
3172:
3135:
2935:
2909:
2864:
2620:
1983:
789:
as "extant" as of 26 March 2007, there has been no contact since
December 8, 2000. At this time
536:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1398:
1185:
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3716:
3658:
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2960:
2869:
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2750:
2650:
2156:
1731:
1726:
685:
2166:
824:
Launched at 07:31:00 UTC from Cape
Canaveral to a circular solar orbit with a mean distance of 0.8 AU.
3356:
2859:
2744:
2662:
2630:
2566:
2561:
2176:
2022:
2003:
1533:
1372:
1242:
1004:
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83:
3121:
2030:
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3140:
2710:
2498:
2015:
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had operated for 12,758 days, making it the oldest operating space probe until it was surpassed by
3440:
3018:
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2839:
2823:
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2121:
1922:
1906:
1436:
1329:
1307:
1024:
452:
909:
Tracked successfully. The spacecraft and one of the science instruments were still functioning.
2141:
1988:
3404:
3288:
3248:
3208:
3128:
3088:
2955:
2945:
2693:
1962:
980:
Launched at 09:46:00 UTC from Cape
Canaveral into solar orbit with a mean distance of 0.8 AU.
900:
763:
673:
642:
618:
465:
3813:
2740:
3637:
3278:
2889:
2468:
2447:
1380:
1250:
1875:
598:. They were designed to measure large scale magnetic phenomena and particles and fields in
3616:
3586:
3049:
3023:
2950:
2874:
2849:
2844:
2804:
2720:
2474:
2319:
1781:
1570:
669:
540:
488:
1376:
1246:
563:) was lost in a launch accident, and therefore did not receive a numerical designation.
3773:
3653:
3410:
3096:
2894:
2884:
2730:
2725:
2583:
1754:
676:
directional antenna. The spacecraft were spin-stabilized at about 60 RPM, and the spin
591:
3830:
3801:
3783:
3678:
3668:
3600:
3445:
3078:
2809:
2588:
2314:
2050:
1946:
1384:
1281:
1216:
681:
633:
3648:
3215:
1759:
1632:
1627:
962:
875:
662:
629:
1003:
Launched at 21:59:00 UTC from Cape
Canaveral. The launch vehicle was destroyed by
2610:
2486:
2151:
1769:
1622:
1617:
603:
3341:
3043:
3036:
2551:
1764:
1709:
1702:
1145:
1113:
1084:
1055:
1014:
893:
Launched from Cape
Canaveral into solar orbit with a mean distance of 1.1 AU.
595:
587:
501:
3758:
3731:
3579:
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2126:
1867:
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1637:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1584:
799:
on August 13, 2012. It is also believed that contact is still possible with
795:
646:
496:
586:
were created to make the first detailed, comprehensive measurements of the
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1230:
759:
689:
677:
614:
213:
17:
55:
3273:
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2605:
2268:
2239:
2207:
2136:
2114:
2010:
1998:
1797:
356:
348:
766:
experiment. The fourth data format contained mainly engineering data.
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1033:
472:
459:
1215:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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1337:
1303:
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779:
610:
1649:
54:
1229:
D. J. Knipp; B. J. Fraser; M. A. Shea; D. F. Smart (2018).
1037:, a speculative fiction work featuring a sentient Pioneer 9
617:
in the solar wind, the interplanetary electron density (
2395:
621:
experiment), solar and galactic cosmic rays, and the
1330:"Voyager at 35 - Break on Through to the Other Side"
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3569:
3484:
3429:
3392:
3191:
3001:
2988:
2918:
2832:
2822:
2777:
2703:
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2544:
2443:
2433:
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2328:
2287:
2261:
2192:
1976:
1852:
1747:
1719:
1661:
1577:
471:
458:
448:
443:
405:
400:
362:
340:
264:
259:
243:
219:
209:
204:
166:
131:
99:
89:
79:
858:Successful telemetry contact for about two hours.
606:which affect communications and power on Earth.
665:boom and solar panels mounted around the body.
174:34 years, 11 months and 22 days
180:28 years, 7 months and 14 days
2411:
1813:
1555:
192:14 years, 6 months and 11 days
186:28 years, 8 months and 9 days
8:
1007:after hydraulics in the first stage failed.
709:Superior Conjunction Faraday Rotation (6, 7)
628:The spacecraft were important collectors of
32:
1268:
1266:
1140:
1138:
848:70 meter Deep Space Station 43 in Australia
2998:
2829:
2790:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2700:
2440:
2418:
2404:
2396:
1820:
1806:
1798:
1562:
1548:
1540:
1534:NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft Pioneer-E
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
727:Two-Frequency Beacon Receiver (6, 7, 8, 9)
31:
3852:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
3684:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
1254:
641:ever recorded, and the most hazardous to
840:Spacecraft commanded to the backup TWT.
3769:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1047:
932:
899:Flew within 12.3 million kilometers of
860:
834:) failed sometime after December 1995.
27:Space probes launched from 1965 to 1969
2557:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
3347:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
609:The experiments studied the positive
7:
3809:
700:Solar Wind Plasma Faraday Cup (6, 7)
657:Each craft was identical. They were
1274:"Pioneer 6, 7, 8, 9, E - Quicklook"
1200:from the original on August 4, 2021
992:Contact was attempted, but failed.
736:Cosmic Ray Gradient Detector (8, 9)
2463:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2200:Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer
1931:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
1413:from the original on June 29, 2019
1344:from the original on March 8, 2015
721:Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy (6, 7, 8, 9)
718:Uniaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer (6)
25:
3417:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2971:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
1526:NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft
1518:NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft
1510:NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft
1502:NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft
3808:
3797:
3796:
3712:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3470:Space Flight Operations Facility
2656:Operations and Checkout Building
2380:
2379:
1210:
1017:
950:
935:
863:
724:Celestial Mechanics (6, 7, 8, 9)
706:Electrostatic Analyzer (6, 7, 8)
2931:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
1497:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1485:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1473:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1461:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1449:NASA's Solar System Exploration
830:The prime Traveling-wave tube (
758:By ground command, one of five
730:Single-Axis Magnetometer (7, 8)
1696:
134:
1:
1840:List of heliophysics missions
688:and pointed toward the south
623:Interplanetary Magnetic Field
3749:Space program on U.S. stamps
3674:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3624:Solar System Family Portrait
3400:Joint Polar Satellite System
3269:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2523:Vision for Space Exploration
2493:Space Exploration Initiative
1385:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90172-2
774:Time line and current status
715:Relativity Investigation (6)
3744:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3701:We choose to go to the Moon
3664:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3222:International Space Station
3202:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2941:Great Observatories program
2785:International Space Station
2763:Roscosmos State Corporation
2680:Science Mission Directorate
2626:Manned Space Flight Network
811:is definitely not working.
748:Electric Field Detector (9)
733:Cosmic Dust Detector (8, 9)
703:Cosmic-Ray Telescope (6, 7)
62:Artist's conception of the
3868:
3561:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3372:James Webb Space Telescope
3284:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2505:U.S. National Space Policy
2066:Orbiting Solar Observatory
2031:Intercosmos 26 (Koronas I)
1939:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1146:"Pioneer 9 - NASA Science"
1114:"Pioneer 8 - NASA Science"
1085:"Pioneer 7 - NASA Science"
1056:"Pioneer 6 - NASA Science"
272:16 December 1965, 07:31:21
3792:
2636:Vehicle Assembly Building
2375:
1835:
1647:
1278:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
945:being prepared for launch
745:Solar Plasma Detector (9)
742:Triaxial Magnetometer (9)
485:
481:
439:
435:
396:
392:
314:8 November 1968, 09:46:29
255:
251:
200:
196:
75:
53:
3707:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3631:The Day the Earth Smiled
2966:Solar Terrestrial Probes
1844:List of solar telescopes
1737:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
785:Although NASA described
739:Plasma Wave Detector (8)
328:27 August 1969, 21:59:00
286:17 August 1966, 15:20:17
3764:Other primates in space
3476:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3296:Mars Science Laboratory
3084:Spitzer Space Telescope
2673:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2616:Launch Services Program
712:Spectral Broadening (6)
300:13 December 1967, 14:08
3779:National Astronaut Day
3722:The Astronaut Monument
3544:Space Shuttle missions
3244:Mars Exploration Rover
3227:Hubble Space Telescope
3136:Kepler space telescope
2936:Earth Observing System
2910:Mars Exploration Rover
2621:Mercury Control Center
1984:Apollo Telescope Mount
1655:
1296:"The Pioneer Missions"
477:between 0.99 to 1.2 AU
318:1968-11-08UTC09:46:29Z
290:1966-08-17UTC15:20:17Z
276:1965-12-16UTC07:31:21Z
59:
3847:Derelict space probes
3727:Lunar sample displays
3717:Space Mirror Memorial
3659:Voyager Golden Record
3551:United States rockets
2743: (with the
2651:Launch Control Center
2132:Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9
1989:Coronas F (Koronas F)
1732:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1727:Pioneer Venus project
1653:
449:Reference system
205:Spacecraft properties
58:
2745:Soviet space program
2663:Johnson Space Center
2631:Kennedy Space Center
2594:spinoff technologies
1829:Solar space missions
1654:Pioneer 11 at Saturn
1437:Pioneer Project Page
1256:10.1029/2018SW002024
600:interplanetary space
84:Interplanetary space
3842:Missions to the Sun
3754:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3610:Pillars of Creation
3517:Space Shuttle crews
2995:(human and robotic)
2989:Individual featured
2572:Ranks and positions
1775:Linda Salzman Sagan
1403:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1377:1987Icar...71..192M
1247:2018SpWea..16.1635K
1190:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
653:Vehicle description
460:Perihelion altitude
332:1969-08-27UTC21:59Z
304:1967-12-13UTC14:08Z
50:
3556:NASA cancellations
3451:Deep Space Network
3441:Near Earth Network
2926:Living With a Star
2900:Project Prometheus
2880:Planetary Observer
2023:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1923:Parker Solar Probe
1656:
1310:on August 15, 2011
1025:Spaceflight portal
464:between 0.75 to 1
444:Orbital parameters
367:Pioneer 6, 7 and E
60:
3824:
3823:
3737:stolen or missing
3534:uncrewed missions
3512:Apollo astronauts
3507:Gemini astronauts
3425:
3424:
3209:2001 Mars Odyssey
2984:
2983:
2860:Mars Surveyor '98
2818:
2817:
2761: (with
2694:Human spaceflight
2688:
2687:
2646:Launch Complex 48
2641:Launch Complex 39
2393:
2392:
1795:
1794:
1284:on July 21, 2010.
1241:(11): 1635–1643.
920:December 13, 1967
846:Tracked with the
822:December 16, 1965
764:radio propagation
643:human spaceflight
619:radio propagation
510:
509:
473:Aphelion altitude
429:
423:
417:
411:
380:
368:
354:
346:
326:
312:
298:
284:
270:
237:
231:
225:
190:
184:
178:
172:
160:
154:
148:
142:
125:
119:
113:
107:
16:(Redirected from
3859:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3638:Fallen Astronaut
3279:Van Allen Probes
2999:
2905:Mars Exploration
2830:
2701:
2469:Space Task Group
2441:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2383:
2382:
2254:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2184:Yohkoh (Solar-A)
1969:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1907:Hinode (Solar-B)
1903:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1872:
1864:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1633:Pioneer P-31 (Z)
1628:Pioneer P-30 (Y)
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1306:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:. Archived from
1270:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1182:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1150:science.nasa.gov
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1118:science.nasa.gov
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1089:science.nasa.gov
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1060:science.nasa.gov
1052:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
978:November 8, 1968
954:
939:
867:
854:December 8, 2000
427:
421:
415:
413:8 December 2000
409:
378:
366:
352:
344:
335:
333:
324:
321:
319:
310:
307:
305:
296:
293:
291:
282:
279:
277:
268:
260:Start of mission
235:
229:
223:
188:
182:
176:
170:
167:Mission duration
158:
152:
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140:
136:
123:
117:
111:
105:
51:
49:
21:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3837:Pioneer program
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3788:
3688:
3679:Mission patches
3654:Pioneer plaques
3617:Mystic Mountain
3594:Family Portrait
3587:The Blue Marble
3571:
3565:
3539:Apollo missions
3480:
3432:
3421:
3388:
3193:
3187:
3024:Mercury-Atlas 6
2994:
2990:
2980:
2914:
2850:Mariner Mark II
2814:
2795:Commercial Crew
2773:
2696:
2684:
2668:Mission Control
2567:Astronaut Corps
2562:Chief Scientist
2540:
2445:
2429:
2424:
2394:
2389:
2371:
2345:
2324:
2320:Solar Sentinels
2283:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2188:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1848:
1831:
1826:
1796:
1791:
1782:Pioneer anomaly
1743:
1715:
1657:
1645:
1623:Pioneer P-3 (X)
1618:Pioneer P-1 (W)
1573:
1571:Pioneer program
1568:
1538:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1357:
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1345:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1184:
1183:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1001:August 27, 1969
998:
986:Final contact.
975:
966:
955:
946:
940:
926:August 22, 1996
917:
891:August 17, 1966
888:
879:
868:
844:October 6, 1997
819:
776:
756:
751:
659:spin-stabilized
655:
569:
541:Pioneer program
506:
505:
499:
492:
489:Pioneer program
430:
426:
425:22 August 1996
424:
420:
418:
414:
412:
381:
379:Pioneer 8 and 9
377:
369:
355:
351:
347:
331:
329:
327:
323:
317:
315:
313:
309:
303:
301:
299:
295:
289:
287:
285:
281:
275:
273:
271:
238:
236:Pioneer 8 and 9
234:
232:
228:
226:
191:
187:
185:
181:
179:
175:
173:
161:
157:
155:
151:
149:
145:
143:
126:
122:
120:
116:
114:
110:
108:
71:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Astronauts Day
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3433:and navigation
3431:Communications
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3411:Europa Clipper
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:New Millennium
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1755:Pioneer plaque
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1723:
1721:
1720:Venus missions
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1662:Later missions
1659:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1578:Early missions
1575:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1430:External links
1428:
1425:
1424:
1390:
1371:(1): 192–197.
1355:
1321:
1287:
1262:
1221:
1166:
1134:
1105:
1076:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1012:
1009:
997:
994:
974:
969:
968:
967:
956:
949:
947:
941:
934:
916:
911:
907:March 31, 1995
901:Halley's Comet
897:March 20, 1986
887:
882:
881:
880:
869:
862:
818:
813:
775:
772:
755:
754:Communications
752:
750:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
686:ecliptic plane
654:
651:
613:(cations) and
592:magnetic field
568:
565:
508:
507:
500:
494:
493:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
462:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
419:31 March 1995
407:
403:
402:
401:End of mission
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
383:Cape Canaveral
371:Cape Canaveral
364:
360:
359:
345:Pioneer 6 to 9
342:
338:
337:
266:
262:
261:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
168:
164:
163:
138:
129:
128:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3864:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3784:Nikon NASA F4
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:NASA insignia
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Lunar plaques
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3601:Pale Blue Dot
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:NASA missions
3527:
3525:
3524:NASA aircraft
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Space Network
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Space Shuttle
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:New Frontiers
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Lunar Orbiter
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2810:Lunar Gateway
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2769:Constellation
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2751:Space Shuttle
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:NASA research
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2414:
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2401:
2398:
2386:
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2374:
2368:
2365:
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2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Solar Cruiser
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2240:Solar-C EUVST
2238:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Taiyo (SRATS)
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
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2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Koronas-Foton
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:Solar Orbiter
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1830:
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1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1788:
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1761:
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1700:
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1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
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1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
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1542:
1535:
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1530:
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695:Instruments:
693:
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679:
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631:
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558:
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3358:Perseverance
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3214:
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2757:
2741:Apollo–Soyuz
2248:
2177:
2131:
2046:ICE / ISEE-3
2016:
2004:
1968:(since 1994)
1963:
1958:(since 2006)
1950:(since 2020)
1942:(since 2010)
1934:(since 1995)
1926:(since 2018)
1918:(since 2013)
1910:(since 2006)
1902:(since 2015)
1894:(since 2021)
1891:CHASE (Xihe)
1886:(since 2022)
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1760:Eric Burgess
1708:
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1417:February 27,
1415:. Retrieved
1402:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1299:
1290:
1282:the original
1238:
1234:
1224:
1204:September 9,
1202:. Retrieved
1189:
1157:. Retrieved
1149:
1125:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1088:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1059:
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1005:range safety
1000:
999:
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663:magnetometer
656:
639:solar storms
630:heliophysics
627:
608:
604:solar storms
583:
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537:space probes
531:
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487:
453:Heliocentric
406:Last contact
210:Manufacturer
80:Mission type
67:
63:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
3644:Deep fields
3572:and artwork
3570:NASA images
3142:Opportunity
2611:NASA Social
2437:and history
2162:Spartan 201
1879: [
1770:Frank Drake
1399:"Pioneer 8"
1186:"Pioneer 6"
1127:December 1,
1098:December 1,
1069:December 1,
645:during the
596:cosmic rays
431:19 May 1983
363:Launch site
308: UTC
265:Launch date
220:Launch mass
70:spacecraft.
3831:Categories
3732:Moon rocks
3492:Astronauts
3485:NASA lists
3342:OSIRIS-REx
3176:helicopter
3044:Pioneer 11
3037:Pioneer 10
2840:Hitchhiker
2715:suborbital
2552:Space Race
1765:Carl Sagan
1710:Pioneer 11
1703:Pioneer 10
1314:August 27,
1042:References
957:Launch of
870:Launch of
588:solar wind
572:Pioneers 6
502:Pioneer 10
322: UTC
294: UTC
280: UTC
121:1967-123A
115:1966-075A
109:1965-105A
3759:Moon tree
3580:Earthrise
3455:Goldstone
3352:Mars 2020
3321:Voyager 2
3314:Voyager 1
3250:Curiosity
3194:operating
3192:Currently
3174:Ingenuity
3111:MESSENGER
3090:Sojourner
3019:Mercury 3
3009:Apollo 11
2956:Discovery
2946:Explorers
2535:Augustine
2499:Augustine
2350:Sun-Earth
2336:Pioneer E
2300:Pioneer H
2288:Cancelled
2142:Prognoz 6
2127:Pioneer 5
1868:Aditya-L1
1787:Pioneer H
1697:Pioneer E
1691:Pioneer 9
1684:Pioneer 8
1677:Pioneer 7
1670:Pioneer 6
1639:Pioneer 5
1612:Pioneer 4
1605:Pioneer 3
1598:Pioneer 2
1591:Pioneer 1
1585:Pioneer 0
1528:Pioneer 9
1520:Pioneer 8
1512:Pioneer 7
1504:Pioneer 6
1491:Pioneer E
1479:Pioneer 9
1467:Pioneer 8
1455:Pioneer 7
1443:Pioneer 6
996:Pioneer E
972:Pioneer 9
959:Pioneer 8
943:Pioneer 8
914:Pioneer 8
885:Pioneer 7
872:Pioneer 6
838:July 1996
816:Pioneer 6
809:Pioneer 9
801:Pioneer 7
796:Voyager 2
791:Pioneer 6
787:Pioneer 6
760:bit rates
674:high-gain
668:The main
647:Space Age
615:electrons
561:Pioneer E
545:Pioneer A
514:Pioneer 6
497:Pioneer 5
428:Pioneer 9
422:Pioneer 8
416:Pioneer 7
410:Pioneer 6
353:Pioneer E
336: UTC
325:Pioneer E
311:Pioneer 9
297:Pioneer 8
283:Pioneer 7
269:Pioneer 6
233:62.75 kg
230:Pioneer 7
224:Pioneer 6
189:Pioneer 9
183:Pioneer 8
177:Pioneer 7
171:Pioneer 6
159:Pioneer 9
153:Pioneer 8
147:Pioneer 7
141:Pioneer 6
127:1968-100A
124:Pioneer 9
118:Pioneer 8
112:Pioneer 7
106:Pioneer 6
101:COSPAR ID
64:Pioneer 6
35:Pioneer 6
18:Pioneer E
3803:Category
3465:Canberra
3377:timeline
3365:timeline
3301:timeline
3257:timeline
3154:observed
3149:timeline
3117:Aquarius
3057:timeline
3030:Magellan
2992:missions
2890:Surveyor
2826:programs
2756:Shuttle–
2697:programs
2529:Aldridge
2448:creation
2385:Category
2367:ACRIMSAT
2279:Sundiver
2262:Proposed
2157:SolarMax
1411:Archived
1342:Archived
1334:nasa.gov
1300:nasa.gov
1198:Archived
1159:March 6,
1011:See also
963:Delta-E1
690:ecliptic
590:, solar
239:65.36 kg
227:62.14 kg
90:Operator
3815:Commons
3693:Related
3502:by year
3497:by name
3274:GOES 15
3264:GOES 14
3181:flights
3167:InSight
3123:Cassini
3051:Galileo
2976:SIMPLEx
2951:Voyager
2919:Current
2875:Pioneer
2845:Mariner
2824:Robotic
2805:Artemis
2778:Current
2721:Mercury
2713: (
2606:NASA TV
2545:General
2444:History
2269:ADAHELI
2232:TRACERS
2224:SWFO-L1
2208:PROBA-3
2193:Planned
2178:Ulysses
2137:PROBA-2
2115:Solwind
2061:MinXSS2
2056:MinXSS1
2011:GOES 13
2005:Genesis
1999:ESRO 2B
1853:Current
1748:Related
1493:Profile
1481:Profile
1469:Profile
1457:Profile
1445:Profile
1373:Bibcode
1243:Bibcode
876:Delta-E
807:; only
684:to the
670:antenna
567:Purpose
539:in the
357:Delta L
349:Delta E
330: (
316: (
302: (
288: (
274: (
133:SATCAT
3460:Madrid
3393:Future
3308:NuSTAR
3239:THEMIS
3161:RHESSI
3098:Spirit
2895:Viking
2885:Ranger
2736:Skylab
2731:Apollo
2726:Gemini
2584:Budget
2537:(2009)
2531:(2004)
2525:(2004)
2519:(2003)
2513:(2002)
2511:CFUSAI
2507:(1996)
2501:(1990)
2495:(1989)
2489:(1987)
2483:(1986)
2481:Rogers
2477:(1986)
2471:(1958)
2465:(1958)
2459:(1915)
2435:Policy
2253:(2031)
2243:(2028)
2235:(2025)
2227:(2025)
2219:(2025)
2211:(2024)
2203:(2024)
2147:RHESSI
2122:PICARD
2041:ISEE-2
2036:ISEE-1
2017:Helios
1994:EURECA
1955:STEREO
1899:DSCOVR
1365:Icarus
1348:May 5,
965:rocket
878:rocket
692:pole.
672:was a
582:, and
555:, and
529:, and
387:LC-17B
375:LC-17A
341:Rocket
45:, and
3405:NISAR
3360:rover
3332:MAVEN
3252:rover
3233:Swift
3144:rover
3105:LADEE
3100:rover
3092:rover
3069:GRAIL
3064:GALEX
2855:MESUR
2800:Orion
2601:NASA+
2577:Chief
2475:Paine
2357:SORCE
2341:OSO C
2310:OSO K
2305:OSO J
2249:Vigil
2216:PUNCH
2172:TRACE
2152:SOLAR
2110:OSO 8
2105:OSO 7
2100:OSO 6
2095:OSO 5
2090:OSO 4
2085:OSO 3
2080:OSO B
2076:OSO 2
2071:OSO 1
2027:IMP-8
1883:]
1876:ASO-S
1641:(P-2)
1034:17776
961:on a
874:on a
535:were
244:Power
156:3066
150:2398
144:1841
3384:PACE
3327:WISE
3290:Juno
3130:Dawn
3074:WMAP
3014:COBE
3002:Past
2833:Past
2711:X-15
2704:Past
2517:CAIB
2487:Ride
2457:NACA
2427:NASA
2329:Lost
2295:AOSO
2274:SETH
1977:Past
1964:Wind
1915:IRIS
1419:2022
1407:NASA
1350:2015
1338:NASA
1316:2009
1304:NASA
1206:2018
1194:NASA
1161:2019
1154:NASA
1129:2022
1122:NASA
1100:2022
1093:NASA
1071:2022
1064:NASA
990:1987
984:1983
803:and
680:was
678:axis
632:and
611:ions
594:and
247:79 W
162:3533
94:NASA
3337:MMS
2758:Mir
2362:SXI
1860:ACE
1495:by
1483:by
1471:by
1459:by
1447:by
1381:doi
1251:doi
832:TWT
780:JPL
214:TRW
135:no.
3833::
1881:fr
1842:-
1409:.
1405:.
1401:.
1379:.
1369:71
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1169:^
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466:AU
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