83:= poloxamer with a polyoxypropylene molecular mass of 4000 g/mol and a 70% polyoxyethylene content). For the Pluronic and Synperonic tradenames, coding of these copolymers starts with a letter to define its physical form at room temperature (L = liquid, P = paste, F = flake (solid)) followed by two or three digits, The first digit (two digits in a three-digit number) in the numerical designation, multiplied by 300, indicates the approximate molecular weight of the hydrophobe; and the last digit x 10 gives the percentage polyoxyethylene content (e.g., L61 indicates a polyoxypropylene molecular mass of 1800 g/mol and a 10%
20:
890:. This aggregation is driven by the dehydration of the hydrophobic polyoxypropylene block that becomes progressively less soluble as the polymer concentration or temperature increases. The aggregation of several unimers occurs to minimize the interactions of the PPO blocks with the solvent. Thus, the core of the aggregates is made from the insoluble blocks (polyoxypropylene) while the soluble portion (
1003:
1095:
902:
transformation are different compared to the dynamics of micellization. Two mechanisms were proposed for the sphere-to-rod transitions of block copolymer micelles, in which the micellar growth can occur by (A) fusion/fragmentation of micelles or (B) concomitant fusion/fragmentation of micelles and unimer exchange, followed by smoothing of the rod-like structures.
1172:
962:
In bioprocess applications, poloxamers are used in cell culture media for their cell cushioning effects because their addition leads to less stressful shear conditions for cells in reactors. There are grades of poloxamers commercially available specifically for cell culture, including
Kolliphor P 188
1121:
Another effect of the polymers upon cancer cells is the inhibition of the production of ATP in multi-drug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. The polymers seem to inhibit respiratory proteins I and IV, and the effect on respiration seems to be selective for MDR cancer cells, which may be explained by the
870:
An important characteristic of poloxamer solutions is their temperature dependent self-assembling and thermo-gelling behavior. Concentrated aqueous solutions of poloxamers are liquid at low temperature and form a gel at higher temperature in a reversible process. The transitions that occur in these
958:
of two substances with different hydrophobicities. For this reason, these polymers are commonly used in industrial applications, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. They have also been evaluated for various drug delivery applications and were shown to sensitize drug-resistant cancers to chemotherapy.
1134:
Certain poloxamers such as P85 have been shown not only to be able to transport target genes to target cells, but also to increase gene expression. Certain poloxamers, such as P85 and L61, have also been shown to stimulate transcription of NF kappaB genes, although the mechanism by which this is
1104:
Work led by
Kabanov has recently shown that some of these polymers, originally thought to be inert carrier molecules, have a very real effect on biological systems independently of the drug they are transporting. The poloxamers have been shown to incorporate into cellular membranes affecting the
1125:
The poloxamers have also been shown to enhance proto-apoptotic signaling, decrease anti-apoptoic defense in MDR cells, inhibit the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase detoxification system, induce the release of cytochrome C, increase reactive oxygen species in the cytoplasm, and abolish drug
897:
The mechanisms on the micellization at equilibrium have shown to depend on two relaxation times: (1) the first and fastest (tens of the microseconds scale) corresponds to the unimers exchange between micelles and the bulk solution and follows the
Aniansson-Wall model (step-by-step insertion and
1117:
Poloxamers have been shown to preferentially target cancer cells, due to differences in the membrane of these cells when compared to noncancer cells. Poloxamers have also been shown to inhibit MDR proteins and other drug efflux transporters on the surface of cancer cells; the MDR proteins are
901:
Besides spherical micelles, elongated or worm-like micelles can also be formed. The final geometry will depend on the entropy costs of stretching the blocks, which is directly related to their composition (size and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene ratio). The mechanisms involved in the shape
1249:
Patel, Dhruvi; Vaswani, Payal; Sengupta, Sumana; Ray, Debes; Bhatia, Dhiraj; Choudhury, Sharmistha Dutta; Aswal, Vinod K.; Kuperkar, Ketan; Bahadur, Pratap (February 2023). "Thermoresponsive phase behavior and nanoscale self-assembly generation in normal and reverse
Pluronics®".
1277:
Pérez-Sánchez, Germán; Vicente, Filipa A.; Schaeffer, Nicolas; Cardoso, Inês S.; Ventura, Sónia P. M.; Jorge, Miguel; Coutinho, João A. P. (29 August 2019). "Rationalizing the Phase
Behavior of Triblock Copolymers through Experiments and Molecular Simulations".
913:
chains will lead to clouding and/or macroscopic phase separation. This is due to the fact that hydrogen bonding between the polyoxyethylene and the water molecules breaks down at high temperature and polyoxyethylene becomes also insoluble in water.
1390:
Alexandridis, Paschalis; Alan Hatton, T (March 1995). "Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer surfactants in aqueous solutions and at interfaces: thermodynamics, structure, dynamics, and modeling".
79:(for poloxamer) followed by three digits: the first two digits multiplied by 100 give the approximate molecular mass of the polyoxypropylene core, and the last digit multiplied by 10 gives the percentage polyoxyethylene content (e.g.
981:
and/or reduce aggregation. In the case of hydrophobic colloids, the poloxamer's interior hydrophobic block is absorbed into the colloid while the two hydrophilic tails remain suspended in solution, creating a steric barrier.
1510:
Alexandridis P, Hatton T (March 1995). "Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer surfactants in aqueous solutions and at interfaces: thermodynamics, structure, dynamics, and modeling".
1427:
Tsui, Hung-Wei; Wang, Jing-Han; Hsu, Ya-Hui; Chen, Li-Jen (December 2010). "Study of heat of micellization and phase separation for
Pluronic aqueous solutions by using a high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry".
898:
expulsion of single polymer chains), and (2) the second and much slower one (in the millisecond range) is attributed to the formation and breakdown of whole micellar units leading to the final micellar size equilibration.
921:) or water structure breakers (salting-in). Salting-out salts increase the self-hydration of water through hydrogen bonding and reduce the hydration of the copolymers, thus reducing the critical micelle temperature and
937:
characterizing all these transitions have been constructed for most poloxamers using a great variety of experimental techniques (e.g. SAXS, Differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity measurements, light scattering).
1455:
Guo, Chen; Liu, Hui-Zhou; Chen, Jia-Yong (December 2000). "A Fourier transform infrared study on water-induced reverse micelle formation of block copoly(oxyethylene–oxypropylene–oxyethylene) in organic solvent".
1835:
de Castro KC, Coco JC, Dos Santos ÉM, Ataide JA, Martinez RM, do
Nascimento MH, et al. (December 2022). "Pluronic® triblock copolymer-based nanoformulations for cancer therapy: A 10-year overview".
917:
The phase transitions can also be largely influenced by the use of additives such as salts and alcohols. The interactions with salts are related to their ability to act as water structure makers (
1314:
Oh, Kyung T; Bronich, Tatiana K; Kabanov, Alexander V (February 2004). "Micellar formulations for drug delivery based on mixtures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Pluronic® block copolymers".
1147:
in the presence or absence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) can became highly toxic to cultured cells. Moreover, toxicity correlated with the sonolytic degradation of the polymers.
954:
properties that make them useful in industrial applications. Among other things, they can be used to increase the water solubility of hydrophobic, oily substances or otherwise increase the
1228:
1013:
985:
When mixed with water, concentrated solutions of poloxamers can form hydrogels. These gels can be extruded easily, acting as a carrier for other particles, and used for
71:
Because the lengths of the polymer blocks can be customized, many different poloxamers exist that have slightly different properties. For the generic term
1118:
responsible for the efflux of drugs from the cells and hence increase the susceptibility of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin.
925:. Salting-in electrolytes reduce the water self-hydration and increase the polymer hydration, therefore increasing the critical micelle temperature and
886:) individual block copolymers (unimers) are present in solution. Above these values, aggregation of individual unimers occurs in a process called
1538:
Denkova AG, Mendes E, Coppens MO (2010). "Non-equilibrium dynamics of block copolymer micelles in solution: recent insights and open questions".
56:
was coined by BASF inventor, Irving
Schmolka, who received the patent for these materials in 1973. Poloxamers are also known by the trade names
1105:
microviscosity of the membranes. The polymers seem to have the greatest effect when absorbed by the cell as an unimer rather than as a
905:
With higher increments of the temperature and/or concentration, other phenomena can occur such as the formation of highly ordered
2016:
926:
922:
883:
1186:
1682:"Pluronic® block-copolymers in medicine: from chemical and biological versatility to rationalisation and clinical advances"
909:(cubic, hexagonal and lamellar). Eventually, a complete dehydration of the polyoxypropylene blocks and the collapse of the
2001:
1982:
1930:"Generation of toxic degradation products by sonication of Pluronic® dispersants: implications for nanotoxicity testing"
1881:"Pluronic block copolymers: evolution of drug delivery concept from inert nanocarriers to biological response modifiers"
1074:
1021:
1046:
966:
In materials science, the poloxamer P123 has recently been used in the synthesis of mesoporous materials, including
1167:, Schmolka IR, "Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene aqueous gels", published 1973-06-19, assigned to
1032:
1017:
1053:
1143:
Wang et al. reported that aqueous solutions of poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F-68) and poloxamer 407 (Pluronic F-127)
1135:
achieved is currently unknown, bar that P85 has been shown to induce phosphorylation of the inhibitory kappa.
1060:
977:, certain poloxamers such as Pluronic F-108 or Pluronic F-127, are used as steric stabilizers to prevent
978:
1164:
1042:
1547:
41:
1681:
1122:
difference in fuel sources between MDR and sensitive cells (fatty acids and glucose respectively).
49:
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content). In the example given, poloxamer 181 (P181) = Pluronic L61 and
Synperonic PE/L 61.
910:
891:
84:
1551:
1954:
1929:
1905:
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2010:
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80:
1723:
1739:"Polymeric drugs: Advances in the development of pharmacologically active polymers"
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At low temperatures and concentrations (below the critical micelle temperature and
1896:
1849:
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1327:
1945:
1804:
1787:
1788:"Mini-Review of Poloxamer as a Biocompatible Polymer for Advanced Drug Delivery"
1643:
Feilden E (2016). "Robocasting of structural ceramic parts with hydrogel inks".
1599:"Spearheading a new era in complex colloid synthesis with TPM and other silanes"
986:
955:
947:
918:
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872:
45:
37:
1928:
Wang R, Hughes T, Beck S, Vakil S, Li S, Pantano P, Draper RK (November 2013).
1614:
1573:
1483:
Aniansson EA, Wall SN (May 1974). "Kinetics of step-wise micelle association".
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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1559:
1597:
Kamp, Marlous; Sacanna, Stefano; Dullens, Roel P. A. (13 May 2024).
18:
1458:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
1393:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
1168:
871:
systems depend on the polymer composition (molecular weight and
1187:"BASF - Product information the chemicals catalog - Pluronics"
996:
2002:
Poloxamer-188: A Revolutionary Approach to Healing Injury
1786:
Nugraha DH, Anggadiredja K, Rachmawati H (2023-01-16).
1028:
75:, these copolymers are commonly named with the letter
929:. The different salts have been categorized by the
933:according to their ‘salting-out’ power. Different
16:Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer
1737:Li J, Yu F, Chen Y, Oupický D (December 2015).
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1339:
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1027:Please review the contents of the article and
1981:Karmarkar AB, Gonjari ID, Hosmani AH (2008).
8:
1792:Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
1574:"Poloxamers for Pharmaceutical Applications"
1126:sequestering within cytoplasmic vesicles.
1879:Batrakova EV, Kabanov AV (September 2008).
94:
1953:
1904:
1803:
1762:
1705:
1664:
1645:Journal of the European Ceramic Society
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44:(poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two
1680:Pitto-Barry A, Barry NP (2014-04-15).
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7:
1309:
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1303:
1301:
1113:On multi drug resistant cancer cells
1983:"Poloxamers and their applications"
1280:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
1139:Potential degradation by sonication
894:) forms the shell of the micelles.
866:Micellization and phase transitions
1657:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.03.001
14:
1485:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
52:(poly(ethylene oxide)). The word
1093:
1001:
1029:add the appropriate references
950:structures, the polymers have
927:critical micelle concentration
923:critical micelle concentration
884:critical micelle concentration
1:
1897:10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.04.013
1885:Journal of Controlled Release
1850:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.017
1838:Journal of Controlled Release
1755:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.043
1743:Journal of Controlled Release
1470:10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00457-X
1328:10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.10.018
1316:Journal of Controlled Release
1946:10.3109/17435390.2012.736547
1805:10.1590/s2175-97902022e21125
1525:10.1016/0927-7757(94)03028-X
1405:10.1016/0927-7757(94)03028-X
25:with a = 2–130 and b = 15–67
1430:Colloid and Polymer Science
1252:Colloid and Polymer Science
1014:reliable medical references
91:Common poloxamer properties
2038:
1615:10.1038/s41570-024-00603-4
1264:10.1007/s00396-022-05039-0
1987:Pharmacy Student Articles
1442:10.1007/s00396-010-2308-5
1130:On nuclear factor kappa B
1020:or relies too heavily on
62:Kolliphor (pharma grade),
1603:Nature Reviews Chemistry
1292:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b04099
1191:BASF Corporation Website
1513:Colloids and Surfaces A
36:composed of a central
32:are nonionic triblock
26:
2017:Non-ionic surfactants
1215:BASF Pharma Solutions
22:
1169:BASF Wyandotte Corp.
1552:2010SMat....6.2351D
1497:10.1021/j100603a016
1286:(34): 21224–21236.
1698:10.1039/C4PY00039K
27:
1692:(10): 3291–3297.
1686:Polymer Chemistry
1651:(10): 2525–2533.
1546:(11): 2351–2357.
1491:(10): 1024–1030.
1436:(18): 1687–1696.
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993:Biological effect
975:colloidal science
946:Because of their
931:Hofmeister series
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1258:(2): 75–92.
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1194:. Retrieved
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1844:: 802–822.
1749:: 369–382.
1707:10454/11223
1578:BASF Pharma
1540:Soft Matter
1084:August 2018
1043:"Poloxamer"
1012:needs more
987:robocasting
979:coalescence
956:miscibility
948:amphiphilic
919:salting-out
877:hydrophobic
873:hydrophilic
46:hydrophilic
38:hydrophobic
2011:Categories
1583:2022-06-11
1196:2008-12-09
1165:US 3740421
1151:References
1054:newspapers
952:surfactant
907:mesophases
66:Synperonic
48:chains of
34:copolymers
30:Poloxamers
1866:254851024
1822:256177315
1814:2175-9790
1716:1759-9962
1145:sonicated
98:Polaxamer
73:poloxamer
54:poloxamer
40:chain of
2022:Polymers
1964:23030523
1915:18534704
1858:36521691
1773:26410809
1724:98592847
1623:38740891
58:Pluronic
1955:3657567
1906:2678942
1764:4656093
1628:15 July
1548:Bibcode
1107:micelle
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