42:
1157:
1674:
1321:
1250:
1841:
915:
1041:
1611:
1782:
1696:(Gdańsk), there worked a large group of Dutch-born artists. Renaissance style in other parts of Poland varied under local conditions, producing different substyles in each region. Also, some elements of the new Mannerist style were present. Architecture of this period is divided into three regional substyles: "Italian" – mostly in the southern part of Poland, with the most famous artist there being Santi Gucci, the "Dutch" – mostly in
766:
271:
945:, one of the world's oldest universities, enjoyed its Golden Era between 1500 and 1535, with 3,215 students graduating in the first decade of the 16th century – a record not surpassed until the late 18th century. The period of Polish Renaissance, supportive of intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists. Among them were
2189:
1807:
Characteristic laicization of life during
Renaissance and Reformation resulted in only minor development in sacral architecture. Mainly chapels were being built in the Renaissance style, but some churches were also rebuilt including: Cathedral in
1656:
In the first period of the Polish
Renaissance, churches were still build mostly in the Gothic style. In this time, only new chapels surrounding the old churches were sometimes built in the new style. The most prominent of them, the
1219:(a city named after him), which soon became an important administrative, commercial and educational town of Renaissance Poland. The two largest contemporary Polish cities – Kraków (which attracted many Italian architects) and
1585:
is divided into three main periods. The first period (1500–1550) is often called "Italian", because most of the
Renaissance buildings in this time were built by Italian architects invited by Polish nobility mainly from
1265:
The centre of musical culture was the royal residence at Kraków, where the royal court welcomed many foreign and local performers. The most significant works of the
Renaissance in Poland include compositions, usually for
1637:. As a result of their work the Royal Castle was transformed into a Renaissance residence in Florentine style. In the same period other castles and residences were built or rebuilt in the new style, including
1496:
life. For example, Rej celebrated life and the position of country's noble, while
Kochanowski wrote about the pleasures and beauty of life in the countryside, surrounded by nature. Literary forms varied, from
907:, merchants such as the Boner family and the Montelupi family, and other prominent personalities who immigrated to Poland since the late 15th century in search of new opportunities. Most of them settled in
845:. The multinational Polish state experienced a period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely-populated eastern and southern borderlands. The
3117:
2672:
1727:
All over Poland, new castles were constructed, bearing the new quadrilateral shape enclosing a courtyard, with four towers at the corners. Prominent examples include: the castle at
1488:, published in 1599. The nobility, however, cared about more than just religious themes, and the works of Polish renaissance reflected their material and spiritual values (see
1435:. Between 1561 and 1600, seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles a year, with an average edition of 500 copies. The first complete translation of the
1223:(which attracted mostly architects from Germany and the Netherlands) – likely gained the most in the era, but many other cities also spotted new Renaissance constructions.
2079:
1629:
in 1504 appointed
Eberhard Rosemberger as the main architect for the renovation. Later, he was replaced by Italian-born Francesco Florentino and, after his death, by
1906:
1864:
925:
The
Renaissance values of the dignity of man and power of his reason were applauded in Poland. Many works were translated into Polish and Latin from classical
2589:
1480:
Literature progressed beyond being dominated by religious themes. They were still present, as seen in numerous bible translations, the most famous being the
3112:
2783:
796:
334:
2445:
1246:). The works of the portraitists created an impressive gallery, particularly representative of those who could afford to be immortalized in them.
879:, spread throughout Poland roughly in the 15th and 16th century. Many Italian artists arrived in the country welcomed by Polish royalty, including
2766:
2224:
1332:
Among the most prominent Polish
Renaissance writers and artists, whose accomplishments have become a salient part of Polish curriculum are poets
2519:"THE COMPLEX OF THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH (CURRENTLY HAVING THE STATUS OF A CATHEDRAL) OF THE RESURRECTION OF OUR LORD AND OF ST THOMAS THE APOSTLE"
2876:
2729:
2329:
713:
705:
2827:
2361:
2262:
2064:
2017:
235:
112:
2697:
2682:
3137:
3122:
1049:
951:
853:), and living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (
838:
2337:
329:
1911:
1550:
1100:. Poland not only partook in the exchange of major cultural and scientific ideas and developments of Western Europe, but also spread
2712:
2619:
2453:
2369:
2207:
2173:
2148:
2115:
1688:
The
Renaissance style became most common throughout Poland in its second period. In the northern part of the country, especially in
324:
82:
41:
2298:
1387:. The artists and architects who settled into Poland and had achieved considerable recognition for their work in the country are:
2958:
2707:
2582:
691:
339:
183:
3132:
3127:
3069:
2677:
2518:
1156:
789:
676:
571:
1345:
3033:
2793:
2306:
1859:
in 1596 halted the development of
Renaissance in Kraków, as well as in Danzig. Also, the rising power of the Jesuits and the
1473:
s speech being a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating among Polish, Latin, and a mixture of the two (
834:
1204:, but by many wealthy nobles and burghers who also desired to display their wealth, influence and cultural savvy. In 1578,
3107:
3028:
3018:
2788:
2744:
2702:
1598:
style. In the third period (1600–1650), Mannerism became popular, with first notable examples of Baroque (see also,
1188:, who ascended to the throne in 1507, was a sponsor of many artists, and began a major project – under Florence architect
686:
681:
576:
2820:
2734:
2724:
1374:
821:; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the
3097:
3023:
2575:
1817:
1681:
1518:
1412:
900:
671:
368:
1392:
1304:
1165:
1320:
3010:
2881:
2859:
2641:
1380:
1173:
782:
488:
289:
2423:
1792:
Examples of Pomeranian Renaissance which developed under the influence of Northern Europe rather than Italy were:
1673:
2476:
1770:. Also, entire towns were often redesigned. Examples of Renaissance urban planning survived into modern times in
750:
718:
228:
1369:
2662:
2193:
1634:
1582:
1562:
1249:
1014:
612:
607:
67:
2278:
The much admired Sigismund Chapel, called "the pearl of the Renaissance north of the Alps" by foreign scholars
1840:
1459:
1365:
1299:
3076:
3059:
2968:
2886:
2497:
1793:
1740:
1590:. During the second period (1550–1600), Renaissance style became common, and included influences from
1445:
1361:
1309:
1227:
539:
353:
304:
173:
1451:
2984:
2839:
2815:
2778:
2687:
2067:
2020:
1916:
1813:
1141:
846:
745:
544:
534:
163:
117:
107:
92:
1200:, into a modern Renaissance residence. Sigismund's zeal for Renaissance was matched not only by his son,
3054:
2908:
2832:
2739:
1801:
1797:
1404:
1295:
1201:
1040:
884:
388:
309:
1658:
1357:
1325:
2232:
1080:), often traveled abroad to complete their education. Polish thinkers, like Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski,
3102:
3064:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2849:
2756:
2606:
1538:
1189:
1077:
960:
880:
830:
639:
558:
461:
221:
178:
122:
87:
47:
2989:
2931:
2868:
2805:
2646:
2052:
2005:
1677:
1630:
1626:
1546:
1440:
1185:
1161:
1129:
1105:
1010:
993:
946:
495:
477:
432:
409:
393:
383:
168:
153:
138:
1804:), and the Old City Hall in Gdańsk (built in 1587–1595, probably by Anthonis van Obbergen).
2994:
2941:
2936:
2896:
2844:
2761:
2634:
1921:
1901:
1860:
1709:
1474:
1353:
1097:
1081:
1065:
666:
516:
472:
437:
373:
148:
143:
1728:
2951:
2946:
2891:
2810:
2800:
2773:
2751:
2667:
2449:
2365:
2333:
2302:
2258:
2203:
2169:
2144:
2111:
2060:
2013:
1896:
1872:
1825:
1650:
1599:
1570:
1341:
1235:
1006:
914:
904:
822:
732:
602:
594:
467:
451:
314:
299:
281:
261:
204:
102:
97:
72:
2140:
3049:
2624:
2199:
1610:
1481:
1408:
1275:
980:
938:
896:
644:
209:
199:
1781:
2719:
1880:
1721:
1701:
1662:
1349:
1337:
1137:
1101:
1030:
1026:
918:
850:
814:
658:
634:
626:
590:
509:
442:
427:
417:
378:
252:
77:
2107:
2101:
1796:
in Gdańsk (built in 1564–1568 by Hans Kramer), Upland Gate in Gdańsk (finished by
2059:. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995.
2012:. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995.
1824:(rebuilt by John Batista of Venice). Only a few new churches were founded, such as the
1736:
1428:
1424:
1333:
1254:
1113:
1069:
1022:
976:
942:
930:
860:
826:
740:
502:
3091:
2133:
2080:"Mikołaj Rej i Jan Kochanowski - najwybitniejsi przedstawiciele polskiego odrodzenia"
1771:
1642:
1558:
1388:
1287:
1271:
1243:
1231:
1073:
1034:
998:
956:
770:
566:
526:
446:
363:
1328:, hailed as "the most beautiful example of the Tuscan Renaissance north of the Alps"
1646:
1622:
1614:
1566:
1384:
1283:
1258:
1239:
1208:
1197:
1181:
1088:
maintained contacts with leading European philosophers of the Renaissance, such as
984:
456:
319:
1884:
1845:
1829:
1775:
1530:
1216:
1085:
17:
1940:
1462:, 1551); grammars and dictionaries also proliferated. The Polish Renaissance was
1226:
Renaissance painting was introduced in Poland by many immigrant artists, such as
1148:
books in the world were published in Kraków, in 1491, by printer Szwajpolt Fiol.
2692:
2614:
2598:
2195:
The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World
1591:
1493:
1485:
1455:
1400:
1396:
1193:
1140:), which began to increase its ties with western Europe in the aftermath of the
1089:
972:
892:
888:
872:
842:
33:
1821:
1785:
1759:
1751:
1298:(Mikołaj of Kraków) composed many masses, motets, songs, dances and preludes.
1212:
1044:
1018:
2539:
2629:
1876:
1744:
1697:
1689:
1595:
1489:
1463:
968:
270:
1767:
1755:
1693:
908:
1809:
1763:
1638:
1587:
1502:
1468:
1279:
1205:
1145:
1109:
1057:
855:
1033:, whose poems in Polish elevated him to the ranks of the most prominent
1868:
1432:
1125:
1121:
1093:
988:
422:
52:
2393:
Baukunst der Renaissance in Europa. Von Spätgotik bis zum Manierismus
1856:
1735:, (rebuilt from a Gothic stronghold in 1544–60), the castle at
1717:
1713:
1514:
1506:
1220:
1133:
1117:
1061:
934:
2562:
2411:
Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego renesansu w Polsce
1852:
1839:
1780:
1732:
1672:
1609:
1510:
1436:
1319:
1248:
1155:
1039:
926:
913:
876:
2299:"Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470-1543"
2166:
Straddling borders: literature and identity in Subcarpathian Rus
1750:
Many cities erected new buildings in the Renaissance style. New
1267:
2571:
2253:
Johann Nimmrichter; Wolfgang Kautek; Manfred Schreiner (2007).
1800:
in 1588), Great Arsenal in Gdańsk (built in 1602–1606 by
1617:'s courtyard exemplifies first period of the Polish Renaissance
2567:
1498:
1312:, recognized as one of the outstanding Renaissance composers.
1743:(built in 1591–1606 by Santi Gucci), and the castle at
849:
spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the
1302:
was the author of musical rendition of Kochanowski's poems (
1712:") in central Poland – with most notable examples built in
1754:
in Kraków was built. City halls were built or rebuilt in:
1294:, in which he collected most known European organ pieces.
2362:"Made in Poland: The Women and Men Who Changed the World"
1594:
version of the Renaissance as well as beginnings of the
1739:(rebuilt after a fire in 1550–71), the castle at
1573:, doctor, scientist, mayor of Poznań; and many others.
859:), who gained dominance in the new political system of
903:
and others, including thinkers and educators such as
1665:, was built in 1519–33 by Bartolomeo Berecci.
1274:, both vocal and instrumental, from dances, through
3042:
3009:
2977:
2922:
2867:
2858:
2655:
2605:
1427:was set up in Kraków in 1473 by the German printer
2132:
1549:, astronomer known in Polish as Mikołaj Kopernik,
921:, poet and prose writer, with his beloved daughter
3118:History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
2135:The Cambridge Companion to modern Russian culture
1879:architecture in Poland is a complex of houses in
1875:). The most important example of the ascending
2202:and London, England: M.E. Sharpe. p. 36.
1907:Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland
1816:, Cini, Filippo di Fiesole and later again by
1492:). Contemporary poetry extolled the virtue of
841:) actively participated in the broad European
2583:
1003:De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri...
790:
229:
8:
1649:(rebuilt 1532–1547) and most notably,
1060:), who graduated from any one of over 2,500
2168:. University of Toronto Press. p. 74.
2057:Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology
2010:Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology
1238:, and practiced by such Polish painters as
1192:– of remaking the ancient residence of the
1116:and art with the syllabic versification in
2864:
2590:
2576:
2568:
2048:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1529:Scientific scholars of the period include
1056:Young Poles, especially sons of nobility (
797:
783:
247:
236:
222:
29:
2498:"KRASICZYN – THE CASTLE AND PARK COMPLEX"
2391:Harald Busch, Bernd Lohse, Hans Weigert,
2360:Varvounis, Miltiades (14 December 2016).
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1164:and bishop Piotr Tomicki kneeling before
937:, as well as contemporary languages like
875:movement, whose influence originated in
2330:"Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Upsaliensis"
1932:
1308:). The most famous Polish composer was
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
259:
191:
130:
59:
32:
2477:"Odkrywamy Lublin: Szlakiem renesansu"
2139:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1557:), political thinker and philosopher;
1180:Incentives for development of art and
987:whose maps of that region appeared in
1625:was partially consumed by fire. King
1454:). About that time, the first Polish
1324:Graves of the last Jagiellons in the
7:
2405:Historia architektury dla wszystkich
2286:. Philosophical Library. p. 24.
1132:), from where it was transmitted to
1867:architecture and a new style – the
1863:gave impetus to the development of
1050:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
952:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
3113:Renaissance architecture in Poland
1812:(rebuilt after fire by architects
1545:), writer and university teacher,
1316:Notable Polish Renaissance artists
911:, the Polish capital until 1611.
25:
2620:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2444:Bickel, Alan M. (December 2003).
2198:. Translated by David Grittiths.
1855:and the moving of the capital to
1700:, and the "Kalisz–Lublin style" (
1577:Architectural trends and periods
1555:Laurentius Grimaldius Gosliscius
1439:into Polish was made in 1561 by
764:
269:
40:
2192:(1997). David Griffiths (ed.).
1680:, rebuilt from Gothic style by
1305:Melodies for the Polish Psalter
1025:who has popularized the use of
1017:, a philosopher concerned with
967:– the most accurate up to date
965:Tractatus de duabus Sarmatis...
1731:(16th century), the castle at
839:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
835:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
1:
2282:Joseph Slabey Rouček (1949).
1912:History of Poland (1385–1569)
1569:, Jesuit political reformer;
1458:dictionary was published (by
1215:, sponsoring the creation of
2821:Platonism in the Renaissance
2725:Early Netherlandish painting
2407:Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 1990
2301:. Cornell University Press.
1641:(built in 1527–1535),
1551:Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki
1818:Giovanni Battista di Quadro
1682:Giovanni Battista di Quadro
1653:, rebuilt 1542–1580.
1645:(rebuilt 1509–1532),
1413:Giovanni Battista di Quadro
901:Giovanni Battista di Quadro
3154:
3123:Cultural history of Poland
2730:Dutch and Flemish painting
2673:Central and Eastern Europe
2642:Outline of the Renaissance
2563:Polish Renaissance Warfare
2131:Nicholas Rzhevsky (1998).
1820:); and, the Collegiate in
1565:, writer and philosopher;
1370:Jan Michałowicz z Urzędowa
1211:begun construction of the
27:Polish cultural golden age
2424:"PIESKOWA SKAŁA – CASTLE"
2395:, Frankfurt af Main, 1960
2297:Segel, Harold B. (1989).
1561:, writer and geographer;
1537:), evangelical reformer,
1242:(a court painter of king
1144:. The first four printed
1583:Renaissance architecture
1563:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
1393:Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach
1015:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
959:theory of the universe,
335:Polish People's Republic
2446:"The Fall of Stara Ves"
2409:Mieczysław Gębarowicz,
2364:. Xlibris Corporation.
2190:Kamenskii, Aleksandr B.
2164:Elaine Rusinko (2003).
2100:Stephen J. Lee (1993).
1945:encyklopedia.interia.pl
1752:Cloth Hall (Sukiennice)
1381:Stanisław Samostrzelnik
1174:Stanisław Samostrzelnik
1068:and several academies (
837:(from 1569 part of the
3138:Italy–Poland relations
3133:16th century in Poland
3128:15th century in Poland
2284:Slavonic encyclopaedia
1917:Ducal Castle, Szczecin
1848:
1814:Bernardino de Gianotis
1789:
1705:
1685:
1635:Benedykt of Sandomierz
1618:
1525:Science and technology
1364:, composer and singer
1346:Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński
1329:
1262:
1213:ideal Renaissance city
1177:
1142:Mongol invasion of Rus
1108:nations. For example,
1053:
922:
818:
3055:Medieval renaissances
2833:Scientific Revolution
2399:Style w architekturze
2106:. Routledge. p.
1844:"Armenian houses" in
1843:
1802:Anthonis van Obbergen
1798:Willem van den Blocke
1784:
1706:styl kalisko-lubelski
1676:
1613:
1460:Stanisław Murzynowski
1323:
1296:Nicolaus Cracoviensis
1252:
1202:Sigismund II Augustus
1159:
1043:
917:
811:Renaissance in Poland
3108:Northern Renaissance
2924:Northern Renaissance
2403:Tadeusz Broniewski,
2255:LACONA 6 proceedings
1766:(demolished) and in
1741:Baranów Sandomierski
1190:Bartolommeo Berrecci
1170:Hours of Sigismund I
881:Francesco Fiorentino
831:Jagiellonian dynasty
819:Renesans, Odrodzenie
714:World Heritage Sites
452:North Central Romani
48:The School of Athens
2877:Bergamo and Brescia
2869:Italian Renaissance
2647:Renaissance studies
2068:Literary Background
2021:Cultural Background
1631:Bartolomeo Berrecci
1627:Alexander Jagiellon
1547:Nicolaus Copernicus
1186:Sigismund I the Old
1162:Sigismund I the Old
1130:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
1011:geography of Poland
1005:described both the
947:Nicolaus Copernicus
3098:Polish Renaissance
2995:Spanish Golden Age
2635:Northern Mannerism
1922:Duchy of Pomerania
1902:Lublin Renaissance
1861:Counterreformation
1849:
1790:
1710:Lublin Renaissance
1686:
1659:Sigismund's Chapel
1619:
1475:macaronic language
1405:Bartolomeo Berecci
1354:Johannes Dantiscus
1330:
1326:Sigismund's Chapel
1263:
1253:Portrait of Queen
1178:
1168:, a leaf from the
1098:Philip Melanchthon
1082:Johannes Dantiscus
1054:
923:
885:Bartolomeo Berecci
18:Polish Renaissance
3085:
3084:
3005:
3004:
2978:Iberian peninsula
2745:Italian sculpture
2264:978-3-540-72129-1
2225:"The Tartar yoke"
2065:978-0-89357-257-0
2018:978-0-89357-257-0
1897:Polish Golden Age
1873:Baroque in Poland
1828:of St. Thomas in
1826:collegiate church
1600:Baroque in Poland
1543:Maciej Miechowita
1539:Maciej of Miechów
1452:Leopolita's Bible
1362:Wacław z Szamotuł
1342:Szymon Szymonowic
1310:Wacław z Szamotuł
1236:Hans von Kulmbach
961:Maciej of Miechów
905:Filip Callimachus
807:
806:
771:Poland portal
369:Ethnic minorities
262:Culture of Poland
246:
245:
205:Continuity thesis
192:History and study
16:(Redirected from
3145:
3050:Cloak and dagger
2865:
2735:Italian painting
2625:High Renaissance
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
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2550:
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2530:
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2527:
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2515:
2509:
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2504:
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2483:
2473:
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2466:
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2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2414:
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2378:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2231:. Archived from
2223:Gerhard Rempel.
2220:
2214:
2213:
2200:Armonk, New York
2186:
2180:
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2138:
2128:
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2053:Michael J. Mikoś
2050:
2023:
2006:Michael J. Mikoś
2003:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1678:Poznań Town Hall
1449:
1409:Bernardo Morando
1378:
1276:polyphonic music
1184:were many. King
1120:, especially in
1104:eastwards among
1102:Western heritage
981:Bernard Wapowski
897:Bernardo Morando
799:
792:
785:
769:
768:
767:
273:
264:
248:
238:
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210:High Renaissance
200:Age of Discovery
44:
30:
21:
3153:
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3144:
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3142:
3088:
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2767:Northern Europe
2651:
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2332:. BRILL. 2012.
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2257:. p. 125.
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2099:
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2073:
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2026:
2004:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1939:
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1930:
1893:
1881:Kazimierz Dolny
1838:
1722:Kazimierz Dolny
1684:, 1550–55
1671:
1663:Wawel Cathedral
1608:
1579:
1527:
1443:
1421:
1372:
1366:Mikołaj Gomółka
1358:Łukasz Górnicki
1350:Andrzej Krzycki
1338:Jan Kochanowski
1318:
1300:Mikołaj Gomółka
1278:, to religious
1154:
1138:Duchy of Moscow
1031:Jan Kochanowski
1029:in poetry; and
919:Jan Kochanowski
869:
851:Polish Brethren
829:. Ruled by the
803:
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751:National anthem
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179:Northern Europe
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51:(1509–1511) by
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2557:External links
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1429:Kasper Straube
1425:printing press
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1255:Anna Jagiellon
1166:St. Stanislaus
1153:
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1078:Zamość Academy
1070:Cracow Academy
977:Eastern Europe
973:ethnographical
955:presented the
943:Cracow Academy
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2455:9780741417572
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2401:, Warsaw 1996
2400:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2371:9781524596644
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2256:
2249:
2246:
2235:on 2007-09-30
2234:
2230:
2229:mars.wnec.edu
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2209:1-56324-575-2
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1441:Jan Leopolita
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1289:
1288:Jan of Lublin
1286:. In 1540 by
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1257:of Poland by
1256:
1251:
1247:
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1244:Stefan Batory
1241:
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1228:Lucas Cranach
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1074:Wilno Academy
1071:
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999:Marcin Kromer
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3070:12th century
2963:
2663:Architecture
2543:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2448:. Infinity.
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2418:
2413:, Toruń 1962
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2292:
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2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2228:
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2184:
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2159:
2134:
2126:
2102:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2074:
2056:
2009:
1949:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1850:
1836:Third period
1806:
1791:
1749:
1726:
1687:
1655:
1647:Ogrodzieniec
1623:Wawel Castle
1620:
1615:Wawel Castle
1606:First period
1580:
1567:Piotr Skarga
1554:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1479:
1467:
1456:orthographic
1422:
1415:and others.
1385:Marcin Kober
1331:
1303:
1291:
1264:
1259:Martin Kober
1240:Marcin Kober
1225:
1209:Jan Zamoyski
1198:Wawel Castle
1194:Polish kings
1182:architecture
1179:
1169:
1055:
1048:
1002:
992:
985:cartographer
969:geographical
964:
963:, author of
957:heliocentric
950:
924:
870:
854:
810:
808:
746:Coat of arms
677:Horse Racing
545:Architecture
457:Sinte Romani
330:World War II
320:Young Poland
294:
158:
68:Architecture
46:
3103:Renaissance
3077:Reenactment
3060:Carolingian
2693:Plateresque
2615:Renaissance
2599:Renaissance
2540:"Lubelskie"
1947:(in Polish)
1941:"Montelupi"
1871:(see also,
1737:Niepołomice
1708:) (or the "
1571:Józef Struś
1486:Jakub Wujek
1444: [
1401:Santi Gucci
1397:Mateo Gucci
1373: [
1368:, sculptor
1360:, composer
1334:Mikołaj Rej
1106:East Slavic
1090:Thomas More
1023:Mikołaj Rej
1001:who in his
975:account of
949:who in his
893:Mateo Gucci
889:Santi Gucci
873:Renaissance
847:Reformation
843:Renaissance
462:Vlax Romani
389:Health care
325:Interbellum
310:Romanticism
295:Renaissance
290:Middle Ages
34:Renaissance
3092:Categories
3034:Structures
2840:Technology
2816:Philosophy
2779:Literature
2698:Portuguese
2308:0801422868
2239:2010-08-14
1951:2010-08-14
1851:A fire at
1794:Green Gate
1786:Green Gate
1772:Szydłowiec
1760:Sandomierz
1643:Szydłowiec
1535:John Lasco
1423:The first
1419:Literature
1389:Hans Dürer
1232:Hans Dürer
1206:chancellor
1066:gymnasiums
1045:Copernicus
1019:governance
823:Golden Age
687:Volleyball
682:Motorsport
640:Television
559:Literature
489:Traditions
478:Vilamovian
433:Lithuanian
340:Modern-day
315:Positivism
118:Technology
108:Philosophy
93:Literature
3029:Humanists
3019:Composers
2860:By region
2740:Sculpture
2688:Palladian
2630:Mannerism
1877:Mannerist
1865:Mannerist
1788:in Gdańsk
1745:Krasiczyn
1729:Płakowice
1698:Pomerania
1690:Pomerania
1596:Mannerist
1531:Jan Łaski
1503:pastorals
1490:sarmatism
1464:bilingual
1356:, writer
1292:Tablature
1280:oratorios
1128:(through
1112:process,
1086:Jan Łaski
1064:schools,
994:Geography
706:Monuments
613:Musicians
608:Composers
510:Festivals
496:Mythology
473:Kashubian
438:Ruthenian
410:Languages
394:Languages
384:Education
78:Fine arts
3065:Ottonian
2985:Portugal
2969:Scotland
2887:Lombardy
2882:Florence
2806:Medicine
2757:Humanism
2713:Venetian
2656:By field
1891:See also
1639:Drzewica
1621:In 1499
1588:Florence
1494:manorial
1469:szlachta
1146:Cyrillic
1110:printing
1058:szlachta
867:Overview
856:szlachta
672:Handball
667:Football
540:Painters
517:Religion
468:Silesian
374:Refugees
253:a series
251:Part of
174:Scotland
164:Portugal
88:Humanism
3043:Related
3024:Figures
2942:Germany
2932:England
2850:Warfare
2845:Theatre
2828:Science
2794:Spanish
2708:Spanish
2607:General
1883:and in
1869:Baroque
1822:Pułtusk
1692:and in
1661:at the
1633:and by
1581:Polish
1519:romance
1507:sonnets
1433:Bavaria
1126:Ukraine
1122:Belarus
1094:Erasmus
1037:poets.
1007:history
989:Ptolemy
939:Italian
733:Symbols
719:Castles
603:Theatre
572:Authors
535:Artists
503:Cuisine
423:Yiddish
300:Baroque
282:History
149:Germany
139:England
131:Regions
123:Warfare
113:Science
60:Aspects
53:Raphael
2964:Poland
2947:Saxony
2937:France
2914:Venice
2909:Urbino
2904:Sicily
2897:Papacy
2789:French
2762:France
2703:Purism
2678:French
2545:21 May
2524:21 May
2503:21 May
2482:21 May
2461:21 May
2452:
2429:21 May
2377:21 May
2368:
2345:21 May
2336:
2314:21 May
2305:
2261:
2206:
2172:
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2114:
2085:21 May
2063:
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1885:Zamość
1857:Warsaw
1846:Zamość
1830:Zamość
1776:Zamość
1768:Poznań
1756:Tarnów
1720:, and
1718:Lublin
1714:Kalisz
1702:Polish
1694:Danzig
1515:satire
1466:, the
1284:masses
1272:organs
1261:, 1576
1221:Danzig
1217:Zamość
1196:, the
1176:, 1535
1134:Russia
1118:poetry
1062:parish
1035:Polish
1027:Polish
941:. The
935:Hebrew
909:Kraków
833:, the
815:Polish
645:Cinema
567:Comics
443:Romani
428:German
418:Polish
354:People
255:on the
159:Poland
144:France
3011:Lists
2990:Spain
2952:Weser
2811:Music
2801:Magic
2784:Dutch
2774:Latin
2752:Dance
2668:Brick
1928:Notes
1853:Wawel
1810:Płock
1764:Chełm
1733:Brzeg
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1160:King
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635:Radio
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169:Spain
154:Italy
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2892:Rome
2547:2020
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