47:
106:
33:
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The global average temperature in the mid-Pliocene was 2–3 °C higher than today, global sea level 25 meters higher, and the
Northern Hemisphere ice sheet was ephemeral before the onset of extensive glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma. Global precipitation was
138:
data indicating a northward shift of the tundra and taiga and an expansion of savanna and warm-temperate forest in Africa and
Australia. The increased intensity of tropical cyclones during the mPWP has been cited as evidence that intensification of such storms will occur as anthropogenic global
134:. Model simulations of mid-Pliocene climate produce warmer conditions at middle and high latitudes, as much as 10–20 °C warmer than today above 70°N. They also indicate little temperature variation in the tropics. Model-based biomes are generally consistent with Pliocene
834:
645:
102:
of fossilised leaves, although lower estimates of between 330 and 394 ppm over the course of the whole mPWP and 391 ppm in the KM5c interglacial, during the warmest phase of the mPWP, have been given.
775:
Salzmann, U.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J. (2009). "The past is a guide to the future? Comparing Middle
Pliocene vegetation with predicted biome distributions for the twenty-first century".
898:
777:
286:
541:
Kurschner, W. M.; van der Burgh, J.; Visscher, H.; Dilcher, D. L. (1996). "Oak leaves as biosensors of late
Neogene and early Pleistocene paleoatmospheric CO
126:
The mPWP is considered a potential analogue of future climate. The intensity of the sunlight reaching the Earth, the global geography, and
278:
461:
360:
227:
455:
Prescott, Caroline L.; Haywood, Alan M.; Dolan, Aisling M.; Hunter, Stephen J.; Pope, James O.; Pickering, Steven J. (15 August 2014).
158:
403:
130:
concentrations were similar to present. Furthermore, many mid-Pliocene species are extant, helping calibrate paleotemperature
98:
concentration during the Middle
Pliocene has been estimated at around 400 ppmv from C/C ratio in organic marine matter and
279:"Mid-Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume based on coupled benthic Mg/Ca palaeotemperatures and oxygen isotopes"
639:
Burke, K. D.; Williams, J. W.; Chandler, M. A.; Haywood, A. M.; Lunt, D. J.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L. (26 December 2018).
506:; Grant, B.; Horowitz, M.; Rau, G. H. (1996). "Mid-Pliocene warmth: Stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor".
79:, was an interval of warm climate during the Pliocene epoch that lasted from 3.3 to 3.0 million years ago (Ma).
92:, glacial-interglacial cycles existed during the mPWP and it was not a uniform and stable climatic interval.
828:
Yan, Qing; Wei, Ting; Korty, Robert L.; Kossin, James P.; Zhang, Zhongshi; Wang, Huijun (15 November 2016).
580:
De la Vega, Elwyn; Chalk, Thomas B.; Wilson, Paul A.; Bysani, Ratna Priya; Foster, Gavin L. (9 July 2020).
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Scotese, Christopher R.; Song, Haijun; Mills, Benjamin J. W.; van der Meer, Douwe G. (1 April 2021).
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810:
586:
457:"Assessing orbitally-forced interglacial climate variability during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period"
456:
329:
179:
180:"Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years"
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Rosenbloom, N. A.; Otto-Bliesner, B. L.; Brady, E. C.; Lawrence, P. J. (26 April 2013).
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127:
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710:"Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene warm period"
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830:"Enhanced intensity of global tropical cyclones during the mid-Pliocene warm period"
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marginally increased by 0.09 mm/yr according to CCSM4 simulations. As during the
17:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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582:"Atmospheric CO2 during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period and the M2 glaciation"
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Haywood, Alan M.; Dowsett, Harry J.; Dolan, Aisling M. (16 February 2016).
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356:"Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation"
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148:
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641:"Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near-future climates"
38:
Mid-Pliocene reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly
399:"Simulating the mid-Pliocene Warm Period with the CCSM4 model"
109:
Mid-Pliocene reconstructed terrain and ice sheet elevation
226:
Robinson, M.; Dowsett, H. J.; Chandler, M. A. (2008).
228:"Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts"
778:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
287:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
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899:History of climate variability and change
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277:Dwyer, G. S.; Chandler, M. A. (2009).
114:Comparison with present global warming
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492:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
215:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
159:Five Million Years of Climate Change
462:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
361:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
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354:Bartoli, G.; et al. (2005).
45:
31:
404:Geoscientific Model Development
206:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503
67:) (prior to 2009 known as the
52:δO Benthic foraminifera 0–7 Ma
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567:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00067-4
528:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00048-8
915:
608:10.1038/s41598-020-67154-8
483:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.030
383:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020
61:Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period
547:Marine Micropaleontology
508:Marine Micropaleontology
77:Pliocene Thermal Maximum
857:10.1073/pnas.1608950113
668:10.1073/pnas.1809600115
475:2014E&PSL.400..261P
374:2005E&PSL.237...33B
799:10.1098/rsta.2008.0200
426:10.5194/gmd-6-549-2013
308:10.1098/rsta.2008.0222
123:
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715:Nature Communications
185:Earth-Science Reviews
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90:Quaternary glaciation
257:10.1029/2008EO490001
848:2016PNAS..11312963Y
842:(46): 12963–12967.
791:2009RSPTA.367..189S
736:10.1038/ncomms10646
728:2016NatCo...710646H
659:2018PNAS..11513288B
653:(52): 13288–13293.
600:2020NatSR..1011002D
559:1996MarMP..27..299K
520:1996MarMP..27..313R
417:2013GMD.....6..549R
300:2009RSPTA.367..157D
249:2008EOSTr..89..501R
198:2021ESRv..21503503S
139:warming continues.
587:Scientific Reports
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469:: 261–271.
73:Warm Period
888:Categories
317:10161/6586
192:: 103503.
165:References
75:), or the
866:0027-8424
744:2041-1723
677:0027-8424
435:1991-9603
894:Pliocene
874:27799528
815:20422374
807:18854302
762:26879640
695:30530685
626:32647351
488:26 April
440:26 April
326:18854304
149:Pliocene
143:See also
71:Pliocene
844:Bibcode
787:Bibcode
753:4757764
724:Bibcode
686:6310841
655:Bibcode
617:7347535
596:Bibcode
555:Bibcode
516:Bibcode
471:Bibcode
413:Bibcode
370:Bibcode
334:3199617
296:Bibcode
245:Bibcode
194:Bibcode
154:El Niño
132:proxies
83:Climate
69:Middle
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870:PMID
862:ISSN
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758:PMID
740:ISSN
691:PMID
673:ISSN
622:PMID
490:2024
442:2024
431:ISSN
322:PMID
213:2023
65:mPWP
59:The
852:doi
840:113
795:doi
783:367
748:PMC
732:doi
681:PMC
663:doi
651:115
612:PMC
604:doi
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312:hdl
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