65:
161:
1830:
100:
223:
189:(LAI, leaf area per ground area). The higher the Leaf Area Index, the higher the fraction of intercepted sunlight will be, but the gain in light interception and photosynthesis will not match the increase in LAI, and this is the reason that total biomass per ground area saturates at high plant densities.
56:
to die off, in a process that has been named 'self-thinning'. The remaining plants perform better as fewer plants will now compete for resources. A key factor in agronomy and forestry is plant population density, which provides an experimental approach for better understanding plant-plant competition.
50:
for light, nutrients and water, individual plants will not be able to take up all resources that are required for optimal growth. This indicates that plant density not only depends on the space available to grow but it is also determined by the amount of resources available. Especially in the case of
85:
of a monostand increases with increasing density, up to the point where the biomass saturates. This is what has been dubbed 'constant final yield', and refers to the total plant biomass per unit ground area. Seed production per ground area is not constant, but often declines with density after total
55:
than bigger plants, even less than would be expected on the basis of their size differences. As plant density increases it will affect the structure of the plant as well as the developmental patterns of the plant. This is called 'asymmetric competition' and will cause some subordinate plants
202:
Contrary to the total biomass per unit ground area, which increases with density until reaching saturation, the average biomass of individual plants in a monostand strongly declines with plant density, such that for every doubling in density individual plants will become ~30-40% smaller. Plants in
168:
Experiments with herbaceous plants have been carried out with extremely high densities (up to 80,000 plants per square meter). At such high densities, these plants will start to compete soon after germination, and eventually a large number of those individuals (up to 95%) will die. In agriculture,
33:
is the number of individual plants present per unit of ground area. It is most easily interpreted in the case of monospecific stands, where all plants belong to the same species and have germinated at the same time. However, it could also indicate the number of individual plants found at a given
263:
Root growth in environments with high plant density show that there will be fewer roots per plant and but the length and general density of the individual root remain somewhat the same, this is expected to still cause issues for the plant in future growth.
76:
of even-aged individuals that are sown or planted at the same time. These can be referred to as 'monostands' and are often studied in the context of agricultural, horticultural or silvicultural questions. However, they are also highly relevant in
246:
Average plant height or vegetation height often remains remarkably similar, but a very consistent difference is that the stems of high-density plants have a much smaller diameter. They also have fewer side shoots
1660:
169:
farmers avoid these very high densities as they do not contribute to seed yield. Normal densities in modern agriculture depend on final plant size and vary between 5-10 plants per square meter for
1665:
1798:
68:
Effect of plant density on (a) total shoot mass and (b) seed mass per unit ground area. Schematised figure, inspired a.o. by experiments with maize by Li et al. (2015).
292:
Because densely-grown plants are smaller, they will also produce fewer seeds per individual. But also the seed production as a fraction of total plant biomass (
238:– leaf area per unit mass), especially lower in the vegetation, with a similar concentration of nitrogen per unit mass, but a lower nitrogen content per area.
1716:
42:
Plant density is defined as the number of plants present per unit area of ground. In nature, plant densities can be especially high when seeds present in a
1532:
520:
Li J, Xie RZ, Wang KR, Ming B, Guo YQ, Zhang GQ, Li SK (2015). "Variations in Maize dry matter, harvest index, and grain yield with plant density".
331:"Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance: Plant-pollinator interactions"
272:
In dense stands, there is a strong gradient of light from top to bottom. Lower leaves in high-density stands will therefore have a lower
185:, normal densities are less than 0.1 plants per square meter. Not only the biomass per square meter increases with density, but also the
1722:
147:
364:"Understanding variability in optimum plant density and recommendation domains for crowding stress tolerant processing sweet corn"
617:
1056:
280:
than similar leaves of plants in open stands. There are indications that also the well-illuminated top leaves may have a lower
1537:
125:
121:
987:
226:
Leaf size of the largest full-grown leaf of Maize plants grown at a low (L), intermediate (I), and high (H) plant density.
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1293:
808:
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1542:
110:
1522:
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114:
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1655:
705:
421:
Postma, Johannes A.; Hecht, Vera L.; Hikosaka, Kouki; Nord, Eric A.; Pons, Thijs L.; Poorter, Hendrik (2021).
281:
1859:
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1564:
234:
and they are often smaller and more narrow (see photo). Leaves of high-density plants are thinner (higher
1805:
47:
46:
germinate after winter, or in a forest understory after a tree fall opens a gap in the canopy. Due to
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higher density stands invest relatively more of their biomass in stems (higher
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Postma JA, Hecht VL, Hikosaka K, Nord EA, Pons TL, Poorter H (December 2020).
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Mustajärvi, Kaisa; Siikamäki, Pirkko; Rytkönen, Saara; Lammi, Antti (2001).
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Effect of a low (L), intermediate (I) and high (H) plant density on Maize.
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Many of the processes related to plant density can well be studied in
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560:"Dividing the pie: A quantitative review on plant density responses"
423:"Dividing the pie: A quantitative review on plant density responses"
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Number of individual plants present per unit of ground area
595:
493:
Weiner J, Freckleton RP (2010). "Constant final yield".
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in many other ways and at different integration levels:
296:) is lower, and so is the seed weight of an individual
495:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
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86:biomass per ground area reached its maximum value.
210:Apart from their weight, plants will change their
611:
230:Individual plants in dense stands have fewer
8:
1717:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
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551:
128:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
818:
618:
604:
596:
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438:
397:
387:
346:
173:till 200-300 plants per square meter for
148:Learn how and when to remove this message
51:light, smaller plants will take up fewer
1661:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
362:Dhaliwal DS, Williams MM (2020-02-07).
321:
507:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144642
81:. In general, the total above-ground
7:
126:adding citations to reliable sources
193:The individual plant in a monostand
25:
1666:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
207:), and less in leaves and roots.
1829:
1828:
348:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x
255:in the case of herbs and trees.
98:
90:Plant density and self-thinning
1:
564:Plant, Cell & Environment
427:Plant, Cell & Environment
251:) in the case of grasses, or
1707:History of plant systematics
1294:Thorns, spines, and prickles
480:Population biology of plants
389:10.1371/journal.pone.0228809
1881:
1523:Alternation of generations
1824:
1673:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1636:Biological classification
633:
482:. London: Academic Press.
310:Intraspecific competition
284:in densely-grown plants.
1533:Evolutionary development
1184:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
282:photosynthetic capacity
38:Definition and concepts
1799:by author abbreviation
1723:Plant taxonomy systems
1641:Botanical nomenclature
227:
165:
69:
1806:Botanical expeditions
542:10.2134/agronj14.0522
225:
163:
67:
1538:Evolutionary history
1528:Double fertilization
1380:Cellular respiration
122:improve this section
757:Non-vascular plants
534:2015AgrJ..107..829L
380:2020PLoSO..1528809D
274:photosynthetic rate
1262:Surface structures
1057:Flower development
478:Harper JL (1977).
335:Journal of Ecology
278:transpiration rate
228:
205:Stem Mass Fraction
166:
70:
1842:
1841:
1481:Herbaceous plants
1307:
1306:
577:10.1111/pce.13968
440:10.1111/pce.13968
158:
157:
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16:(Redirected from
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1832:
1831:
1811:Individual trees
1486:Secondary growth
1457:Succulent plants
1445:Prostrate shrubs
1328:Apical dominance
1313:Plant physiology
1274:Epicuticular wax
819:
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803:Plant morphology
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570:(4): 1072–1094.
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522:Agronomy Journal
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433:(4): 1072–1094.
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18:Planting density
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1789:Botanical terms
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1678:Citrus taxonomy
1656:Author citation
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1407:Turgor pressure
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1072:Floral symmetry
990:
982:
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901:Vascular bundle
896:Vascular tissue
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762:Vascular plants
727:
723:Plant pathology
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374:(2): e0228809.
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288:Seed production
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187:Leaf Area Index
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1779:Related topics
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1728:Taxonomic rank
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1646:Botanical name
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1628:Plant taxonomy
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1623:
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1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1604:Megasporangium
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1600:
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1592:Microsporangia
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1365:Plant hormones
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1348:Photosynthesis
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1067:Floral formula
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1062:Floral diagram
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991:(incl. Flower)
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891:Storage organs
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777:Spermatophytes
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764:
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749:
747:Archaeplastida
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528:(3): 829–834.
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1189:Inflorescence
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874:Ground tissue
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718:Plant ecology
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661:Archaeobotany
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107:This section
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59:
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37:
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32:
31:Plant density
19:
1759:Horticulture
1749:Floriculture
1651:Correct name
1501:Reproduction
1491:Woody plants
1416:Plant growth
1375:Gas Exchange
1360:Phytomelanin
1238:Plant embryo
988:Reproductive
836:Phragmoplast
567:
563:
525:
521:
515:
498:
494:
488:
479:
473:
430:
426:
416:
371:
367:
357:
341:(1): 80–87.
338:
334:
324:
291:
276:and a lower
271:
262:
245:
229:
209:
201:
167:
144:
135:
120:Please help
108:
74:monocultures
71:
41:
30:
29:
1855:Agriculture
1575:Pollen tube
1570:Pollinators
1560:Pollination
1555:Germination
1370:Respiration
1353:Chlorophyll
1199:Pedicellate
1133:Gametophyte
1052:Aestivation
1003:Antheridium
998:Archegonium
846:Plasmodesma
823:Plant cells
686:Paleobotany
681:Ethnobotany
666:Astrobotany
501:: 173–192.
48:competition
1849:Categories
1597:Microspore
1587:Sporangium
1565:Artificial
1253:Sporophyte
1248:Sporophyll
1243:Receptacle
1138:Gynandrium
1008:Androecium
917:Vegetative
787:Angiosperm
782:Gymnosperm
676:Dendrology
316:References
268:Physiology
138:March 2022
60:Monostands
34:location.
1794:Botanists
1712:Herbarium
1609:Megaspore
1507:Evolution
1450:Subshrubs
1418:and habit
1343:Nutrition
1338:Cellulose
1333:Bulk flow
1316:Materials
1279:Epidermis
1143:Gynoecium
1124:Endosperm
1119:Dispersal
1035:Staminode
971:Sessility
959:Cataphyll
879:Mesophyll
831:Cell wall
772:Lycophyte
752:Bryophyte
706:Geobotany
691:Phycology
465:227523495
449:0140-7791
212:phenotype
109:does not
53:resources
44:seed bank
1834:Category
1754:Forestry
1744:Agronomy
1737:Practice
1688:Cultivar
1683:Cultigen
1543:timeline
1435:Rosettes
1323:Aleurone
1299:Trichome
1216:Perianth
1028:Filament
886:Meristem
809:glossary
671:Bryology
586:33280135
457:33280135
408:32032371
368:PLOS ONE
304:See also
253:branches
183:forestry
1512:Ecology
1269:Cuticle
1099:Capsule
1089:Anatomy
1040:Tapetum
964:Petiole
939:Rhizome
934:Rhizoid
861:Tissues
851:Vacuole
841:Plastid
643:Outline
638:History
530:Bibcode
399:7006923
376:Bibcode
249:tillers
198:Biomass
130:removed
115:sources
83:biomass
79:ecology
1865:Botany
1816:Plants
1719:(IAPT)
1472:Lianas
1440:Shrubs
1392:Starch
1284:Nectar
1204:Raceme
1170:Stigma
1158:Locule
1148:Carpel
1109:Pyrena
1047:Flower
1023:Anther
1018:Stamen
1013:Pollen
735:groups
627:Botany
584:
463:
455:
447:
406:
396:
232:leaves
218:Leaves
179:Barley
1776:Lists
1693:Group
1616:Spore
1550:Flora
1467:Vines
1462:Trees
1425:Habit
1397:Sugar
1289:Stoma
1231:Sepal
1226:Petal
1221:Tepal
1209:Umbel
1194:Bract
1175:Style
1163:Ovule
1153:Ovary
1094:Berry
1084:Fruit
1077:Whorl
944:Shoot
742:Algae
733:Plant
461:S2CID
259:Roots
242:Stems
181:. In
171:Maize
1698:Grex
1580:Self
1114:Seed
976:Stem
954:Leaf
929:Root
924:Bulb
908:Wood
869:Cork
767:Fern
582:PMID
453:PMID
445:ISSN
404:PMID
298:seed
175:Rice
113:any
111:cite
1387:Sap
1104:Nut
949:Bud
572:doi
538:doi
526:107
503:doi
435:doi
394:PMC
384:doi
343:doi
236:SLA
177:or
124:by
1851::
580:.
568:44
566:.
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550:^
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499:41
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807:(
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386::
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247:(
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136:(
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118:.
20:)
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